氯氮平对慢性难治性精神分裂症的疗效与5—羟色胺2A受体基 …

目的 探讨与氯氮平对慢性难治性精神分裂症疗效有关的５－羟色胺２Ａ（５－ＨＴ２Ａ）受体基因的基因型及其他相关因素。方法 抽取１０４例慢性难治性精神分裂症患者,给予氯氮平≥４００ｍｇ／ｄ治疗２个月。治疗前后用阴性和阳性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）评定氯氮平疗效,按ＰＡＮＳＳ的减分率≥３０％和≤３０％将氯氮平治疗的患者分为有效组和无效组,用聚合酶链反应扩增及限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰｓ）技术测定患     

氯氮平合并利培酮治疗难治性精神分裂症

目的：了解氯氮平全早培酮的治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法：２６例符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ精神分裂症诊断标准且临床判断属于难治性病人,予氯氮平合并利培酮治疗,疗程８周,分别在治疗前及治疗后进行阳性与阴性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）和不良瓜症状量表（ＴＥＳＳ）评定。结果：合并治疗８周后部是性,阴性及一般精神病理分治疗前后均有显著差异。ＴＥＳＳＵ叫分治疗前后无显著差异。副反应主要为静坐不能,肌张力增高,     

利培酮和氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症对照观察

目的　了解利培酮和氯氮平对难治性精神分裂症患者疗效。方法　对１３５ 例难治性精神分裂症患者按ＣＣＭＤⅡＲ 标准确诊后,随机分成两组,用利培酮和氯氮平各治疗６ 个月,在治疗前及治疗后２ 、４、６ 个月用ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＤＳＳ、ＣＧＩ量表评定疗效。结果　在治疗难治性精神分裂症利培酮有效率３５－３ ％ ,氯氮平有效率３１－３％ ,量表显示二药对难治性精神分裂症疗效相似,利培酮主要以不良反应为轻度静坐不能,震颤,急性肌张力障碍,氯氮平为嗜睡,头晕,恶心,呕吐,流涎。结论　传统的神经阻滞剂治疗难治性精神分裂症无效时,非典型抗精神病药尤其利培酮可作为理想的药物。     

氯氮平对难治性精神分裂症的疗效与D_2受体基因的关系

目的 :探讨与氯氮平对难治性精神分裂症疗效有关的 D2 受体基因的基因型以及其他相关因素。　方法 :抽取 10 0例难治性精神分裂症患者 ,给予氯氮平≥ 40 0 mg/ d治疗 2个月。用阳性症状与阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定氯氮平疗效 ,用多聚酶链式反应扩增及限制性片段长度多态性 (PCR-RFL Ps)技术测定所研究对象的基因型和等位基因。　结果 :发现氯氮平对难治性精神分裂症患者的疗效与患者性别明显相关 ,而与 D2 受体基因无关。　结论 :氯氮平对男性难治性精神分裂症患者疗效较好 ,但难以通过检测 D2 受体基因来预测氯氮平对难治性患者的疗效。     

奥兰扎平与氯丙嗪治疗难治性分裂症的对比

氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症有相对好的疗效已有报道，但因存在较严重的副作用，需要进行血象监测。奥兰扎平（ｏｌａｎｚａｐｉｎｅ，又称奥氮平）在化学结构和药理作用上与氯氮平近似，不同点在于奥兰扎平与Ｄ２受体有更高的亲和力并且效价高，奥兰扎平与氯氮平对难治性...     

氯丙嗪宝刀不老——与氯氮平疗效的对照观察

目的;了解氯丙嗪与氯氮平治疗以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症的临床疗效与副反应。方法：选择符合ＣＣＤＭ－２－Ｒ诊断标准,同时符合Ａｎｄｒｅａｓｅｎ阳性神经分裂症标准的２００例病人,随机均分为单用氯丙嗪或氯氮平治疗两组,以简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）评定疗效,以不良反应症状量表（ＴＥＳＳ）观察副反应。     

氯氮平血浓度对难治性精神分裂症疗效的研究

为了探讨氯氮平在难治性精神分裂症病人中的血浆浓度与临床疗效和副反应的关系,及其相关性,现将研究结果报告如下。１对象与方法以符合ＤＳＭ－Ⅲ－Ｒ精神分裂症诊断标准并符合难治性精神分裂症（病程５年以上,曾服用两类三种氯氮平以外的抗精神病药持续６周,而症状无...     

氯氮平合并丙戊酸钠治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效分析

目的：探讨氯氮平合并丙戊酸钠治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效。方法：抽取64例难治性精神分裂症患者给予氯氮平≥400mg/日，合并丙戊酸钠≥800mg/日，治疗3个月，用简明精神病量表（BPRS）及药物副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及副作用，并对其它相关因素进行分析。结果：发现氯氮平合并丙戊酸钠治疗难治性精神分裂症阳性，阴性症状均有效，总有效率为56．2％，尤其对女性及＜22岁的患者疗效好，对激活因子及敌对猜疑因子疗效亦佳，副作用轻微，结论：氯氮平合并丙戊酸钠是治疗难治性精神分裂症（尤其是对女性及＜22岁患者）较为理想的方法。     

ApoE基因与氯氮平疗效的关联分析

目的 探讨ＡｐｏＥ基因与氯氮平疗效之间的关系。 方法 抽取１５３例连续住院的精神分裂症患者作为研究对象，给予氯氮平≥２００ｍｇ／日治疗两个月，用ＢＰＲＳ量表评定症状的严重度及氯氮平疗效，用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增技术及限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰｓ）技术，测定ＡｐｏＥ基因型和等位基因。 结果 发现氯氮平疗效与ＡｐｏＥ基因的基因型和等位基因均无关联，而与症状的严重度及病程有关。 结论 ＡｐｏＥ     

利培酮对不同类型精神分裂症临床疗效观察

对符合ＩＣＤ－１０与ＣＣＭＤ２－Ｒ诊断标准的偏执型、未定型、单纯型精神分裂症、精神分裂症残留期、衰退期以及难治性精神分裂症共３１例患者进行了疗程分别为８、１２周的开放性治疗。对难治性精神分裂症，利培酮剂量６ｍｇ／日，其余为４ｍｇ／日。临床疗效用阳性和阴性评定量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）评定，副反应副反应量表（ＴＥＳＳ）评定。结果显示精神分裂症偏执型、未定型、单纯型、残留期、衰退期以及难治性精神分裂症的减分率     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

A projection to the striatum from the medial subdivision of the posterior group of the thalamus in the cat

Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus or the putamen of the cat result in retrograde thalamic cell-labeling in the rostral extension of the medial subdivision of the posterior group (POM). Autoradiography after [³H]amino acid injection of POM reveals a dense and discontinuous distribution of axons in the lateral half of the caudate and putamen concentrated at their middle rostrocaudal levels. This newly discovered thalamostriatal projection of POM may account for somatosensory activity observed in striatal cells.