卒中后情感失禁的临床及神经心理学相关因素研究

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者情感失禁(PSEI)的临床及神经心理学相关因素。方法纳入207例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,在卒中后3个月进行神经心理学评估。PSEI的诊断使用House的诊断标准。抑郁及焦虑症状分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及焦虑量表(HAMA)进行评估。总体认知功能采用简易智能评分(MMSE)进行评估。患者的生存质量采用脑卒中专门生存质量量表(SSQOL)测定。比较PSEI及非PSEI组间临床因素及神经心理学因素的差异,应用Logistic回归分析PSF的影响因素。结果 23例(11.1%)患者存在PSEI。PSEI患者具有较高的入院NIHSS评分、HAMD、HAMA及MMSE评分(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,仅NIHSS评分(OR=1.161,95%CI=1.024-1.318,P=0.021)为PSEI有统计学意义的危险因素。PSEI组SSQOL显著低于非PSEI组,这种差异在校正入院NIHSS评分、HAMD、HAMA及MMSE评分后仍然存在。结论 PSEI在中国缺血性脑卒中患者中常见,神经功能缺损的严重程度是PSEI的主要相关因素。     

广泛性焦虑障碍患者伴失眠症状及相关因素的研究

目的:探讨广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)伴失眠症状可能的危险因素和保护因素。方法:收集178例GAD患者一般情况并进行APGAR家庭功能问卷、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、GAD-7量表和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PQSI)的评定,对人口学特征、家庭功能及临床特征进行分析比较。结果:以PSQI总分7分为界,将178例GAD患者分成GAD伴失眠组(PSQI7,129例,72.5%)和不伴失眠组(PSQI7,49例,27.5%);两组在年龄、家庭功能总分、GAD的部分症状严重程度和焦虑障碍严重程度比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.149~4.790,P0.01或P0.001)。对单因素分析中有显著性差异的因素进行多元Logistic回归分析,结果显示:年龄(OR=1.053,95%CI:1.021~1.087;P=0.001)、HAMA总分(OR=1.112,95%CI:1.038~1.192;P=0.002)及APGAR家庭功能总分(OR=0.797,95%CI:0.691~0.919;P=0.002)进入回归方程。结论:焦虑程度高、年龄偏大是GAD患者伴失眠的危险因子,良好的家庭功能是GAD患者免受失眠困扰的保护因子。     

抑郁症伴焦虑症状的影响因素分析

目的探讨抑郁症患者伴焦虑症状的发生情况,并从社会心理因素方面分析抑郁症伴焦虑症状的影响因素。方法采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety rating scale,HAMA)、艾森克人格问卷(Eysenck personality questionnaire,EPQ)、生活事件量表(life event scale,LES)、特质应对方式问卷(trait coping style questionnaire,TCSQ)、社会支持问卷(social support scale,SSS)对729例抑郁症患者进行评估,根据HAMA得分将患者分为不伴焦虑症状组(HAMA7分)和伴焦虑症状组(HAMA14分),比较两组社会心理因素,并分析抑郁症伴焦虑症状的影响因素。结果抑郁症患者中焦虑症状(HAMA14分)的发生率为58.85%(429/729),16.32%(119/729)肯定不伴焦虑症状(HAMA7分)。伴焦虑症状组神经质、精神质、负性生活事件、消极应对方式的得分高于不伴焦虑症状组(P0.001);外倾性的得分低于不伴焦虑症状组(P=0.010)。抑郁程度(OR=9.255,95%CI:4.726~18.127)、神经质(OR=1.595,95%CI:1.197~2.125)、负性生活事件(OR=1.009,95%CI:1.001~1.017)、消极应对方式(OR=1.046,95%CI:1.013~1.080)均是抑郁症患者伴焦虑症状的危险因素(P0.05)。结论抑郁症患者焦虑症状的发生率高。抑郁症状严重、高神经质水平、经历更多负性生活事件、倾向于采用消极应对方式的抑郁症患者更有可能伴焦虑症状。     

女性癫痫患者焦虑、抑郁和失眠发病率及相关因素分析

目的探讨女性癫痫患者焦虑、抑郁和失眠的发病率和相关因素。方法收集428例成人女性癫痫患者的一般资料,并采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)进行测评,相关因素用逐步逻辑回归进行分析。结果女性癫痫患者并发焦虑、抑郁和失眠的发病率分别是38.7%,21.4%和28.6%。患病影响夫妻关系、患病影响恋爱关系、担心发作、担心影响生育和哺乳、羞耻感、起病年龄和发作频率均与焦虑相关(均P0.05)。患病影响夫妻关系、患病影响恋爱关系、起病年龄、病程和发作频率均与抑郁相关(均P0.05)。职业、性格、人际关系和雌二醇水平均与失眠相关(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,患病影响夫妻关系(OR=3.103,95%CI:1.097~4.686,P=0.008)、患病影响恋爱关系(OR=2.164,95%CI:0.873~3.752,P=0.005)和发作频率(OR=1.704,95%CI:0.680~2.586,P=0.015)是影响焦虑的独立影响因素。患病影响夫妻关系(OR=3.245,95%CI:1.536~5.108,P=0.003)、患病影响恋爱关系(OR=3.151,95%CI:2.135~5.018,P=0.006)、病程(OR=1.196,95%CI:0.828~2.654,P=0.035)和发作频率(OR=1.661,95%CI:1.033~4.326,P=0.014)是影响抑郁的独立影响因素。性格(OR=2.543,95%CI:1.237~4.686,P=0.003)和人际关系(OR=1.816,95%CI:0.905~3.593,P=0.017)是影响失眠的独立影响因素。结论成人女性癫痫患者焦虑、抑郁和失眠发病率较高。焦虑和抑郁与家庭因素、生育、哺乳、羞耻感及癫痫发作有关,失眠与性格和人际关系有关。     

脑卒中后早期抑郁发病率及影响因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中后早期抑郁发生率及其影响因素。方法共150例急性缺血性卒中患者,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项(HAMD-17)评价抑郁症状,评分≥7分为脑卒中后抑郁。记录患者性别、年龄、受教育程度、实验室指标、易感因素、脑卒中分型[TOAST分型和英国牛津郡社区脑卒中项目(OCSP)分型]、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、合并颈动脉狭窄等各项临床资料。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析评价脑卒中后早期抑郁的影响因素。结果脑卒中后早期(2周时)抑郁发生率为18%(27/150)。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析显示,甘油三酯(P=0.042)、神经功能缺损程度(P=0.001)、合并颈动脉狭窄(P=0.003)是脑卒中后早期抑郁的独立危险因素,进一步亚组分析提示,合并颈动脉狭窄是非轻型缺血性卒中后早期抑郁的独立危险因素(P=0.014)。结论神经功能缺损程度重且合并颈动脉狭窄的患者更易发生脑卒中后早期抑郁。     

眼底病变与中老年缺血性脑卒中复发的相关性研究

目的探讨眼底病变与缺血性脑卒中复发的相关性。方法采用病例对照研究方法纳入2018-12-2019-11漯河市第三人民医院神经科连续收治的196例40～70岁急性缺血性脑卒中患者。根据病史及头颅MRI检查,将患者分为初发组和复发组。通过眼底照相获得患者眼底图像,应用Wong-Mitchell分级方法对眼底进行定性分级。比较2组间差异,应用Logistic回归分析排除混杂因素的影响,确定缺血性脑卒中复发独立危险因素。结果复发组冠心病(P=0.009)、房颤(P=0.044)、NIHSS评分(P0.001)高于初发组;复发组LDL-c水平低于初发组(P=0.037)。2组间年龄分布(P=0.028)、脑卒中严重程度(P0.001)、病因分布(P=0.016)、眼底病变程度(P0.001)存在显著性差异。多因素二元Logistic回归分析显示冠心病史(OR=2.677;95%CI,1.079～6.640)、眼底中度病变(OR=5.588;95%CI,1.835～17.019)是缺血性脑卒中复发独立危险因素。中等程度卒中(6分≤NIHSS评分≤15分)存在边缘显著性(P=0.052)。结论中老年人群中眼底异常与缺血性脑卒中复发存在相关性。中度视网膜病变是中老年人缺血性脑卒中复发独立的危险因素。眼底评估有助于临床医生发现有复发倾向的缺血性脑卒中患者。     

脑卒中急性期患者卒中后抑郁的发生率及其危险因素

目的 探讨脑卒中急性期患者卒中后抑郁(PSD)的发生率及其危险因素.方法 连续入组的发病24 h内入院的急性脑卒中患者127例,根据入院14 d内汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17项)和蒙哥马利抑郁量表评分分为PSD组和非PSD组,分析PSD与性别、婚姻状况、年龄、文化程度、卒中类型、病灶部位、脑梗死容积、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟、饮酒、体质量指数(BMI)、卒中家族史、卒中病史、颈动脉斑块、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)和简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表评分等临床因素的关系.结果 本组PSD发生率为37.0%(47例).PSD组脑梗死比率、伴高血压病比率、脑梗死容积、入院时NIHSS评分均明显高于非PSD组,BI和MMSE评分均明显低于非PSD组(P＜0.05～0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示脑梗死、高血压和入院时BI与PSD独立相关(OR=5.084,95%CI:1.255～20.592,P=0.023;OR=4.846,95%CI:1.447～16.225,P=0.010;OR=0.966,95%CI:0.951～0.981,P＜0.001).结论 脑卒中急性期患者PSD的发生率较高,脑梗死、高血压和入院时BI是PSD的独立危险因素.     

脑卒中恢复期患者生存质量相关因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中患者恢复期生活质量的影响因素相关性。方法回顾性分析2013-01—2014-12我院收治的280例脑卒中患者的临床资料,采用脑卒中专门化生活质量量表评估生活质量,采用多元线性回归分析筛选生活质量的独立影响因素。结果高中以上文化程度、已婚、人均月收人≥2 000元、无卒中后焦虑、无卒中后抑郁、残疾程度低和社会支持高的患者分别较高中以下文化程度、单身、人均月收入2 000元合并卒中后焦虑、合并卒中后抑郁、残疾程度高、社会支持低的患者总体生活质量高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多元线性回归分析显示,残疾程度(t=-0.576,P0.001)、社会支持度(t=0.243,P0.001)及卒中后焦虑(t=-2.027,P0.005)是脑卒中患者恢复期生活质量的独立影响因素。结论脑卒中患者婚姻状况、文化程度、经济收入、残疾程度、卒中后病程、卒中后焦虑、卒中后抑郁以及社会支持度显著影响其恢复期的生活质量;而残疾程度、卒中后焦虑以及社会支持是影响生活质量的独立因素。     

通过国王帕金森病疼痛量表分析帕金森病患者疼痛的临床特点

目的应用国王帕金森病疼痛量表(KPPS)对帕金森病(PD)患者的疼痛症状进行评估和分类,分析其临床特点。方法收集200例在南昌大学第一附属医院就诊的原发性PD患者的临床资料。运用KPPS量表评估患者的疼痛症状,运用统一PD评分量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)、Hoehn-Yahr分级(H-Y)、MMSE、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)分别评估患者的运动功能、症状的严重程度、认知功能、焦虑状况、抑郁状况、生活自理能力及睡眠情况。将患者分为PD伴疼痛组和不伴疼痛组,对两组进行分析比较,并且寻找PD伴疼痛的相关影响因素。结果PD伴发疼痛的发生率为44.5%,平均KPPS评分为(41.2±26.8)分。患者疼痛部位多为下肢(60.7%)、上肢(22.5%)及腰部(21.3%),其中24例(27%)患者伴两种及两种以上部位疼痛;疼痛类型多为骨骼肌疼痛(61.8%)和肌张力障碍性疼痛(27%),其中伴多种类型疼痛患者17例(19.1%)。PD伴疼痛组与PD不伴疼痛组相比,其病程更长(P=0.022)、左旋多巴等效日剂量更大(P=0.008)、UPDRSⅢ评分更高(P=0.018)、H-Y等级更高(P=0.003)、HAMD评分更高(P<0.001)、HAMA评分更高(P<0.001)、ADL评分更低(P=0.046)以及PSQI评分更高(P<0.001)。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,PD伴发疼痛分别与H-Y分级评分[轻度(OR=1.000),中度(OR=2.394,95%CI:1.281~4.473,P=0.006),重度(OR=3.184,95%CI:1.128~8.986,P=0.029)]和PSQI评分相关(OR=2.068,95%CI:1.129~3.786,P=0.019)。结论PD患者疼痛部位多位于四肢及腰部,最常见的疼痛类型是骨骼肌疼痛。PD伴有疼痛的患者病程更长,病情更严重。KPPS量表可对PD疼痛进行评估及分类,有助于更精准治疗方案的制定。     

伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素

目的分析伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者自杀未遂的人口学资料及临床特征方面的危险因素。方法来自全国13个中心的728例伴有焦虑症状抑郁症患者,根据简明国际神经精神访谈(mini international neuropsychiatric interview,MINI)5.0中文版自杀模块,评估其是否有自杀未遂行为。采用多因素logistic回归,分析伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者在性别、年龄、民族等人口学资料及伴精神病性症状、伴不典型特征等临床特征方面可能与自杀未遂相关的危险因素。结果伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者中,135例(18.5%)有自杀未遂,593例(81.5%)无自杀未遂。有自杀未遂组与无自杀未遂组相比,起病年龄早[(32.3±11.9)vs.(35.3±13.1)],既往抑郁发作次数多(中位数:2 vs.2),既往住院次数多(中位数:1 vs.0),更多患者出现抑郁发作频繁(14.8%vs.7.4%),更常伴不典型症状(25.9%vs.15.0%)和伴自杀意念(78.5%vs.50.3%),应用抗抑郁剂治疗者更多见(81.5%vs.71.2%),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者既往住院次数多(OR=1.18,95%CI:1.02~1.37)、抑郁发作频繁(OR=2.05,95%CI:1.14~3.68)、伴自杀意念(OR=3.55,95%CI:2.28~5.54)与自杀未遂相关联(P0.05)。结论既往住院次数多、抑郁发作频繁、伴自杀意念可能是伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.