Aktl在颞叶癫痫大鼠海马中的表达变化

目的研究颞叶癫痼模型海马区神经元Aktl表达变化,探讨其在癫痫发生发展中的作用。方法采用氯化锂．匹罗卡品方法制备颞叶癫痴大鼠模型,Westernblotting检测海马区总蛋白、Quantitvone软件行灰度值分析;免疫组织化学染色观察海马各区Aktl蛋白表达变化,计数不同处理组阳性神经元数目。结果Westernblotting检测结果显示,与正常对照组相比,癫痫模型组大鼠于癫痫持续状态发作即刻海马区Aktl蛋白表达升高（t=2．445,P=0．034）,并于第30天时达峰值水平（}=1．214,P=0．002）,发作后24h表达水平迅速降低,并低于正常值范围（t=4．294,P=0．000）,其余各测量时间点表达无明显改变;与氯化锂组相比,癫痼模型组大鼠于癫痫持续状态后1h海马区Aktl蛋白表达开始降低,24h降至最低水平（t：4．134,P=0．000）,至发作48h后开始逐渐升高（t=2．481,P=0．002）,并于发作第7天时升至氯化锂组水平。免疫组织化学染色显示,癫痫持续状态发作后海马CA3区Aktl蛋白表达阳性神经元数目立即增加,12h达高峰（t=16．586,P：0．000）,48h减少并降至正常值水平（t=0．357,P=0．089）,发作后第10天再次增加（t=3．123,P=0．000）,于第30天时阳性神经元数目再次达峰值水平（t=18．339,P=0．000）,第50天开始恢复至正常值水平（t=3．219,P=0．000）;氯化锂组仅海马CA3区Aktl蛋白表达于实验初始（0h）升高并高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,海马CA1和CA2区Aktl蛋白表达变化组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论海马及海马CA3区Aktl蛋白表达均呈现癫疝持续状态后升高、降低、再升高的动态过程,提示可能存在神经元保护作用,对抗细胞凋亡、促进细胞存活。     

癫持续状态大鼠内质网应激预适应对海马神经元保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨2-脱氧葡萄糖诱导内质网应激预适应对癫持续状态大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及其可能机制。方法采用2-脱氧葡萄糖连续腹腔注射诱导内质网应激,并在此基础上制备氯化锂-匹罗卡品癫持续状态大鼠模型。Nissl染色观察癫持续状态后海马神经元损伤情况、计数海马CA1和CA3区存活神经元数目;免疫组织化学检测海马CA3区内质网应激标志物葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1)表达变化。结果与癫持续状态组相比,癫持续状态后第7天时内质网应激预适应组大鼠海马存活神经元数目增加,以CA1区显著(t=5.353,P=0.000)。癫持续状态组大鼠发作后6 h,海马CA3区GRP78和XBP-1表达水平升高且高于对照组(均P=0.000),于发作第2天达峰值水平(均P=0.000);内质网应激预适应组大鼠发作前海马CA3区GRP78和XBP-1表达即高于对照组(均P=0.000),GRP78在发作后24 h和2 d时维持在峰值水平(均P=0.000),XBP-1在发作后24 h达峰值水平(P=0.000);内质网应激预适应组大鼠海马CA3区GRP78和XBP-1表达在癫持续状态前,以及癫持续状态后6、12、24 h均高于癫持续状态组(均P=0.000),至第2和7天时与癫持续状态组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经2-脱氧葡萄糖诱导的内质网应激预适应对癫持续状态大鼠海马神经元具有保护作用,而XBP-1-GRP78信号转导通路的活化可能是其机制之一。     

匹罗卡品致(癎)大鼠海马γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元生长抑素和微清蛋白mRNA表达研究

目的 观察匹罗卡品致(癎)大鼠海马γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元生长抑素(SS)mRNA和微清蛋白(PV)mRNA表达水平变化,拟从基因水平探讨其表达阳性γ-氮基丁酸能中间神经元在颞叶癫(癎)发生发展中的作用.方法 建立匹罗卡品致(癎)大鼠模型,采用原位杂交法检测各观察时间点海马SSmRNA和PVmRNA表达阳性神经元数目.结果 模型组大鼠海马各区γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元SSmRNA表达水平均于出现癫(癎)持续状态后3d降低最为显著(均P=0.000),随后逐渐升高;至发病后60d,海马CA3区SSmRNA表达水平高于对照组(t=1.021,P=0.005),海马门区(t=3.211,P=0.009)和CA1区(t=1.902,P=0.048)则仍低于对照组.模型组大鼠海马门区γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元PVmRNA表达水平于出现癫(癎)持续状态后6h开始降低,至发病后60d降低最为显著(均P=0.000);海马CA1区PVmRNA表达水平于发病后3d降低最为显著(均P=0.000),随后逐渐升高但仍低于对照组(江2.216,P=0.048);癫(癎)持续状态早期,海马CA3区PVmRNA表达水平无明显变化,至发病后7d逐渐升高且高于对照组(t=1.021,P=0.005).结论 γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元SSmRNA和PVmRNA表达水平的下调可能在颞叶癫(癎)的发生中起重要作用,至慢性期γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元SSmRNA和PVmRNA表达水平的恢复或上调可能与颞叶癫(癎)的发展或修复有关.γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元数目的 变化,部分是由于其标志物mRNA表达水平的调节所致,并非神经元数目变化的唯一因素.     

癫痫持续状态大鼠内质网应激预适应对海马神经元保护作用的实验研究

目的 探讨2-脱氧葡萄糖诱导内质网应激预适应对癫痫持续状态大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及其可能机制。方法 采用2-脱氧葡萄糖连续腹腔注射诱导内质网应激,并在此基础上制备氯化锂-匹罗卡品癫痫持续状态大鼠模型。Nissl染色观察癫痫持续状态后海马神经元损伤情况、计数海马CA1和CA3区存活神经元数目;免疫组织化学检测海马CA3区内质网应激标志物葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）和X盒结合蛋白1（XBP-1）表达变化。结果 与癫痫持续状态组相比,癫痫持续状态后第7天时内质网应激预适应组大鼠海马存活神经元数目增加,以CA1区显著（t=5.353,P=0.000）。癫痫持续状态组大鼠发作后6 h,海马CA3区GRP78和XBP-1表达水平升高且高于对照组（均P=0.000）,于发作第2天达峰值水平（均P=0.000）;内质网应激预适应组大鼠发作前海马CA3区GRP78和XBP-1表达即高于对照组（均P=0.000）,GRP78在发作后24 h和2 d时维持在峰值水平（均P=0.000）,XBP-1在发作后24 h达峰值水平（P=0.000）;内质网应激预适应组大鼠海马CA3区GRP78和XBP-1表达在癫痫持续状态前,以及癫痫持续状态后6、12、24 h均高于癫痫持续状态组（均P=0.000）,至第2和7天时与癫痫持续状态组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 经2-脱氧葡萄糖诱导的内质网应激预适应对癫痫持续状态大鼠海马神经元具有保护作用,而XBP-1-GRP78信号转导通路的活化可能是其机制之一。     

匹罗卡品致癎大鼠海马γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元生长抑素和微清蛋白mRNA表达研究

目的观察匹罗卡品致癎大鼠海马γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元生长抑素（SS）mRNA和微清蛋白（PV）mRNA表达水平变化,拟从基因水平探讨其表达阳性叮一氨基丁酸能中间神经元在颞叶癫癎发生发展中的作用。方法建立匹罗卡品致癎大鼠模型,采用原位杂交法检测各观察时间点海马SSmRNA和PVmRNA表达阳性神经元数目。结果模型组大鼠海马各区吖．氨基丁酸能中间神经元SSmRNA表达水平均于出现癫癎持续状态后3d降低最为显著（均P=0．000）,随后逐渐升高;至发病后60d,海马CA3区SSmRNA表达水平高于对照组（t=1．021,P=0．005）,海马门区（t=3．211,P=0．009）和CA1区（t=1．902,JP=0．048）则仍低于对照组。模型组大鼠海马门区γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元PVmRNA表达水平于出现癫癎持续状态后6h开始降低,至发病后60d降低最为显著（均P：0．000）;海马CA1区PVmRNA表达水平于发病后3d降低最为显著（均p=0．000）,随后逐渐升高但仍低于对照组（t=2．216,尸：0．048）;癫癎持续状态早期,海马CA3区PVmRNA表达水平无明显变化,至发病后7d逐渐升高且高于对照组（t=1．021,P=0．005）。结论γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元SSmRNA和PVmRNA表达水平的下调可能在颞叶癫癎的发生中起重要作用,至慢性期γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元SSmRNA和PVmRNA表达水平的恢复或上调可能与颞叶癫癎的发展或修复有关。γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元数目的变化,部分是由于其标志物mRNA表达水平的调节所致,并非神经元数目变化的唯一因素。     

普瑞巴林对慢性颞叶癫癎大鼠海马凋亡调控基因的影响

目的通过观察普瑞巴林对匹罗卡品慢性癫癎大鼠海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响,探讨普瑞巴林治疗癫癎的药理学机制及对大鼠海马神经元的抗凋亡作用。方法采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品化学诱导方法建立慢性颞叶癫癎模型。经腹腔注射普瑞巴林40mg(/kg·d)连续治疗3周,免疫组织化学染色和Western blotting法检测不同处理组大鼠海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达变化。结果与生理盐水对照组比较,模型组大鼠海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达水平显著升高(均P=0.000);与模型组比较,普瑞巴林治疗组大鼠海马区Bcl-2表达水平升高、Bax表达水平降低,组间差异具有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。结论新型抗癫癎药物普瑞巴林可通过降低慢性颞叶癫癎大鼠海马区Bax表达、上调Bcl-2表达而抑制细胞凋亡,发挥神经元保护作用。     

G蛋白耦联受体激酶相关蛋白1在氯化锂-匹罗卡品致模型大鼠海马组织的表达及意义

目的观察G蛋白耦联受体激酶相关蛋白1(GIT1)在氯化锂-匹罗卡品致模型大鼠海马组织中的表达变化,以探讨GIT1在癫发生发展过程中的作用机制。方法共42只无特定病原体级成年雄性Wistar大鼠,制备氯化锂-匹罗卡品致模型,随机分为对照组和癫组(癫发作后1、3、7、14、30、60 d),荧光定量聚合酶链反应、Western blotting法和免疫组织化学染色检测各观察时间点大鼠海马组织GIT1表达变化。结果癫组大鼠GIT1 m RNA自癫持续状态后急性期第1和3天即升高(P=0.012,0.002),至潜伏期第7和14天持续升高(P=0.003,0.001),至慢性期第30和60天达峰值水平(均P=0.000);GIT1蛋白自急性期即升高,慢性期持续升高,但与对照组相比,差异未达统计学意义(均P0.05),至慢性期达峰值水平(均P=0.000)。至慢性期第30天时,癫组大鼠海马CA1区、齿状回和海马旁皮质GIT1蛋白表达水平均高于对照组(P=0.000)。结论癫大鼠海马组织GIT1表达上调,可能通过调节细胞骨架动态重组而影响兴奋性神经网络,从而参与癫的发生。     

生酮饮食对海人酸点燃癫癎模型大鼠海马神经元保护作用研究

目的探讨生酮饮食对海人酸点燃癫癎模型大鼠海马神经元的保护作用。方法经海人酸制备SD大鼠癫癎模型,分别给予生理盐水+正常膳食(C组)、生理盐水+生酮饮食(K组)、海人酸+正常膳食(E组)和海人酸+生酮饮食(EK组),连续观察21 d后记录不同处理组大鼠体重、观察Ⅳ或Ⅴ级癫癎发作频率和持续时间,并通过HE染色和Nissl染色计数E组和EK组大鼠海马CA3区正常锥体神经元数目。结果 C组和K组大鼠均无癫癎发作,且海马CA3区锥体神经元数目正常。E组和EK组大鼠在观察过程中均出现Ⅳ或Ⅴ级癫癎发作,但EK组大鼠在饲养第21天时与E组相比,癫癎发作频率减少[(17.90±4.12)次对(30.50±4.40)次,P=0.000]、发作持续时间缩短[(212.70±17.75)s对(335.00±14.21)s,P=0.000],差异有统计学意义;EK组海马CA3区正常锥体神经元数目与E组相比增加[(117.67±7.51)个对(71.33±6.11)个,P=0.000],差异亦有统计学意义。结论生酮饮食对海人酸点燃癫癎模型大鼠海马神经元具有保护作用。     

颞叶内侧癫(癎)海马CA1区CytC、caspase-9、caspase-3蛋白的表达研究

目的 探讨凋亡相关蛋白细胞色素C(CytC)、caspase-9、caspase-3在颞叶内侧癫(癎)(MTLE)病人致(癎)海马CA1区神经元内的表达及意义.方法 选择30例典型MTLE病人为实验组,6例颢叶深部血管畸形病人为对照组.采用苏木精-伊红染色、原位末端标记(TUNEL)方法在光镜下观察MTLE病人致(癎)海马CA1区神经元凋亡的情况.采用免疫组化S-P法检测并比较MTLE海马CA1区与对照组海马组织神经元内凋亡相关蛋白CytC、caspase-9、caspase-3的表达.结合病史资料,分析caspase-3表达水平与癫(癎)病程和发作频率的相关性.结果 MTLE组致(癎)海马CA1区光镜下可观察到神经元退变、噬神经元现象,TUNEL染色发现凋亡神经元18例,对照组则为阴性;CytC、caspase-9、caspase-3蛋白在MTLE组海马CA1区均有明显表达,对照组中则呈轻微表达,差异显著(P<0.01).caspase-3蛋白表达水平与发作频率呈正相关,而与病程长短无关.结论 MTLE致(癎)海马神经元中存在外源性凋亡途径,这可能是癫(癎)发展的重要因素之一.     

喹啉对癫(癎)大鼠海马神经元连接蛋白36表达的影响

目的:探讨喹啉对癫癎大鼠海马神经元连接蛋白36(Cx36)表达的影响.方法:64只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、癫癎模型组、地西洋治疗组和喹治疗组,每组16只大鼠.采用氯化锂-匹罗卡品诱导制作癫癎大鼠模型,地西泮治疗组子以1mg/kg地西泮治疗,喹啉治疗组予以60mg/kg喹啉治疗.术后分别采用Racine评分和脑电图检查判断癫癎发作情况.分别用免疫荧光染色法、Western blot法检测各组大鼠术后2h、4h时海马神经元Cx36的表达.结果:与正常对照组比较,癫癎模型组和地西泮治疗组大鼠术后2h、4h时海马神经元Cx36表达水平显著升高(均P<0.01).癫癎模型组和地西泮治疗组大鼠术后2h、4h时海马神经元Cx36表达水平比较差异无统计学意义.与癫癎模型组及地西泮治疗组比较,喹啉治疗组大鼠术后2h、4h时海马神经元Cx36表达水平显著降低(均P<0.01).结论:癫癎大鼠海马神经元Cx36表达水平升高,喹啉能抑制这一变化.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.