远外侧锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤显微手术体会

目的探讨采用显微锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的手术入路及手术技巧。方法我院1999年6月至2006年6月采用显微锁孔入路切除10例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤，其中远外侧经髁后入路5例，远外侧经髁入路3例，枕下中线入路2例。结果10例肿瘤全切除8例，次全切除2例，无死亡病例。结论远外侧经髁后和部分经髁锁孔入路是切除枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的最佳手术入路，术中应注意避免损伤椎动脉及其分支，保护后组颅神经。     

枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结显微外科治疗枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的手术经验.方法 回顾性分析24例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,均采用显微外科治疗,其中后正中入路19例,远外侧入路5例.结果 Simpson Ⅰ级切除8例,SimpsonⅡ级切除14例,SimpsonⅣ级切除2例;其中分2次手术切除达SimpsonⅡ级切除4例.术后出现暂时性后...     

远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的显微手术探讨(附11例报告)

目的探讨经远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的显微手术技巧。方法自2003年5月至2010年5月经远外侧入路显微手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤11例,其中,经枕髁后入路5例,经部分枕髁入路4例,经C_1～2关节面侧方联合部分枕髁入路2例。结果肿瘤全切除（SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级）7例,次全切除（SimpsonⅢ级）3例,大部切除（SimpsonⅣ级）1例,无手术死亡病例。结论经远外侧入路显微手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的关键在于:①合理设计磨除枕骨大孔侧方骨质的范围以充分暴露肿瘤;②术中注意保护脑干、上颈髓、后组颅神经及椎动脉等重要结构。     

远外侧锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤临床研究

目的 采用显微锁孔入路切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤，重点探讨手术入路及手术技巧。方法 总结我院1999年6月至2006年6月采用显微锁孔入路切除8例枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤的经验。手术入路：远外侧经髁后入路5例，远外侧经髁入路3例。结果8例肿瘤全切除6例，次全切除2例，无一例死亡。结论 远外侧入路是切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤的最佳手术入路。经髁后和部分经髁锁孔入路足够暴露和切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤。     

枕骨大孔区肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的分析和探讨枕骨大孔区肿瘤的诊断及手术入路,以利于提高手术治疗效果。方法我院2010年6月至2012年12月共收治枕骨大孔区肿瘤患者23例,全组病人均通过显微外科手术治疗,其中采用枕下后正中入路切除12例,枕下正中外拐入路切除8例,远外侧入路切除3例。结果本组手术肿瘤全切除17例,次全切除4例,部分切除2例,无死亡病例。结论根据枕骨大孔区肿瘤的位置及特点,术前选择合适的手术入路可提高肿瘤全切率,减少术后并发症,可取得较好的治疗效果。     

枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的手术治疗方法。方法回顾研究了12例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤病人的临床表现、手术方法、切除程度、术后并发症及术后生活质量等。手术采用枕下正中入路、枕下旁正中入路和远外侧入路三种术式。结果肿瘤全切（SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级）除8例，次全切除4例。术后恢复良好者8例，症状改善3例，死亡1例。后组脑神经障碍是最常见的并发症。结论手术入路的选择主要取决于肿瘤的生长部位和延伸方向。     

枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤显微手术治疗

目的总结枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的显微手术技巧。方法回顺性分析16例枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的病例资料，均行显微外科手术切除，其中经枕髁后入路8例，经部分枕髁入路6例，经寰枢椎关节侧方联合部分枕髁入路2例。结果Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ绒切除13例，Ⅲ级切除2例，Ⅳ级切除1例，无手术死亡病例。结论枕骨大孔区腹侧及腹外侧脑膜瘤的手术入路及骨窗设计要合理。术中要重点保护神经、血管等重要结构。     

枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 采用显微外科技术切除枕大孔区脑膜瘤,重点分析手术入路及技巧。方法 总结天坛医院１９９３年５月至１９９７年３月采用显科外科技术切除１９例枕大孔区脑膜瘤的经验。结果 １９例４例采用枕下中线入路,其余１５例均采用远个侧入路,全切除１６例,次全切除３例,术后有６例行暂时性气管切开,无手术死亡。结论 枕大孔区脑膜瘤手术切除虽然困难,危险性较大,但采用显微外科手术合理选择最佳手术入路,肿瘤全切率及颅神经     

枕骨大孔区肿瘤的手术入路及显微外科治疗

目的探讨枕骨大孔区肿瘤显微外科手术的方法和入路分析。方法自2005年2月至2008年3月应用显微外科技术切除枕骨大孔区肿瘤20例,其中脑膜瘤13例,皮样囊肿3例,神经鞘瘤2例,脊索瘤1例,脉络丛乳突状瘤1例。影像学检查17例肿瘤位于硬膜内,3例位于硬膜外,其中肿瘤位于枕骨大孔前方、前外侧12例,后、侧方8例,5例肿瘤骑跨于枕骨大孔。结果本组20例中,采用后正中入路7例,枕下外侧入路12例,经口咽入路1例。肿瘤全切除17例,次全切除2例,大部分切除1例,术后出现后组颅神经轻度麻痹2例,无手术死亡。结论枕骨大孔区肿瘤手术显微程度要求高,脑干、后组颅神经和血管保护尤为重要。手术入路应根据肿瘤位置及与脑干的关系来选择,枕下外侧入路对于处理前、外侧肿瘤是一项好的选择,而脑干被压于侧方的,即使肿瘤位于前腹侧也可选择后方入路。     

枕下正中入路手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的疗效

目的 探讨枕下正中入路手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月至2019年12月采用枕下正中入路手术切除的10例枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的临床资料。结果 10例肿瘤均全切除。术后病理显示脑膜瘤9例,神经鞘瘤1例。术后1例有副神经牵拉损伤,1个月后逐渐恢复;1例瘤体减压后出现脑干再灌注损伤,因呼吸困难行气管切开术,3个月后拔除气管导管,顺利康复。术后随访2~28个月,平均（16.1±5.6）个月,未见肿瘤复发。结论 枕下正中入路是治疗枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的安全有效的方法。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.