2009—2010年南京地区腹泻婴幼儿中人类杯状病毒感染流行病学特点分析

目的研究南京地区5岁及以下腹泻患儿人类杯状病毒感染的分子流行病学特点。方法 2009年7月至2010年6月在南京儿童医院共采集1~59个月的腹泻患儿粪便标本300份,采用多重RT-PCR方法检测人类杯状病毒(诺如病毒、札如病毒)。结果 300份标本中71份检出人杯状病毒,检出率23.67%。其中,诺如病毒67份,其中58份为GⅡ/4基因型(2006b亚型),8份为GⅡ/3基因型,1份为GⅡ/12基因型;扎如病毒4份,其中2份为GI/1基因型,GI/2和GⅡ/1基因型各1份。结论人类杯状病毒是南京地区腹泻婴幼儿中的主要病原体之一,主要的流行优势株是诺如病毒GⅡ/4基因型(2006b亚型)。     

酶免疫吸附法检测北京地区婴幼儿腹泻标本中的Noro病毒

目的: 研究北京地区婴幼儿Noro病毒腹泻的流行特点。 方法: 在2003年10月至2004年12月从首都儿科研究所就诊的腹泻患儿粪便标本中随机抽取167份应用酶免疫吸附试验（EIA）进行Noro病毒抗原检测，并随即抽取61份进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测轮状病毒。 结果: 167份标本中，Noro病毒阳性标本为46份，阳性率为27.54%。其中，GI型阳性标本有20份，占阳性标本总数的43.48%；GII型阳性标本有19份，占阳性标本总数的41.30%；另有7份标本为GI和GII同时阳性，提示为混合感染，占阳性标本总数的15.22%。发病年龄以2岁以下患儿为主，占总患病人数的93.48%。Noro病毒感染性腹泻未见明显的季节性。在检测轮状病毒的61份标本中，轮状病毒阳性的标本有29份，阳性率为47.54%。 结论: Noro病毒感染在北京地区婴幼儿腹泻中占有重要地位，仅次于轮状病毒。     

天津地区急性胃肠炎患儿诺如病毒分子流行病学分析

目的 了解2017年天津地区急性胃肠炎患儿诺如病毒（NoV）分子流行病学特征。方法 收集2017年1~12月天津市儿童医院疑似由病毒感染引起的急性胃肠炎患儿的粪便标本758份,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对NoV进行初筛,运用传统RT-PCR方法对阳性标本的衣壳蛋白VP1区进行基因扩增、基因测序和鉴定基因型别。结果 758份粪便标本中检出GⅡ型NoV 241份,阳性率为31.8%。对阳性标本进行衣壳蛋白VP1区测序,发现GⅡ型标本中以GⅡ.4亚型为主,占28.6%（69/241）;其次为GⅡ.3亚型,占21.2%（51/241）;GⅡ.2亚型占10.0%（24/241）;其他亚型占7.5%（18/241）。不同年龄组间NoV检出率差异有统计学意义（P=0.018）,其中1~ < 4岁组阳性检出率最高（37.3%）。不同季节的NoV检出率差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.001）,其中冬季为高发季节（48.1%）。27份（3.6%）标本存在NoV和轮状病毒（RtV）的混合感染。结论 NoV是2017年天津地区该组急性胃肠炎患儿的主要病原体之一;GⅡ基因型特别是GⅡ.4亚型是流行优势毒株;NoV感染在4岁内儿童更为常见;冬季为流行高峰;存在与RtV混合感染的情况。     

我国五所城市儿童医院诺如病毒和轮状病毒腹泻的流行病学监测

目的 监测我国城市儿童诺如病毒和轮状病毒腹泻的临床流行特征.方法 2008年7月至2009年9月,我们在上海、杭州、广州、重庆和天津门诊急性腹泻儿童中进行一项前瞻性的流行病学调查,随机收集急性非细菌性痢疾样腹泻患儿粪便标本,用胶体金试剂盒检测A组轮状病毒,轮状病毒阴性标本进一步用一步法实时定量荧光RT-PCR方法检测诺如病毒G Ⅰ和GⅡ基因组.描述性分析诺如病毒和轮状病毒的检出率、季节流行规律和易感儿童年龄特征.结果 连续1年期间,共收集到标本5091份,轮状病毒检测阳性标本数为1563份,占30.7%,各地轮状病毒检出率分别为上海29.5%(268/916)、杭州36.1%(334/926)、广州26.3%(254/968)、重庆34.1%(359/1054)和天津28.2%(348/1233).诺如病毒在3528份轮状病毒阴性标本中检出数为1049份(29.7%),各地检出率分别为上海21.2%(136/642)、杭州31.3%(185/592)、广州24.2%(173/714)、重庆31.8%(221/695)、天津37.7%(334/885).估计诺如病毒在所有样本中检出率至少为20.6%(1049/5092).1049份诺如病毒株中,GⅡ基因型1036份(98.7%),G Ⅰ基因型16份(1.5%),3份标本同时检测到G Ⅰ和GⅡ型.1049例诺如病毒腹泻儿童年龄在1个月～14岁,年龄中位数10(13.9±16.9)个月,91.8%患儿≤2岁.1563例轮状病毒腹泻儿童年龄在1个月～11.3岁,92.5%患儿≤2岁,年龄中位数10(12.9±13.7)个月.年龄中位数比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).轮状病毒流行高峰发生在秋冬季10月至次年2月份,而诺如病毒在北方天津地区流行高峰出现在冬春季(11月至次年4月),诺如病毒在上海、杭州和重庆自4月份开始活跃,流行高峰常在夏秋季7至10月份,而在广州地区除春季散发外其他季节都有较为显著的流行.结论 轮状病毒和诺如病毒是我国婴幼儿腹泻主要的病毒病原.全国轮状病毒高峰季节基本一致,但是诺如病毒流行季节因地区而异,北方冷季呈现流行高峰,东部和西南部地区主要在夏秋季最流行,南方夏秋季和冬季都可出现较强的流行.     

2012年重庆单中心腹泻患儿感染诺如病毒及其基因型别和重组的研究

目的 了解重庆地区门诊腹泻患儿感染诺如病毒（NV）流行株的变迁及基因重组情况。方法 采集2012年1~12月就诊于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院的疑似病毒性腹泻患儿的粪便标本。采用JVl2/JVl3、GⅠ SKF /GⅠ SKR(COG2F/GⅡ SKR)两对引物,对NV基因组的部分RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶区和衣壳蛋白的N/S区分别进行RT-PCR核酸检测,所有阳性产物进行回收纯化、测序,用DNAstar和MEGA 5.05软件对序列分别进行比对和构建进化树。并将疑似重组株的标本再用JVl2/GⅠ SKR(JVl2/GⅡ SKR)进行PCR扩增,用SimPlot软件对序列进行重组鉴定。结果 384例腹泻患儿粪便标本进入本文分析,男248例,女136例,年龄（13.1±14.4）个月。①NV阳性84/384例（21.9%）,<60月龄组NV阳性构成比为96.4%（81/84）。NV在6、8和9月份检出率较高,3和4月份检出率最低。②84例NV阳性标本capsid的N/S区基因片段测序显示,GⅡ.4 2006b型37例,GⅡ.4 New Orleans 2009型1例,GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型27例,GⅡ.3型12例,GⅡ.6型3例, GⅡ.13型3例,GⅡ.5型1 例;1~7月份 GⅡ.4 2006b型为主要流行株,8~12月GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型为主要流行株;③共检出44株重组株,分别是GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型27株、GⅡ.7/GⅡ.6型1株、GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5型1株、GⅡ.12/GⅡ.3型12株,GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13型3株。结论 重庆地区NV重组现象非常明显,2012年8~12月NV优势株逐渐由GⅡ.4 2006b型转为GⅡ.e/GⅡ.4 Sydney 2012型的重组株,并检出GⅡ.22/GⅡ.5型和GⅡ.16/GⅡ.13型2种新型重组株。     

腹泻患儿扎如病毒感染研究

目的 了解广州地区婴幼儿扎如病毒性腹泻感染现状.方法 在2008年8月 - 2009年7月,每周二、周五采集10份腹泻标本,运用real-time RT-PCR进行检测,阳性标本再行RT-PCR扩增、纯化、克隆、测序.结果 扎如病毒检出率为1.0%(10/985),包括GI与GIV型,其中GI型占90%(9/10).结论 扎如病毒是该地区婴幼儿急性腹泻中检出率较低的病原体,GI-1是主要的感染型,GIV型感染在华南地区有增多趋势.     

2009至2010年南京儿童医院5岁以下儿童病毒性腹泻分子流行病学特点

目的 对南京儿童医院（我院）5岁以下儿童轮状病毒(HRV)、人杯状病毒(HuCV)、星状病毒(AstV)和肠道腺病毒(AdV)感染的分子流行病学进行研究,为病毒性腹泻的防治提供基础数据和理论依据。 方法 收集2009年7月至2010年6月于我院消化科门诊就诊的5岁以下腹泻患儿的粪便标本。采用ELISA法检测A组HRV,阳性标本采用RT-PCR法进行毒株分型鉴定;HuCV、AstV和AdV采用RT-PCR或PCR法进行检测。 结果研究期间共收集病毒性腹泻患儿粪便标本300份,其中男188例,女112例。年龄1~59月龄,平均（10.5±9.2）月龄。4种病毒检测阳性率依次为HRV(37.7%,113/300)、HuCV(23.7%,71/300)、AstV(4.0%,12/300)和AdV(2.7%,8/300)。①HRV G血清型以G3型(38.9%)最常见,其次为G2型(8.8%);P基因型以P［8］（33.6%）为主。G血清型和P基因型组合以G3P［8］(15.9%)为主。113份HRV阳性标本中,7~12月龄儿童占43.4%（49/113）,高发季节为2009年10月至2010年1月。②HuCV感染中诺如病毒检出67份,扎如病毒4份。HuCV感染于2009年8月出现一个小高峰,发病年龄高峰为7~12月龄（38/71）,24月龄以下患儿占95.8%(68/71)。③10/12例AstV感染发生于2009年10月至2010年1月,月龄分布为2~16月龄。④8例AdV阳性标本PCR产物经克隆测序,AD 2、3、5、7、12和41型各1例,AD 31型2例。AdV感染高发于2010年1至6月,发病高峰为7~12月龄（4/8）。⑤60.0%（180/300）至少检出4种病毒中的一种。混合感染23份,其中12份（52.2%）为HRV+HuCV,5份（21.7%）为HRV+AstV,2份为HuCV+AstV, HRV+AdeV、HuCV+AdeV、AdeV+AstV、HRV+AstV+HuCV各1份。 结论 HRV是引起婴幼儿病毒性腹泻最主要的病毒病原,以G3P［8］为主要优势株。HuCV、AstV和AdV也是重要的病原。     

2013~2018年重庆地区2 066例急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒流行特征分析

目的 研究急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）检出率、流行规律及临床特征。方法 收集2013年6月至2018年5月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸中心住院的2岁以下急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）患儿鼻咽抽吸物,采用多重PCR检测16种常见呼吸道病毒,分析RSV流行特征。结果 共纳入2 066例ALRI住院患儿,病毒检出阳性1 595份（77.20%）。其中RSV阳性检出826份（39.98%）。RSV阳性样本中,RSV-A阳性410份（49.6%）,RSV-B阳性414份（50.1%）,RSV-A与RSV-B均阳性2份（0.2%）。2013~2014年、2016~2017年主导流行亚型为RSV-B,2014~2015年、2017~2018年以RSV-A为主要检出亚型,2015~2016年为RSV-A与RSV-B共同流行。冬季检出率最高。RSV合并人鼻病毒为最常见的2种病毒混合检出组合（123份）。该组患儿较单一RSV检出患儿更易出现喘息（P=0.030）。在2 066例患儿中,单一RSV检出298份,RSV混合其他病毒检出148份,其他病毒检出389份,病毒检出阴性241份。RSV单一检出组较其他病毒检出组和病毒检出阴性组月龄更小,更易发生呼吸困难、呼吸衰竭及重症下呼吸道感染（P < 0.0083）。RSV-A阳性患儿中的男性比例高于RSV-B阳性患儿（P=0.004）,而临床表现二者未见显著差异。结论 2013~2018年重庆地区RSV-A与RSV-B既可分别主导流行,也可共同流行;RSV为急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿最主要病毒病原,易导致重症下呼吸道感染;RSV-A和RSV-B感染患儿临床表现无差异,但RSV-A更易感染男性患儿。     

1165例急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童的病毒病原学分析

目的：了解长沙地区急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI) 住院儿童中常见呼吸道病毒的流行特点,为本地区儿童ALRTI的防治提供依据。方法：收集2007年9月至2008年8月诊断为ALRTI的住院患儿鼻咽抽吸物标本1165份,采用RT-PCR方法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(HRV)、流感病毒A(IFVA)、流感病毒B(IFVB)、副流感病毒1~3(PIV1~3)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)、冠状病毒NL63(HCoV-NL63)及冠状病毒HKU1(HCoV-HKU1);PCR方法检测腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV);巢式PCR方法检测多瘤病毒WU(WUPyV）和多瘤病毒KI(KIPyV)。并对阳性标本进行基因测序以证实。结果：1165份标本中有871份检出了病毒,总检出率74.76%,其中RSV最为常见,检出率为27.03%,其次为HRV（17.33%）、PIV3（13.73%）及新发现病毒HBoV(8.67%)和hMPV(6.52%)。病毒总检出率在男女之间差异无统计学意义,但男性PIV3、hMPV和HBoV的阳性检出率高于女性。病毒阳性检出率在各年龄组之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.934,P=0.027）,以6个月至1岁以内年龄组检出率最高。病毒总检出率在四季分布差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.307,P=0.006）,以冬季检出率最高。结论：病毒病原在长沙地区儿童ALRTI中占重要地位,其中RSV、HRV及PIV3是主要病毒病原,近年新发现的HBoV和hMPV也占较高比例;病毒检出率以6个月至1岁以内年龄组最高;冬季病毒总检出率高于其他季节。     

广州地区婴幼儿感染Noro病毒基因型的初步研究

目的　了解广州市儿童腹泻中诺瓦克病毒Norovirus 感染的流行病学特点及病毒的基因型。方法 用ClustalW比对GII组诺瓦克病毒后，设计了处于ORF1与ORF2连接点两旁两对简并引物，进行巢式PCR扩增出目标片段，克隆于T载体上，测定序列，对ORF1与ORF2连接点两旁序列和衣壳蛋白N/S区用ClustalW进行同源性分析，用phylip3.65软件、NJ方法构建进化树。结果　两份标本NVgz100、NVgz10成功扩增出ORF1与ORF2连接点两旁1208bp片段（相对于Hawaii virus，U07611位置为4476-5683），包含ORF1的3′端RdRp基因的大部分基因和ORF2基因的5′端的S区。对标本NVgz100、NVgz10与另一实验NVgz01（DQ369797）的1208bp进行同源性分析发现，三个标本与GI组同源性为58-61%，与GII组同源性为74-92%；将这三个标本与GI、GII组构建进化树，可发现NVgz100、NVgz10、NVgz01与GII组Bristol等病毒密切相关，将NVgz100、NVgz10、NVgz01的衣壳蛋白N/S区与GII组各基因型进行同源性比较，发现三个标本与GII-4基因型Camberwell、Bristol、Grimsby同源性较高（92-96%），与其它基因型同源性为70-73%，以N/S区构建进化树可发现三个标本与Camberwell、Bristol、Grimsby、Lordsdale处于同一簇中。结论　本实验病毒株为诺瓦克病毒GII组，初步认为广州地区诺瓦克病毒感染以GII组病毒株为主，病毒流行的基因型为与Camberwell、Bristol、Grimsby、Lordsdale等密切相关的GII-4基因型。     

Significant prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus infection in Irish children

Pediatric gastroenteritis places a considerable disease burden on children of the developed world. The national surveillance of gastroenteritis in Ireland is a combined virological and epidemiologic surveillance program. The objectives of this study were to characterize the norovirus (NoV) genotypes associated with viral gastroenteritis in children or=4 mo of age and determined that NoV and adenovirus infection are equally significant in children in the first 5 y of life. This group of pediatric patients reported diarrhea as their most common symptom raising the question whether Kaplan criteria are the most effective method for clinically diagnosing outbreaks of enteric infection in pediatric patients. ABBREVIATIONS::     

2001至2005年上海部分地区腹泻住院患儿诺若病毒分子临床流行病学研究

摘要 目的 通过对上海地区腹泻住院患儿进行诺若病毒检测，对其流行株进行基因序列的测定，以了解诺若病毒在上海地区的流行特征，为该病原体所致腹泻的防治提供基础数据和理论依据。方法收集2001至2005年复旦大学附属儿科医院5岁以下腹泻住院患儿的粪便标本。首先进行轮状病毒的检测，在轮状病毒抗原阴性标本中，每隔8个标本按编号顺序行机械随机抽样，建立RT PCR方法进行诺若病毒的检测。对PCR产物进行双向测序，测序结果通过Clustal W 和 Mega 4.1软件进行分析。结果 研究期间共收集腹泻患儿粪便标本5 534份，轮状病毒抗原阴性4 084份，机械随机抽得484份用于诺若病毒检测，45/484份（9.3%）检测到诺若病毒。对诺若病毒感染季节分布和患儿年龄特点的分析表明，除4月和7月份未检测到诺若病毒外，其余各月份均检测到诺若病毒，其高发的月份是8至11月。 5~6月也呈一个小高峰。 77.8%（35/45）的患儿<2岁，其中6~11个月的患儿所占比例最高，达35.6%（16/45），＜6个月的婴儿占20%（9/45）。GⅡ-4型是这5年间尤其是2003年之后的主要流行型别，2001至2002年尚存在其他的流行型别GⅡ-3和GⅡ-7型。结论 上海地区近5年来诺若病毒感染的分子流行病学特征呈现一定的规律，今后需要进行更详细和深入的监测，为儿童急性腹泻病的防控提供依据。     

Evaluation of immunochromatography tests for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among Vietnamese children with acute gastroenteritis and the emergence of a novel norovirus GII.4 variant

A prospective study was conducted to evaluate two immunochromatography (ICG) tests for detection of group A rotavirus and norovirus GII, the commercial Dipstick 'Eiken' Rota kit (SA Scientific, USA) and the NV IC-1 stick (Immuno-Probe, Japan). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primer pairs (Beg9 and VP7-1', for group A rotavirus; COG2F and G2SKR, for norovirus GII) was used as the reference method. The results of ICG tests were compared with those of reference method. The sensitivity, specificity and agreement between ICG tests and PCR were 87.8%, 93.3% and 89.4%, respectively, for rotavirus ICG test; and 73.7%, 100% and 95.2%, respectively, for norovirus ICG test. The immunochromatography assay for norovirus used in this study could detect not only common noroviruses, but also a novel norovirus GII.4 variant, which emerged in Ho Chi Minh City in 2006. Immunochromatography tests are easy, rapid and useful assays for detection of rotavirus and norovirus among pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam.     

Norovirus and sapovirus infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City during 2005-2006

A molecular epidemiological study on common diarrheal viruseswas conducted in a children's hospital in Ho Chi Minh City betweenDecember 2005 and November 2006. Fecal samples were collectedfrom 502 pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, andwere screened for the presence of norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus(SaV). NoVs GII and SaVs were detected in 6.4% and 1.2% specimens,respectively, while there was no NoV GI found among studiedsamples. NoVs could be identified through the year, except inApril and July, with the peak of detection rate (62.5%) duringthe rainy season. Conversely, four out of six (66.7%) of theSaV strains were identified during the dry season. Patientsaged between 6 and 23 months were found to be more infectedby NoVs. The overall mean severity score of norovirus-positivepatients was 9.8 ± 3.6, and no significant differenceof severity scores among patients belonged to different agegroups, gender and place of living. The results of phylogeneticanalysis showed the diversity of caliciviruses circulating inthe area, and various types of recombination were identifiedamong NoVs and SaVs detected. These results provide importantinformation on calicivirus infections among Vietnamese children.     

Noroviruses in children seen in a hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Finland

Noroviruses (NoVs) are second only to rotaviruses (RVs) as causative agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. The proportional role of NoVs is likely to increase after control of RV by vaccination. We investigated NoVs in children seen in Tampere University Hospital either treated as outpatients or hospitalized because of AGE before universal RV vaccination was implemented in Finland. This prospective study was conducted from September 2006 to August 2008. A total of 1,128 children <15 years of age with symptoms of AGE were enrolled either in the hospital clinic or in a ward, and stool samples for NoV studies were obtained from 759 children. NoVs were found in 196 (26%) cases. In the first year, NoVs were found in 116 (34%) out of 341, and in the second year, in 80 (19%) out of 418 cases. RVs were found respectively in 128 (38%) and 260 (62%) cases in these two seasons. Both RV and NoV were present in 24 cases. NoV genotype GII.4 predominated with a 96% share of the NoV cases in the first season and an 80% share in the second season. Other NoV genotypes seen infrequently were GII.7, GIIb, GI.6, GII.1, GII.2, and GIIc. The median clinical severity of NoV AGE was 14 compared to 16 for RV AGE on a 20-point scale. Conclusion: NoVs were nearly as common as RVs as causative agents of severe AGE in children seen in hospital. After implementing universal RV vaccination, the importance of NoVs will still increase further.     

Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2004

BACKGROUND: The role of noroviruses (NoV) as a cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks is well documented; however, the importance of NoV infections in hospitalized children is not well established. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the genetic diversity of NoV in hospitalized children. METHODS: Three-hundred eighteen fecal samples were collected from January to December 2004, from children with acute gastroenteritis in 3 public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV was carried out by using genome amplification and sequencing of polymerase and capsid genes. RESULTS: NoV infections were detected in 65 (20%) of the samples, of which 11 (4%) were mixed infections with rotavirus. Infants up to 1-year-old were the most affected and a peak of virus detection was observed in autumn and spring seasons. Dehydration and diarrhea were the inclusion criterion; coughing (51%), vomiting (33%), and fever (22%) were the main clinical manifestations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Genogroup II and GII/4 were prevalent. Two potential recombinant strains based in the different clustering pattern were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the importance of NoV infections causing severe acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Molecular epidemiology surveillance determining the circulation pattern of different genotypes and recombinant strains is helpful for designing prevention strategies of NoV transmission in children. Studies concerning the prevalence and the molecular epidemiology of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalized children are particularly important to evaluate the impact of the rotavirus vaccine in Brazil.     

Human bocaviruses are commonly found in stools of hospitalized children without causal association to acute gastroenteritis

Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) may be grouped into respiratory (HBoV1) and enteric (HBoV2–4) types. We examined this association of HBoV types and clinical symptoms in 955 children who had acute gastroenteritis (AGE, n?=?172), acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI, n?=?545) or symptoms of both (n?=?238). Both nasal swab and stool specimens were studied for such patients. HBoV1 DNA was detected in 6.2 % of patients with ARTI and 9.2 % of patients with symptoms of both ARTI and AGE, but in only 1.7 % of patients with AGE alone. In about one half of the cases, HBoV1 was detected concomitantly in nasal swab and stool samples. HBoV2 was found in stool samples of patients with AGE (5.8 %), ARTI (5.1 %) and symptoms of both (5.5 %) but only rarely in nasal swabs. HBoV3 was found in the stools, but not in nasal swabs, in 0.6, 1.1 and 0.8 % of patients with, respectively, AGE, ARTI and both. HBoV4 was not found. All but one HBoV-positive stool sample of AGE patients contained a known gastroenteritis virus (rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus or enteric adenovirus) that was probably responsible for the symptoms of the respective case. Sera of 30 HBoV-positive patients were available, and IgM antibodies for HBoVs were found in ten cases and HBoV DNA in eight of these. Conclusions: HBoV2 and HBoV3 were more commonly found in stool than in nasal swab samples, but the findings could not be causally linked with AGE. HBoV1 was commonly found in stool samples during ARTI, with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.