孤独症谱系障碍儿童智力发育与表情识别能力的关系

目的探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的智力发育特点、表情识别能力及两者之间的关系。方法招募6~16岁的ASD儿童(ASD组,总智商均大于70)和年龄、性别匹配的正常发育儿童(对照组)各27例,使用韦氏儿童智力量表(第四版)和中国人物静态面部表情图片对两组儿童进行智力评估和表情识别测试。结果 ASD组总智商、言语理解、知觉推理、加工速度以及工作记忆指数得分均低于对照组(P0.05)。ASD组儿童的表情识别总正确率及高兴、生气、伤心、害怕表情识别的正确率均低于对照组儿童(P0.05)。ASD组表情识别总正确率、高兴及害怕表情识别的正确率与知觉推理呈正相关(r分别为0.415、0.455、0.393,P0.05),生气表情识别的正确率与工作记忆指数呈正相关(r=0.397,P0.05)。结论 ASD儿童在智力发育的多个领域落后于正常儿童,其表情识别能力受损。患儿智力中的知觉推理能力和工作记忆能力与表情识别能力存在正相关关系,推测知觉推理和工作记忆能力不足可能是影响ASD儿童表情认知的重要因素。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童表情面孔工作记忆的事件相关电位研究

目的探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童表情面孔工作记忆能力及其事件相关电位(ERP)的特点。方法以中国面孔表情图片系统为测试材料,采用事件相关电位系统分别记录16例6~12岁ASD儿童(ASD组)与14例年龄匹配的正常儿童(对照组)在完成表情面孔延迟样本匹配任务时的脑电成分,分析两组儿童脑电P3b成分的特点。结果 ASD组儿童在表情面孔工作记忆任务中的总体反应时比对照组长(1 527 ms vs 1 060 ms,P0.05)、正确率比对照组低(76%vs 88%,P0.01)。ASD组和对照组间编码加工阶段的P3b成分波幅存在差异。ASD组左侧电极的P3b成分波幅值高于右侧电极波幅(P0.05),而对照组无此特点。结论学龄期ASD儿童在表情面孔编码加工阶段的P3b成分异于正常发育儿童,其表情面孔工作记忆过程可能更多地依赖于左半球相关的神经通路。     

中文版《孤独症诊断观察量表》模块1信度和效度评价及临床应用研究

目的 对中文版《孤独症诊断观察量表》（ADOS）模块1进行信度和效度评价,并探讨其在我国的临床应用价值及可行性。方法 对符合纳入和排除标准的60例临床诊断为孤独症（AD,24例）、广泛性发育障碍未分类型（PDD-NOS,22例）、非孤独症谱系障碍（ASD,10例）及正常发育幼儿（4例）进行ADOS模块1评估,以Cronbach's α信度系数测量同质信度,以Spearman等级相关系数评价重测信度,采用Kruskal-Wallis检验及Bonferroni校正α方法进行4组间得分差异检验及两两比较,评价量表的实证效度。分别根据DSM-Ⅳ-TR和DSM-Ⅴ诊断标准来衡量临床诊断与ADOS模块1分类的一致性。结果 ADOS模块1包含4个领域：A.沟通;B.相互性社会互动;C.游戏;D.刻板行为与局限兴趣。①同质信度：ADOS模块1总的Cronbach's α信度系数为0.93,其中A领域0.79,B领域0.89,A+B领域0.93。②重测信度：A领域0.84,B领域0.92,A+B领域0.89,C领域0.91,D领域0.88（P均＜0.01）。③实证效度：在A领域、B领域和A+B领域,AD组与其他3组得分差异均有统计学意义（P均≤0.001）,PDD-NOS与非ASD组及正常儿童组的得分差异亦有统计学意义（P均＜0.01）,非ASD组与正常儿童组的得分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。④以DSM-Ⅳ-TR为诊断标准,与ADOS模块1分类的一致率为71.4%;以DSM-Ⅴ为诊断标准,与ADOS模块1分类的一致率为91.1%,ADOS模块1的敏感度为96.5%,特异度为61.5%。结论 中文版ADOS具有较好的信度和实证效度,在我国ASD患儿中具有早期辅助诊断的作用,具有较高的临床应用和参考价值。     

儿童单纯性肥胖相关危险因素的性别差异

目的 分析儿童青少年单纯性肥胖症相关危险因素的性别差异.方法 采用横断面研究,以5所学校2 852名6～16岁中小学生为调查对象,测量其身高、体质量,并发放自填式调查问卷,内容包括年龄、性别、出生体质量、监护人教育程度、6个月内喂养方式、父母亲肥胖及慢性病史、饮食因素和运动因素,以上内容填写完整的2 396名学生纳入研究,根据体质量指数(BMI)分为正常组和超重肥胖组,分别对男女童组行单因素统计分析,有统计学意义的危险因素进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 高出生体质量只在男童中显示为危险因素,其发生肥胖的危险性是出生体质量正常的1.78倍(95％ CI 1.18 ～2.67,P=0.006).诊断为超重肥胖的父亲,其子女发生超重肥胖的危险性分别是体质量正常组的1.70倍和1.91倍(P=0.000),而母亲相应为1.86倍和2.32倍(P =0.000).父亲至少患有1种慢性病者仅对男童超重肥胖有影响(OR=1.45,95％CI 1.05 ～2.01,P=0.024).饮食方面,偏荤的女童容易发生肥胖(OR=1.85,95％CI 1.06 ～3.21,P=0.030),同时,进食速度在10 min以下的男童和女童患超重肥胖的危险性是25 min以上的3.93倍和2.82倍(P＜0.05).运动方面,女童组显示:寒暑假每周大于0.5h的户外运动次数为0～1次的女童患超重肥胖的危险性是每周户外运动次数为8次女童的2.32倍(95％ CI 1.15 ～4.67,P=0.018);男童组显示:学习日放学后户外基本不运动的男生患超重肥胖危险性是户外运动大于1.0h男童的2.56倍(95％ CI 1.65 ～ 3.97,P=0.000).结论 男女童单纯性肥胖共有的危险因素包括父母亲肥胖遗传史和进食速度,且母亲遗传效应更明显;男童独有的危险因素包括高出生体质量、父亲患有慢性病(高血压、糖尿病、脂肪肝、血脂代谢异常中至少1种)、学习日放学后基本不运动;女童独有的危险因素包括饮食摄入蔬菜少、荤菜多、寒暑假每周＞0.5h的户外运动低于5次.     

贫困地区6～14岁儿童血清瘦素水平的变化

目的研究贫困地区儿童在营养状况相对较差时血清瘦素水平及与生长发育指标的关系。方法将研究对象分为≤9岁男童组、≤9岁女童组、>9岁男童组和>9岁女童组4组。调查其年龄、体质量、身高并计算体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分量(BF%)及体脂含量(FM),使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测瘦素浓度,比较各组间瘦素浓度的差异,同时分析各组瘦素与各指标间的相关性。结果男童:瘦素浓度>9岁组较≤9岁组高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);女童:瘦素浓度9岁组较≤9岁组明显高(P<0.01);≤9岁组女童瘦素浓度较男童高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);>9岁女童组瘦素浓度较男童明显高,且有显著性差异(P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析表明各组瘦素浓度均与BF%和BMI呈明显正相关(P均<0.01),≤9岁组男童瘦素与身高呈明显负相关(P<0.05);≤9岁组女童与FM呈显著性相关(P<0.05);>9岁组男童瘦素与其他指标无明显相关(P>0.05);≤9岁组女童瘦素与所有其他指标呈显著性相关(P均<0.01)。结论在营养状况相对较差的农村,6～14岁儿童中瘦素在女童青春期发育中起重要作用;不论性别和年龄,瘦素均与BF%和BMI密切相关。     

意外伤害儿童心理学特点的病例对照研究

目的　了解意外伤害儿童心理学特点 ,为采取心理干预措施提供依据。方法　采用艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)和Achenback儿童行为量表 (CBCL) (父母用表 ) ,对 7～ 11岁住院治疗的意外伤害儿童 (伤害组 )和正常健康儿童 (对照组 )各 81例进行测试。结果　 (1)EPQ的P、E、N分量表得分伤害组高于对照组 (P <0 0 5或 <0 0 0 1) ,L分量表对照组则高于伤害组 (P <0 0 0 1)。 (2 ) )伤害组CBCL平均得分 (37 6 2± 11 0 3)高于对照组 (17 77± 12 12 ,P <0 0 0 1) ;行为问题检出率 [32 0 9% (2 6 / 81) ]亦高于对照组 [11 11% (9/ 81) ,P <0 0 0 1],OR值 3 78,95 %CI为 1 6 6～ 8 5 9。行为因子的敏感性(32 1% )较低 ,特异性 (88 9% )和阳性结果价值 (74 3% )较高。伤害组男童在多动、攻击性、违纪 ,女童在多动、攻击性、抑郁、违纪等因子M均高于对照组 (P均 <0 0 1)。 (3)伤害组男童CBCL平均得分(39 84± 10 99)高于女童 (34 2 6± 10 4 3,P <0 0 5 )。伤害的危险因子男童为攻击、多动、违纪 ,女童为攻击、违纪、抑郁。结论　意外伤害儿童心理、行为问题较多 ,应采取心理干预措施 ,降低儿童意外伤害的发生。     

意外伤害儿童心理学特点及干预对策

目的 了解意外伤害儿童心理学特点,为采取心理干预措施提供依据.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和Achenback儿童行为量表(CBCL,父母用表),对7～11岁住院治疗的意外伤害儿童(伤害组)和正常健康儿童(对照组)各81例进行测试.结果 EPQ的P、E、N分量表得分伤害组高于对照组(P均<0.05),对照组L分量表得分则高于伤害组(P<0.001).伤害组CBCL平均得分(37.62±11.03)高于对照组(17.77±12.12,P<0.001);行为问题检出率(32.09%)亦高于对照组(11.11%,P<0.001),OR值3.78,95%c,为1.66～8.59.行为因子的敏感性(32.1%)较低,特异性(88.9%)和阳性结果价值(74.3%)较高.伤害组男童在多动、攻击性、违纪,女童在多动、攻击性、抑郁、违纪等因子M均高于对照组(P均<0.01).伤害组男童CBCL平均得分(39.81±10.99)高于女童(34.26±10.43,P<0.05).伤害的危险因子男童为攻击、多动、违纪,女童为攻击、违纪、抑郁.结论 意外伤害儿童心理、行为问题较多,应采取心理干预措施,降低儿童意外伤害的发生.     

郑州地区7~12岁儿童血压分布特征

目的：了解郑州地区7~12岁儿童的血压现况。方法按分层整群随机抽样法抽取郑州市3个城区和2个郊区县的5所学校6~13岁在校儿童,测量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP),对相关数据进行分析。结果调查的7~12岁儿童有效人数为6460人,其中城区3206人(49.63%),郊区县3254人(50.37%);男童3525人(54.57%),女童2935人(45.43%)。男童的SBP(117.86±18.18)mmHg明显高于女童(113.82±13.11) mmHg,差异有统计学意义(t=3.16,P=0.002)。高血压发生率7.52%;其中男童高血压发生率明显高于女童,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.66, P=0.002);无论男、女童,城区儿童高血压发生率均高于郊区县,差异有统计学意义(χ2=24.15、14.39,P均=0.000)。男童的SBP和DBP,女童SBP均与年龄、身高、体质量、BMI、腰围呈显著正相关(P均<0.01)。结论郑州地区儿童青少年血压的分布特征为男性高于女性,城区高于郊区县,儿童血压与年龄、身高、体质量、BMI、腰围密切相关。     

基于不同体块指数筛查标准的2011年北京市儿童青少年超重和肥胖检出率比较研究

目的 描述2011年北京市7~18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖的检出率,并比较基于不同BMI筛查标准的检出率的差异。方法 研究对象为2011年北京市中小学体检的7~18岁学龄儿童青少年。采用BMI作为评价超重和肥胖的指标。超重和肥胖筛查分别采用4种不同的国内（CN2010和WGOC）和国际（IOTF和WHO2007）标准。不同BMI筛查标准之间超重、肥胖检出率比较采用McNemar检验。结果 ①92 212名男女生BMI在P50、P85和P95上均显著高于全国水平(2009年“中国0~18岁儿童青少年体块指数的生长曲线”),男女生在对应百分位曲线上无交叉现象,男生BMI水平高于女生。②基于CN2010和WGOC标准,男生肥胖检出率分别为17.8%和18.2%,女生检出率分别为10.8%和10.9%;基于IOTF和WHO2007标准,男生肥胖检出率分别为12.9%和21.0%,女生检出率分别为6.0%和8.6%。③基于CN2010和WGOC标准,男生超重（含肥胖）检出率两标准间差异无统计学意义,均为36.0%,各年龄组差异亦不明显,但女生检出率CN2010标准高于WGOC标准（28.1％ vs 24.1%）,在7~15岁组差异较为明显,但在16~18岁组差异较小;与国际标准相比,基于国内标准的男生超重（含肥胖）检出率略高于IOTF标准,但却明显低于WHO2007标准,女生检出率超重（含肥胖）明显高于IOTF标准,但与WHO2007标准较为接近。④与基于WGOC标准的2004年北京市7~18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖检出率相比,2011年超重和肥胖检出率显著增长,男女肥胖检出率分别增长5.8%和3.8%,超重（含肥胖）检出率分别增长9.3%和7.6%。结论 2011年北京市7~18岁学生中有1/3处于超重或肥胖状态。国内标准与国际标准存在明显差异,在反映中国儿童的超重肥胖流行状况时建议采用国内标准,而理想的国内标准应实现2～18岁的统一,并与成人接轨。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童冷执行功能特征

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童冷执行功能(反应抑制、工作记忆)特征。方法对2013年9月至2015年9月深圳市儿童医院儿童保健科门诊初诊的92例ADHD男性患儿及21名对照组男性儿童,运用反应/不反应任务、Stroop色-字干扰测验进行反应抑制功能评估,运用木块记忆任务、N-back任务、背数及字母-数字任务进行工作记忆功能评估。将不符合正态分布的数据进行秩和检验,其余实验数据进行t检验进行统计分析;控制韦氏儿童智力量表第4版(WISC-Ⅳ)智商(FIQ)后,对相关指标进行协变量方差分析。结果两组儿童冷执行功能差异有统计学意义(P0.05),ADHD组在反应抑制(反应-反应任务及Stroop色-字干扰测验)及工作记忆(木块记忆任务、N-back任务、背数及字母-数字任务)的各项监测指标均较对照组差(P0.05)。结论 ADHD儿童在冷执行功能存在缺陷。     

Sleep spindle activity in children with obstructive sleep apnea as a marker of neurocognitive performance: A pilot study

Study objectives

To assess spindle activity as possible markers for neurocognitive consequences in children with mild obstructive sleep apnea.

伴中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫共患注意缺陷多动障碍患儿认知功能损害的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨伴中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫（benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes,BECT）共患注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD）患儿与单纯BECT患儿或单纯ADHD患儿认知功能损害的差异。 方法 前瞻性选取初次诊断的BECT共患ADHD患儿80例、BECT患儿91例及ADHD患儿70例为研究对象,并选取同期儿童保健门诊行健康体检的同龄儿童70例为健康对照组,采用事件相关电位P300、韦氏儿童智力量表、视听整合连续测试3种评估方法,分别测定并比较各组儿童各指标的差异。 结果 与健康对照组比较,BECT+ADHD组、BECT组、ADHD组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低且言语理解指数（verbal comprehension index,VCI）、知觉推理指数（perceptual reasoning index,PRI）、工作记忆指数（working memory index,WMI）、加工速度指数（processing speed index,PSI）、总智商（full scale IQ,FSIQ）,以及听觉反应控制商数（auditory response control quotient,ARCQ）、视觉反应控制商数（visual response control quotient,VRCQ）、综合反应控制商数（full response control quotient,FRCQ）、听觉注意力商数（auditory attention quotient,AAQ）、视觉注意力商数（visual attention quotient,VAQ）、综合注意力商数（full attention quotient,FAQ）分值降低（P<0.05）;与BECT组比较,BECT+ADHD组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低且VCI、PRI、WMI、PSI、FSIQ及FRCQ分值降低（P<0.05）;与ADHD组比较,BECT+ADHD组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低且VCI、PRI、FSIQ及ARCQ、FRCQ、AAQ分值降低（P<0.05）。 结论 BECT共患ADHD患儿,与单纯BECT或单纯ADHD患儿比较,其认知功能损害领域基本一致,但有些领域的损害程度更加严重。     

Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index values in 9-year-old rural Norwegian children

Aim: To describe cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) values in a representative population of 9-year-old Norwegian children in two rural communities and compare present values with previous findings.
Methods: Two hundred and fifty-nine 9-year-old children were invited, and 256 participated in this study. Maximal oxygen uptake was directly measured during a continuous progressive treadmill protocol. Body mass and height were also measured.
Results: The mean ± SD relative maximal oxygen uptake was 52.8 ± 6.5 for boys and 46.9 ± 7.2 mL/kg/min for girls. Eight percent of the boys and 16.8% of the girls were classified as overweight, and 1.6% of the boys and 6.9% of the girls as obese. Mean age, body mass, height and Ponderal index were not significantly different between sexes. Girls had a higher BMI than boys (p = 0.05).
Conclusion: Compared to earlier Norwegian studies, children's BMI values seem to have increased substantially. This increase is most pronounced in girls. When assessing these differences using the PI, this increase is less marked. Comparing maximal oxygen uptake data with that in earlier Nordic studies, there is no evidence that fitness has declined among 9-year olds. However, the limitations of the few earlier studies make reliable comparisons difficult.     

韦氏幼儿智力量表第4版语言理解指数在孤独症谱系障碍儿童语言能力评估中的应用

目的 评估韦氏幼儿智力量表第4版（WPPSI-Ⅳ）言语理解指数（VCI）与标准化语言评估工具的相关性，探讨VCI在孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）语言障碍儿童语言能力评估中的应用价值。方法 选取2019年1月至2020年1月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿童保健科69例ASD共患语言障碍儿童和99名正常儿童为研究对象，比较其WPPSI-Ⅳ量表VCI得分与梦想语言标准化评估（DREAM-C）整体语言、听力理解、语言表达、语义和句法的相关性。结果 ASD语言障碍儿童的VCI与DREAM-C听力理解（r=0.43）和语义（r=0.48）显著相关（P<0.05）,VCI解释了DREAM-C总体语言得分方差变异的15.10%；正常儿童的VCI与DREAM-C听力理解（r=0.51）、语义（r=0.52）、语言表达（r=0.62）和句法（r=0.50）的相关系数差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,VCI解释了DREAM-C总体语言得分方差变异的31.34%。结论 针对该研究人群，VCI指数可预测ASD语言障碍儿童部分听力理解和语义能力，由于纳入样本量有限，研究结论需进一步开展临床研究证实...     

Early sensory over‐responsivity in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders as a predictor of family impairment and parenting stress

Background: Sensory over‐responsivity (SOR) affects many individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), often leading to stressful encounters during daily routines. Methods: This study describes the associations between early SOR symptoms and the longitudinal course of restrictions in family life activities and parenting stress across three time‐points in families raising a child with ASD (n = 174). Covariates were child diagnostic severity, emotional problems, and maternal affective symptoms. At time 1 mean chronological age was 28.5 months. Children were administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Parents completed the Infant Toddler Sensory Profile (ITSP), Infant‐Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA), Beck Anxiety Index (BAI), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Inventory (CES‐D) at time 1; and the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and Family Life Impairment Scale (FLIS) at the three annual time‐points. Results: Latent Growth Curve Models indicated that higher SOR scores on the ITSP at time 1 were associated with higher initial levels of family life impairment and parenting stress and with a smaller magnitude of change over time. These associations were independent of severity of ADOS social‐communication symptoms, MSEL composite score, ITSEA externalizing and anxiety symptoms, and maternal affective symptoms as measured by the BAI and CES‐D. On average FLIS and PSI did not change over time, however, there was significant individual variability. Concurrently, SOR at time 1 explained 39–45% of the variance in family stress and impairment variables. Conclusions: An evaluation of SOR should be integrated into the assessment of toddlers with ASD considering their role in family life impairment and stress.     

Blood pressure measurement in preschool children: The Hisayama study

Objective: To establish the blood pressure (BP) measurement protocol for Japanese preschool children, systolic BP (K1) and diastolic BP (K4, K5) were measured along with anthropometric values.
Methodology: Commercially available mercury sphygmomanometers were used. In the first group of children (group A), BP was measured in 79 boys and 85 girls using a cuff 9 cm wide and 23 cm long. In the second group (group B), the length and circumference of the upper right arm of 147 boys and 139 girls were measured to select cuffs appropriate for their sizes. Blood pressure measurements were performed twice on the right arm of the children in the seated position at a mean interval of 5 min.
Results: There were no significant differences in the anthropometric values (height, bodyweight, body mass index [BMI], length and circumference of the upper arm) between groups A and B. The BP values at K1, K4 and K5 in the first measurement of group B were 91 ± 9, 54 ± 8, and 48 ± 10 mmHg (boys) and 90 ± 9, 54 ± 8, and 48 ± 12 mmHg (girls), respectively. There were no significant differences between the first and second measurements in both groups, however, there were significant differences in the first and second measurements of K4 between groups A and B. Multiple regression analysis by the stepwise method revealed a strong correlation between K1 and the length of the upper arm in the boys and the bodyweight in the girls: between K4 and the bodyweight in the boys and the BMI in the girls, and between K5 and the height in the boys and the upper arm circumference in the girls.
Conclusions: From these results it would appear that a single measurement is sufficient under appropriate measurement conditions such as rest before measurement and the choice of the cuff size according to the upper arm circumference, and that BP is closely correlated with the anthropometric values in preschool children.     

Gender differences in cerebral blood flow velocity and autoregulation between the anterior and posterior circulations in healthy children

There is little information on gender differences in cerebral autoregulation. The purpose of this study was to compare autoregulation of the anterior and posterior circulations using the tilt test method in healthy boys and girls who were 10-16 y of age. Transcranial Doppler was used to measure middle cerebral artery and basilar artery flow velocities (Vmca and Vbas). Cerebral autoregulation (ARI) of the middle cerebral (ARImca) and basilar arteries (ARIbas) was examined using the tilt test method. An ARI <0.4 indicates impaired autoregulation. Among the 13 boys and 13 girls, Vmca and Vbas were higher in girls. All children demonstrated intact autoregulation, but boys had higher ARImca than girls, whereas girls had higher ARIbas than boys. Girls demonstrated greater autoregulation in the basilar artery, whereas boys demonstrated greater autoregulation in the middle cerebral artery. Girls had higher flow velocities in both vessels. This study provides normative data on cerebral autoregulation of the posterior circulation in healthy, awake boys and girls.     

孤独症谱系障碍患儿静止脸试验发声行为特征分析

目的 研究孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）患儿2岁前静止脸试验（SFP）发声行为特征及其与确诊时ASD症状严重程度之间的相关性。方法 前瞻性纳入43例7~23月龄可疑ASD患儿（可疑ASD组）及37例正常对照儿童（TD组），测量两组静止脸试验（SFP）下发声行为的时长及频率，随访至2岁，确诊34例ASD（ASD组）。使用孤独症诊断观察量表（ADOS）评估ASD组患儿症状严重程度，分析ASD组患儿2岁前发声行为特征及其与ASD症状严重程度的关系。结果 与TD组相比，ASD组SFP下有意义语言及朝向人发声时长及频率降低，朝向物发声时长增加（均P < 0.05）。Spearman相关分析显示，ASD组总发声、非语言发声、呀呀学语、朝向人发声、朝向物发声时长及频率与ADOS语言和沟通维度呈负相关（均P < 0.05）；总发声、呀呀学语、朝向人发声时长及频率，朝向物发声时长与ADOS相互性社会互动维度呈负相关（均P < 0.05）；总发声频率及呀呀学语时长、朝向人发声时长及频率与ADOS游戏维度呈负相关（均P < 0.05）；总发声及非语言发声频率、朝向人发声时长及频率与ADOS刻板行为和局限兴趣维度呈负相关（均P < 0.05）。多元线性回归分析发现，总发声频率是ADOS语言和沟通维度的负向预测因子（P < 0.001）；朝向人发声时长是ADOS相互性社会互动维度的负向预测因子（P < 0.05）。结论 SFP可以更好地突出ASD患儿2岁前的发声行为异常，且这些异常能够早期预测ASD症状的严重程度。     

Prepubertal girls with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have higher exogenous insulin requirement than boys

In a population based study, the prescribed insulin dose of 348 prepubertal children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was analysed 2 years after the diagnosis of diabetes. Girls had an insulin dose 13.6% higher than that in boys. When children younger than 5 years of age at diagnosis were analysed separately, the difference in insulin dose between boys and girls remained. The increased insulin dose in girls was not explained by possible differences in endogenous insulin secretion, body mass index, metabolic control or the number of daily insulin injections. Our observations indicate that prepubertal girls with IDDM have a poorer insulin sensitivity than boys. Received: 26 May 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 26 January 1998