头颈部肿瘤放疗后吞咽困难防治的研究现状

吞咽困难是头颈部肿瘤放疗后常见的不良反应,在接受放化疗的头颈部肿瘤患者中,超过76%的患者会出现吞咽困难,轻者降低生活质量,重者可能危及生命。吞咽困难的形成与肿瘤分期、治疗方法和康复计划等相关,其预防和治疗是保障头颈部肿瘤患者生活质量的关键,但是目前临床防治措施明显不完善。笔者从吞咽系统的解剖及生理过程、放疗后头颈部肿瘤患者吞咽困难的形成原因、放疗对头颈部肿瘤患者吞咽困难发生发展过程的影响、吞咽困难的评估以及吞咽功能训练等方面进行综述,以期进一步为头颈部肿瘤患者放疗后出现吞咽困难的防治提供思路。     

^18F—FDG PET—CT在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用

正电子发射型计算机断层显像（PET）是一种功能性影像技术,目前已广泛应用于恶性肿瘤的诊断中。PET—CT实现了PET和CT的两种技术的优势互补,使其在头颈部肿瘤放疔中的临床应用已受到越来越多的关注,但对临床的指导意义目前仍存在争议。本文分析了PET—CT在头颈部肿瘤放疗中的应用,包括肿瘤分期,预测放射治疗敏感性及预后,制定放疗计划,评估疗效并监测肿瘤复发等。     

头颈部肿瘤放射性甲状腺功能减退的研究现状

放疗是头颈部肿瘤重要的治疗手段,由于解剖结构复杂,放疗时甲状腺难免会受到照射,照射造成的放射性甲状腺功能减退（RIHT,radiation-induced hypothyroidism,放射性甲减）及其对身体机能的影响逐渐引起人们关注。本文就头颈部肿瘤RIHT的临床特点、发生机制、危险因素、预测模型、评估及治疗等进行综述。     

头颈部恶性肿瘤放疗后颈动脉狭窄的研究进展

头颈部恶性肿瘤是常见的恶性肿瘤,放射治疗是头颈部恶性肿瘤的重要治疗手段之一。随着治疗手段的进步,患者生存期明显延长,同时放疗引起的颈动脉狭窄也越来越受到医生及患者的关注。放疗引起的颈动脉狭窄是多种因素作用的结果,目前应用比较广泛的检查手段为彩色超声多普勒及颈动脉听诊,经皮血管成形术及支架植入术为主要的治疗手段。笔者主要针对头颈部恶性肿瘤放疗后引起颈动脉狭窄的发病率、发病机制、相关危险因素、诊断及治疗原则等方面进行综述。     

头颈部肿瘤IMRT治疗后局部复发问题探讨

调强适形放疗（IMRT）能更好地提高靶区剂量，减少靶区周围正常组织的剂量，特别适宜头颈部这些比较靠近重要器官的肿瘤的治疗。在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中，IMRT比常规放疗有更好的剂量分布优势，在不影响肿瘤控制率和无瘤生存率的情况下，能够降低临近重要器官毒性，从而降低脑、脊髓损伤以及口干等副作用的发生率。IMRT显著提高了靶区的覆盖范围和避开正常组织，然而在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中局部复发依然是治疗失败的主要原因。分析了1999年以来关于头颈部肿瘤局部复发的文献资料，对使用IMRT治疗头颈部肿瘤病人的局部复发问题进行综述。     

PET在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用

PET是一种功能性影像学技术,目前在肿瘤方面研究较多,本文简要综述PET在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用,包括对放疗疗效的早期评价,放疗后复发的诊断和对肿瘤乏氧状况的检测及存在的一些问题。     

头颈部肿瘤IMRT治疗后局部复发问题探讨

调强适形放疗(IMRT)能更好地提高靶区剂量,减少靶区周围正常组织的剂量,特别适宜头颈部这些比较靠近重要器官的肿瘤的治疗.在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中,IMRT比常规放疗有更好的剂量分布优势,在不影响肿瘤控制率和无瘤生存率的情况下,能够降低临近重要器官毒性,从而降低脑、脊髓损伤以及口干等副作用的发生率.IMRT显著提高了靶区的覆盖范围和避开正常组织,然而在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中局部复发依然是治疗失败的主要原因.分析了1999年以来关于头颈部肿瘤局部复发的文献资料,对使用IMRT治疗头颈部肿瘤病人的局部复发问题进行综述.     

PET在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用

PET是一种功能性影像学技术,目前在肿瘤方面研究较多,本文简要综述PET在头颈部肿瘤放射治疗中的应用,包括对放疗疗效的早期评价,放疗后复发的诊断和对肿瘤乏氧状况的检测及存在的一些问题.     

放射性龋齿相关因素研究

随着综合治疗在头颈部肿瘤放疗中的应用和病人长期生存率的提高，需要对相关并发症的治疗及病人的生存质量给予越来越多的关注。放射性龋齿是头颈部肿瘤放疗后最常见的远期损伤。对放射性龋齿形成原因、影响因素、治疗方法及预防措施进行综述，并探寻降低放射性龋齿发生率的有效方法。     

放射性龋齿相关因素研究

随着综合治疗在头颈部肿瘤放疗中的应用和病人长期生存率的提高,需要对相关并发症的治疗及病人的生存质量给予越来越多的关注.放射性龋齿是头颈部肿瘤放疗后最常见的远期损伤.对放射性龋齿形成原因、影响因素、治疗方法及预防措施进行综述,并探寻降低放射性龋齿发生率的有效方法.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

磁共振DWI和动态增强鉴别颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤的应用

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)和动态增强在颅底脊索瘤和侵袭性垂体瘤(IPA)鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 搜集经手术病理证实且影像学有鞍区破坏的颅底脊索瘤患者15例、向鼻咽部侵犯的IPA患者20例.测量二者的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析动态增强曲线的类型,统计达峰时间(TTP)、增强峰值(EP)和最大对比增强率(MCER),分析各个参数在鉴别诊断中的价值.结果 颅底脊索瘤的ADC值为(1.274±0.07)×10-3mm2/s,高于IPA ADC值(0.672±0.03) ×10-3 mm2/s(P ＜0.001),ADC阈值为0.964×10-3mm2/s时,ROC曲线下面积为0.997,敏感度为93.3％,特异度为100％.颅底脊索瘤时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)Ⅰ型14例,TICⅢ型1例,此例TICⅢ型者TTP约40 s;IPA TIC Ⅰ型7例,TICⅢ型13例.颅底脊索瘤和IPA的EP、MCER差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).结论 ADC值和TIC的类型及其相关参数(EP,MCER)有助于颅底脊索瘤和IPA之间的鉴别.     

Treatment of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula in hepatocellular carcinoma with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to be one of the most common malignancies with an incidence of approximately one million cases per year and a dismal prognosis; some authors have reported a median survival of 1 ～ 2 months after diagnosis. Although surgery remains the only hope for cure, few patients are candidates[1,2].     

U50,488H对正常及缺氧心肌细胞L型钙电流的作用

目的 探讨心脏阿片受体和β-受体相互作用的机制。方法 采用全细胞膜片钳技术，观察U50，488H(β-阿片受体选择性激动剂)对正常和缺氧心肌细胞L型钙电流的作用。结果 U50，488H剂量依赖性(0．1～100μmol／L)抑制正常心肌细胞的L型钙电流及异丙肾上腺素(0．1μmol／L)激动的钙电流，而细胞缺氧后，这一抑制作用减弱；U50，488H对Forskolin(10μmol／L)激动的L型钙电流无明显影响。结论 β-阿片受体对β-受体信号的负性调节作用在细胞缺氧后减弱，其作用位点可能发生于β-受体与腺苷酸环化酶环节之间。     

Overtraining syndrome : la piste de la suractivité ?

Introduction

Overtraining is clearly a multifactorial disturbance. We aimed at evaluating the relative importance of overactivity and nutritional imbalances.

Methods

A comparison of 17 footballers with seven subjects with a diagnosis of overtraining evidenced that the two groups differ by energy expenditure resulting from physical activity (1573 ± 378.6 kcal/d from 804.7 ± 184.7 kcal/d) while food intake does not exhibit significant differences.

Conclusion

In this sample of subjects, inadequate food intake is found in both groups, so that overtraining appears rather characterized by a higher level of physical activity. Therefore, a relative energy deficit resulting from overactivity rather than dietary mistakes appears to explain the syndrome in these athletes, who are thus truly “overtrained”.     

Prenatal detection of brain anomalies with ultrasonography

Ultrasound is the first-line imaging study of the fetal brain performed at 12, 22 and 32 weeks of gestation. The very structured evaluation of biometric and morphological data, facilitated by the use of a checklist, ensures a high quality examination. All patients where an anomaly of any key element is suspected should be referred to a center dedicated to prenatal diagnosis for confirmation irrespective of the gestational age. Prenatal diagnosis plays a significant role in France since medical interruption of pregnancy until term is authorized.