原发性肝癌自发破裂出血DSA特征及急诊动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝癌自发破裂出血的DSA特征及其急诊动脉栓塞治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析经B超、CT及腹腔穿刺证实14例原发性肝癌自发破裂病例,根据DSA造影显示的情况,行肝动脉或肝外寄生动脉急诊介入栓塞治疗,并观察其临床疗效.结果 14例肝癌破裂出血患者中,10例为真性出血,即造影时显示肿瘤灶周对比剂外渗,4例为隐匿性出血,即造影显示肿瘤轮廓周边血管缺损区,未见明显对比剂外渗征象,其中2例可见肝-膈分离的征象.巨块型肝癌12例,结节型仅2例.癌肿块普遍较大,直径为3～20 cm不等.11例癌肿呈局限性凸出于肝实质,边界尚光滑,肝包膜完整;2例癌肿局限于肝实质内;另1例显示为完全破裂至腹腔.14例肝癌血供均很丰富,其中4例均存在肝外寄生血管.5例门脉左支或右支存在癌栓,门脉主干尚通畅.12例患者经1次栓塞后均得到有效止血;1例患者经连续2次栓塞后才成功止血;另1例栓塞治疗后止血不满意,后行外科手术切除.13例采用介入栓塞成功止血的患者待病情稳定后再多次行介入栓塞治疗,肿瘤均有不同程度缩小和坏死,未见再次破裂出血,无住院死亡者.结论 肝癌自发破裂出血有其自身DSA特征,同时也存在一定假阴性(本组病例占40%),值得引起足够重视.急诊肝动脉栓塞是治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的有效方法.     

小儿创伤性肝破裂介入治疗体会

肝脏是腹腔最大的实质脏器,质脆而易受损,在腹部创伤时易发生破裂出血,其死亡率较高.小儿因其生理特点, 一旦发生创伤性肝破裂出血,在治疗时更应引起重视.及时止血处理是降低患儿死亡率的有效措施.2004-06-2009-04,笔者对9例小儿创伤性肝破裂出血患者施行了经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗,均取得了较好的治疗效果,现报告如下.     

急诊介入栓塞联合腹腔灌洗治疗肝癌破裂出血28例

目的：评价急诊介入栓塞联合腹腔灌洗治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的疗效、意义。方法：回顾性分析28例不能手术切除的原发性肝癌破裂出血患者的病例资料，采用Seldinger技术穿刺，使用明胶海绵、碘化油对所有肝癌破裂出血患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗，同时行腹腔灌洗。结果：26例原发性肝癌出血得到完全控制，血性腹膜炎症状均很快缓解。2例于介入栓塞后24-48h再出血，行急诊手术止血后存活。结论：急诊肝动脉介入栓塞联合腹腔灌洗治疗不能手术切除的原发性肝癌破裂出血疗效确切，创伤小，抢救手段安全、可靠。     

选择性动脉栓塞术在医源性出血中的应用

目的：探讨选择性动脉栓塞术在治疗医源性出血中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析32例医源性出血患者资料,首先经皮选择性动脉造影,明确出血部位及特点,然后超选择性介入栓塞止血,栓塞材料选择明胶海绵、线段、弹簧圈及 PVA 颗粒等。结果32例患者中26例血管造影发现活动性出血征象,主要表现为对比剂外溢,伴有假性动脉瘤6例,伴有动静脉瘘1例,均成功施行介入栓塞止血,仅1例术后8 d 再次出血行二次栓塞治疗。本组病例术后随访1月,25例患者未出现严重并发症,1例多脏器功能衰竭死亡。6例血管造影阴性患者,3例失血性休克死亡,3例经内科治疗出血停止。结论选择性动脉栓塞术在医源性出血治疗中是一种安全、有效的措施。     

胃十二指肠动脉假性动脉瘤血管造影诊断及栓塞治疗

目的探讨血管造影诊断及栓塞治疗胃十二指肠动脉假性动脉瘤的方法。资料与方法12例胃十二指肠动脉假性动脉瘤均为腹部外科手术后急性消化道出血,经内科保守治疗无效而急诊行血管造影及栓塞治疗。其中消化道出血前2例有感染征象,2例腹腔引流液淀粉酶升高。结果11例栓塞后迅速止血;1例消化道出血栓塞胆囊动脉6h后再出血,再次造影发现胃十二指肠动脉残端假性动脉瘤破裂,栓塞胃十二指肠动脉残端后止血。栓塞后复查造影示假性动脉瘤供血动脉完全闭塞,假性动脉瘤未见显影;栓塞术后3例有一过性上腹部疼痛。术后随访3～46个月,无复发及并发症。结论血管造影诊断及经导管栓塞是诊断及治疗胃十二指肠动脉假性动脉瘤迅速、安全、有效的方法。     

肝动脉栓塞治疗外伤性肝破裂出血

目的探讨肝动脉栓塞术治疗外伤性肝破裂出血的临床疗效、关键技术及其并发症。资料与方法回顾性分析经B超及CT证实的外伤性肝破裂出血患者50例,采用超选择插管至病变血管,用明胶海绵和(或)弹簧圈栓塞,术后观察止血效果。结果 9例单纯用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞,41例用明胶海绵颗粒+钢圈联合栓塞。47例一次肝动脉栓塞后即成功止血;3例于首次栓塞后12～72 h复发出血,行第二次肝动脉栓塞后有2例完全止血康复,1例于第二次栓塞后2周并发肝脓肿和腹腔感染而死亡。49例随访3个月～3年无复发出血。结论肝动脉导管栓塞治疗外伤性肝破裂出血安全、有效。     

介入诊疗在急性出血的应用价值

目的探讨介入诊疗对急性出血的诊断与治疗价值。 方法对67例急性出血的患者采用介入治疗,行选择性及超选择性动脉造影和血管内栓塞术,其中上消化道出血28例,下消化道出血12例,子宫出血17例,肝肾出血5例,急性咯血1例,术后急性腹腔内出血4例。 结果67例患者经一次选择性动脉造影获得明确诊断66例,诊断阳性率98.51%(66/67)。选择性动脉造影显示对比剂外溢出血直接征象37例,直接征象阳性率55.22%(37/67)。发现假性动脉瘤13例,肿瘤供血动脉及肿瘤染色21例,子宫瘢痕染色及孕囊染色12例,血管结构不良出血1例。诊断明确后均成功止血。1例消化道出血患者,介入栓塞治疗4天后复发出血,经第二次选择性动脉造影及介入栓塞侧支供血后成功止血。一次性栓塞治疗成功率98.51%(66/67)。 结论选择性动脉造影及血管内栓塞术对急性出血可明确出血部位,而且可迅速有效止血,是一种安全易行、迅速有效的诊断与治疗手段。     

动脉性肾出血的急诊介入栓塞治疗

目的：探讨动脉性肾出血急诊造影的不同表现及介入栓塞治疗方法与疗效。方法对87例经保守治疗无效的动脉性肾出血患者行急诊肾动脉造影,明确出血动脉部位及程度后,使用弹簧圈、丙烯酸微球等栓塞剂行急诊介入栓塞治疗。对急性肾出血的动脉造影表现及栓塞效果进行回顾性分析。结果43例患者动脉造影可见单纯性对比剂外溢,13例为对比剂外溢合并肾动静脉瘘(RAVF);15例为肾假性动脉瘤(RAP),其中包括5例 RAP 破裂合并 RAVF 及1例 RAP 破裂合并肾动脉-肾盏瘘;15例为肿瘤血管出血;1例为肾动静脉畸形(RAVM)。47例患者介入术前行肾动脉 CT 血管造影(CTA)检查。82例患者采用急诊栓塞治疗后血尿完全停止或明显减少,3例肾外伤患者及2例经皮肾镜取石术后患者介入术后仍有持续血尿,行外科手术切除患肾。栓塞术后随诊2年,急诊介入栓塞治疗总有效率为94.25%(82/87),所有患者无严重并发症出现。结论介入栓塞术是治疗急性肾出血的一种有效、安全、微创的方法,可最大限度地保留肾功能;急性肾出血动脉造影表现不一;合理地选择栓塞剂是成功止血的关键;介入术前行肾脏 CTA 检查对肾出血的诊断及治疗有重要价值。     

医源性胆道出血的血管造影表现和介入治疗

目的评价医源性胆道出血中血管造影诊断及介入栓塞治疗的价值。方法回顾性分析医源性胆道出血患者21例。经皮选择性肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉和肝总动脉造影,明确出血的部位后,进行选择性或超选择性插管及栓塞治疗。结果 21例患者血管造影均证实有出血病变。血管造影表现为假性动脉瘤者17例(81.0%),对比剂外溢者4例(19.0%)。栓塞材料采用PVA颗粒栓塞者2例,单纯弹簧圈8例,明胶海绵颗粒+弹簧圈11例。1次栓塞止血成功率为85.7%(18/21),3例患者栓塞后再次大出血而行第2次栓塞成功。术后随访5～28个月,患者均未再发胆道出血。所有患者介入栓塞术后均未出现异位栓塞、肝功能衰竭、栓塞所致感染等严重并发症。结论经皮选择性血管造影和介入栓塞术微创、安全、可靠且疗效确切,是诊断和治疗医源性胆道出血的首选方法。     

外伤性脾破裂的介入性治疗

目的：探讨外伤性脾破裂采用介入性治疗的临床疗效。方法：33例Ⅲ级以下外伤性脾破裂患者，采用Seldinger法经脾动脉行明胶海绵颗粒部分性栓塞止血。右下腹麦氏点经皮穿刺放置导管引流腹腔积液。结果：部分性脾栓塞术(PSE)对33例脾破裂患者一次性止血栓塞成功，引流通畅，技术成功率100％，有效率97％。17例行腹腔积血回输，全部病例治愈出院。结论：外伤性脾破裂患者经PSE及腹腔引流术治疗疗效确切，创伤小，并发症少，具有较高的临床应用价值。     

514例腹部严重多脏器伤分析

目的 提高早期多发伤伴腹部严重多脏器的诊断和手术治疗水平。方法 ７年多收治严重腹部多脏器伤５１４例,男４２１例,女９３例。伤因主要为效能伤、高处坠落伤、斗殴伤等。ＩＳＳ≥１６,最高６６,平均３１．５。闭合伤４２７例,开放伤８７例剖腹手术４３９例,腹内主要脏器损伤依次是脾、肝、肾、胃、大小肠、结肠、直肠等。结果 存活４７３例,入院时血压为零被抢救成功７２例,由于首次手术处置不当或遗漏损伤脏器再次手术     

Iatrogenic splenic injury in postoperative patients: a series of case reports

The purpose of this study was to report case studies of iatrogenic splenic injuries on computed tomography (CT) in symptomatic postsurgical patients. The medical records and CT studies of all patients with injury to the spleen after abdominal surgery were reviewed. CT was performed in the postoperative period, urgently in all patients. Unsuspected splenic injuries were found on CT performed in the early postoperative period in seven symptomatic patients (five women and two men, age range 21–81 years) after various abdominal surgical procedures. Injuries as detected on CT included splenic infarct in five, subcapsular hematoma in two, and laceration of the spleen in one. These findings were the only abnormal abdominal findings in four of the patients and were probably the source of the postoperative abdominal pain and fever. Splenic injury is a rare complication of abdominal surgery. It is often the radiologist who diagnoses the injury, and awareness of this possible complication can obviate further investigations.     

Arterial and pseudoaneurysm ruptures complicating liver transplantation

Ruptures of the hepatic artery and hepatic pseudoaneurysms (PA) are rare but serious complications of hepatic transplantation. We conducted a retrospective study of 640 liver transplantations performed in our institution for a variety of pathologies. After surgery, seven major arterial bleeds occurred (0.9%). Of these seven cases, there were due to hepatic artery rupture (HAr) and four to PA rupture; all confirmed at either surgery (six cases) or autopsy (one case). Five of the seven patients died. In all cases the transplantation was difficult. All vascular injuries but one were caused by sepsis and occurred either after an undetermined cause septicemic syndrome (five cases) or graft dysfunction (one case). The last vascular injury was biliary drainage related. Six of the seven patients had imaging studies. Sonography (five cases) found a sub-hepatic hypoechoic collection in three cases but failed to do so in two. Duplex doppler (three cases) failed in all three cases to demonstrate a PA. Computed tomography (three cases) showed one PA, one perihilar sub-hepatic collection and failed in one. Conventional angiography (three cases) depicted a PA in all three cases. At the present time, our practice is to perform systematic angiography in patients with undetermined cause septicemic syndrome to research a PA. And if angiography is normal, to then puncture systematically any sub-hepatic collection to determine the bacteriological nature of this collection. Correspondence to: H. Caillet     

A battered child case with duodenal perforation

Battered child syndrome can refer to children exposed to harmful, non-accidental and preventable physical treatment by those are responsible for their care which prevents the child’s physical, cognitive and spiritual development.

A 28 months old boy was submitted to hospital due to abdominal blunt trauma. He had been firstly applied to Isparta Children Hospital by his parents with the complaint of fever. In the first examination, he was conscious, his general condition was poor there was respiratory acidosis, and neck stiffness was present. There were several fresh traumatic lesions on his face and left arm. His complaints were thought due to meningitis and antibiotics were started. He was transported to Suleyman Demirel University Hospital after a day because of vomiting, abdominal pain, tender, distended and silent abdomen, and air–fluid levels in direct abdominal X-rays. An old fracture of the right 9th rib was detected with chest X-ray in university hospital. Additionally, abdominal ultrasound scan showed distended bowel loops filled with fluid. Laparotomy revealed a complete rupture of the junction of the third and fourth parts of the duodenum and several hemorrhagic regions on bowel loops. The patient was discharged after 42 days. This case report described the case through both medical and legal processed in Turkey.     

自行车导致的腹部外伤—自行车把综合征

笔者报告２２例与自行车有关的腹部外伤。损伤脏器以脾破裂（１８例）为主，其次是肝破裂（２例）和肠破裂（２例），单一自行车伤的损伤严重度评分（ＩＳＳ）低于自行车与汽车相撞所致的ＩＳＳ（８．９±３．０ｖｓ１８．９±１１．２）。该组患者的腹部外伤主要是左季肋部为自行车把击伤后导致的脾破裂或脾延迟性破裂，还可合并其他脏器伤，如肠穿孔、腹膜后血肿等，故亦可称为自行车把综合征。诊治过程中对病史典型但腹腔穿刺阴性患者，应密切观察，反复行腹腔穿刺或行腹腔灌洗，必要时应行腹部Ｂ超或ＣＴ检查。术中则应进行全面检查，避免遗漏合并伤。     

胸部创伤急诊手术探讨

目的探讨胸部创伤患者急诊开胸手术的效果。方法回顾分析1999年1月~2015年1月632例胸部创伤急诊手术患者的临床资料,其中男性511例,女性121例,年龄13~90岁。632例急诊手术患者中开胸探查并内固定胸壁423例,行肺叶修补138例,开胸止血76例,膈疝修补32例,胸腹联合探查29例,气管及支气管断裂修复25例,心脏刀刺伤行心室壁修补22例,肺叶切除18例,胸壁巨大缺损重建修复16例,清创及异物取出6例,开胸食管破裂手术3例。先后或同期行脊柱和四肢等骨科相关手术169例、腹部手术45例、颌面手术33例、颅脑手术28例、尿道会师术15例。结果全组死亡7例,其中刀刺穿右心室致失血性休克3例,合并严重颅脑损伤2例,胸腹联合伤伴胰十二指肠破裂2例。其他术后并发肺部感染和呼吸衰竭55例,心脏衰竭32例,上消化道出血17例,急性肾衰竭6例,支气管胸膜瘘4例,均治愈。结论胸部创伤需行开胸手术治疗,随着合并其他部位伤患者的逐渐增多,心脏刀刺伤、胸部创伤合并严重颅脑损伤及严重腹部损伤死亡率增加,多发性肋骨骨折早期应采用胸腔探查及内固定恢复胸壁稳定等综合治疗。     

Intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment by hepatic artery embolization

Seventeen patients with intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma were treated by emergency transcatheter arterial embolization. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was used to establish the histologic diagnosis in 11 patients with no history of hepatic malignancy. The other six patients had a pathologic confirmation of hepatic malignancy by open biopsy before admission. Pretreatment angiography showed extravasation of contrast material from the hepatic tumor in four patients (24%). In the other 13 patients, only hypervascular tumors were seen. Successful hemostasis was achieved in all patients. Fourteen patients survived after the embolization; the other three died immediately after embolization. Of the 14 patients, 11 died later (survival time ranged from 16 to 386 days). The remaining three patients are still alive at 3, 7, and 15 months, respectively, after the procedure. No serious complications related to embolization were encountered. Most patients had pain and fever. We conclude that emergency arterial embolization is an effective alternative to surgery for hepatic hemostasis in patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

96例严重胸腹部血管损伤的早期救治分析

目的探讨严重胸腹部血管损伤的早期诊治方法。方法2000年1月～2008年10月收治严重胸腹部血管损伤96例,其中26例到达急救部时表现明显失血性休克,经胸或腹腔穿刺抽出较多不凝血,立即送手术室紧急手术确诊;45例经64排螺旋CT及血管造影（CTA）检查确诊;25例经数字减影血管造影检查确诊。58例行手术治疗,其中45例行血管损伤缝合修补,手术前12例行血管造影后球囊血管阻断;13例行人造血管吻合,其中3例因伤情太重而行损害控制,即严重破损血管临时插管分流,患者术后在ICU复苏待全身情况改善后于术后48小时内再行血管吻合手术。38例（盆腔腹膜后血管损伤34例,其他4例）行动脉栓塞治疗。结果85例救治成功,救治成功率85．5％。发生严重并发症38例,其中脓毒症6例,急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）9例,多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）23例。11例死亡,其中9例于伤后12小时内死亡,主要原因为多脏器严重损伤及失血性休克;2例于创伤后8天及16天死亡,主要原因为脓毒症及MODS。结论胸腹部血管损伤后应快速完成检查及诊断,紧急手术行血管修复或吻合,部分腹部血管损伤及盆骨折引起的腹膜后血管损伤可用动脉栓塞治疗。     

外伤性小肠破裂68例诊治体会

目的探讨提高外伤性小肠破裂早期诊断水平和选择合适的治疗方式.方法总结68例因车祸致小肠破裂病例的临床诊断与手术治疗体会.结果本组治愈66例,死亡2例.并发切口感染10例,肠粘连5例,盆腔脓肿1例,肺部感染4例,多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)2例.结论早期诊断,及时手术,选择合适的手术方式,彻底冲洗和合理的引流,早期应用抗生素,重视整体治疗水平等,可减少并发症(术后感染是其主要并发症)和降低病死率(致死原因主要为小肠瘘和MODS).     

外伤性小肠破裂8例延误诊治的原因分析

目的　分析外伤性小肠破裂误诊的原因 ,以吸取教训。方法　对延误诊治的 8例外伤性小肠破裂进行回顾性分析。结果　 5例治愈且无并发症 ,1例腹壁疝形成者腹壁感染延期愈合 ,2例死于ARDS。结论　早期诊断与及时手术是降低小肠破裂病人死亡率的关键。延误诊治者 ,大多是早期体征不明显或只注意其它损伤 ,忽略了腹部体征的观察。