肝脏移植术中肝动脉并发症的预防

目的　探讨肝移植术后肝动脉栓塞或狭窄的预防。方法　将供肝肝动脉至腹腔动脉起始部一并切取 ,在修整肝动脉时 ,尽量保留其全部 ;同时避免动脉的损伤 ,尤其动脉主干及分支内膜。肝移植术中 ,供、受体门静脉吻合开放后 ,选择内膜完整、与供肝动脉口径相匹配的血管 ,直接行端端吻合。若术中发现血管内径较细 ,无论是供、受者动脉均应寻找动脉主干与血管分叉处 ,剪开分叉处 ,使动脉吻合口呈喇叭口状 ,并保护动脉内膜不受损伤。在肝动脉重建过程中 ,保证内膜的完整性。结果　 36例肝移植术后患者经B超证实无 1例发生肝动脉并发症。结论　供体器官完整的动脉采集、术中合理的动脉选择、精确的血管吻合技术及术后的适当抗凝是预防肝移植肝动脉并发症的重要因素。     

MSCT和MRI诊断肝移植术后并发症

目的：探讨肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析78例肝移植术后患者的病例资料,对其中经手术、肝脏活检及胆管造影证实出现并发症病例的CT、MRI影像资料进行分析。结果：CT及MRI显示门脉主干吻合口狭窄2例,肝动脉狭窄3例,下腔静脉吻合口狭窄2例,下腔静脉血栓形成1例。MRI显示胆管吻合口狭窄9例,CT显示胆管吻合口狭窄3例。术后并发症包括移植排异反应3例,肝移植术后肝内其它并发症4例,包括肝脓肿1例、肝胆管炎2例和肝局灶性坏死1例,其它系统并发症7例。结论：CT和MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析肝移植术后各种并发症的CT、MRI表现,评价CT、MRI在肝移植术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析24例肝移植术后发生并发症的患者的CT、MRI资料,全部病例并发症均经手术、肝组织活检或血管、胆道造影证实。结果:24例患者CT、MRI诊断门脉主干吻合口狭窄4例;肝动脉狭窄3例;下腔静脉吻合口狭窄1例;胆管吻合口狭窄4例;肝门水平非吻合口狭窄5例;移植排异反应4例,肝癌复发7例。结论:CT、MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

介入治疗肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的初步经验

目的总结采用介入方法治疗肝移植术后并发肝动脉狭窄及血栓形成的初步经验。方法对4例肝移植术后并发肝动脉狭窄或血栓形成的患者行球囊扩张、经动脉溶栓、内支架置入术。结果1例肝动脉狭窄的患者经球囊扩张后临床症状缓解;3例肝动脉血栓形成患者经动脉溶栓后即刻肝动脉血流得到恢复;1例患者溶栓后3d发生吻合口出血,置入带膜支架,症状缓解,1d后肝动脉再次闭塞,2周后行第2次肝移植。结论采用介入方法对肝移植术后并发肝动脉狭窄或血栓形成的患者进行治疗是可行的,但必须谨慎实施,以避免发生出血等并发症。     

肝脏移植术后非吻合口胆管狭窄的病因与防治

目的　探讨肝移植术后非吻合口胆管狭窄发生的相关因素及防治策略。方法　快速完成供肝切取 ,减少热缺血时间 ,尽量保留腹腔干及各分支 ,以最大限度减少动脉丢失 ,充分进行胆道灌洗 ,尽量排尽肝内残留胆汁 ;手术过程中 ,门静脉开放后 ,立即用肝素盐水加压冲洗并夹闭供体肝动脉 ,使肝动脉重建前肝素化 ;术后防止急慢性排斥反应的发生 ,减低巨细胞病毒的感染率。采取经胆管球囊扩张术治疗非吻合口胆管狭窄。结果　本组 36例患者 ,术后 4例 (11 1%)发生非吻合口胆管狭窄 ,2例痊愈 ,1例症状缓解 ,1例死亡。结论　非吻合口胆管狭窄的发生主要与动脉丢失、冷 /热缺血损伤、缺血再灌注损伤、胆汁毒性损伤、免疫损伤、巨细胞病毒感染等因素有关 ,处理方法目前主要为经胆管球囊扩张术 ,严重者往往需要二次肝移植。     

肝动脉及门静脉三维CT血管造影在肝移植肝门血管重建中的意义

目的 评价肝动脉、门静脉双期多层螺旋CT扫描及三维CT血管造影（3DCTA）在肝移植肝门血管重建术式选择中的应用价值。方法 25例拟行肝移植的受者进行肝动脉及门静脉双期3DCTA，根据术前3DCTA所显示的肝门血管情况，初步计划术中肝门血管重建方案，最后与实际手术情况相比较。结果 25例肝移植受者中15例为正常肝动脉解剖；10例有肝动脉解剖变异，占40％，其中以替代肝右、替代肝左、副肝左和副肝右动脉血管变异出现的情况居多。变异组中1例经DSA间接门静脉造影证实为门静脉海绵样变而放弃肝移植手术。其余24例接受肝移植手术的受者中，1例合并脾动脉瘤，术中行脾动脉结扎脾切除术；1例腹腔干起始部狭窄，3例经术前CT测量发现受者肝脏主要供养动脉直径〈3mm，上述4例患者接受肝-主动脉间移植架桥血管重建供肝血供。1例有门静脉主干内血栓形成，术中门脉取血栓术后行标准门脉吻合。经DSA及手术证实，3DCTA对肝门区血管诊断符合率达100．0％；术前根据CTA预制定的手术方案和术中实施方案相比，符合率正常肝动脉解剖组可达93．3％（14／15例），肝动脉变异组可达77．8％（7／9例）。结论 3DCTA能准确评价肝门区血管的变异和病变情况，对于术前准确合理地预制定肝门重建方案及术中准确快速地进行肝门血管吻合有着重要的意义。     

原位移植肝术后监护期的超声图像和血流变化观察

目的探讨原位肝移植术后监护期内的超声图像特征和血流动力学变化。方法2例同种原位肝移植术后当天至12天每天定期超声检查，观察肝实质回声、捡测肝动脉、右肝静脉、门静脉多谱勒血流、观察其演变过程，以峰值血流速度时间变化曲线表示。结果（1）肝内回声：第1例术后3。7天肝实质回声显示增强，第8天回声开始恢复，至第12天回声恢复正常。另1例无明显回声改变。（2）肝动脉血流：肝动脉峰值血流速度在整个监护期较对照组测值慢。例1在术后1—6天、例2在术后3天内肝动脉峰值血流时间变化曲线处于高流速状态，后期的曲线较稳定；血流较高时频谱收缩期波峰相对高尖，曲线上升支较陡直，舒张期血流克盈良好，频谱无中断，血管阻力指数无明显异常改变。稳定期频谱形态似三角形。（3）门静脉血流速度变化较小。右肝静脉血流在第2天和第6天有降低，其余观测时间内血流较稳定。结论原位移植肝回声接近正常或有波动性增强。主要与排异反应有关。监护期肝动脉峰值血流速度较正常对照组减慢，但术后1-6天内峰值血流时间演变曲线处于较高流速状态。可能与肝动脉吻合口情况和排异反应有关。肝静脉、门静脉血流变化不明显或偶有波动性降低。     

应用背驮式肝移植治疗终末期肝病

通过分析探讨背驮肝移植手术技巧与难点,结合同种异体背驮式肝移植１例手术体会,提出肝移植供体采集中肝素化、原位灌注及供肝切取步骤的重要性,;同时,强调在病肝切除中,肝后下腔静脉处理要点以及供肝植入中良好的肝动脉吻合等。认为背驮式肝移植是可行的方法,适用于终末期肝病的治疗。     

成人-成人间活体右半肝移植

目的 报道东京大学16例成人终末期肝病患者进行活体右半肝移植的经验。方法 统计自2000年10月到2001年4月，对16例成人终末期肝病患者进行了活体右半肝移植，供体和受体的平均体重分别为55kg（42－78kg）和57kg (41-81kg）。结果 供体手术的平均失血量为800ml（300－1600ml），供体的平均住院时间为12d（6－38d）。14你供体未输血，1例供体术后发生并发症。移植肝的平均重量为719g(450-1050g），所有移植肝均立即恢复功能，病人精神状态康复，凝血酶原时间恢复正常。2 受体需要再次手术探查。2例患者死亡，1例在术后16d死于全身性念球菌感染，另1例在术后26d死于门静脉栓塞。结论 认为行右半肝的活体肝移植能达到较好的结果，采用右半肝的活体肝移植可以提供足够体积和功能的肝脏，为成年患者的肝移植提供了新的选择。     

肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后移植肝再发肝癌的治疗对策——一例长期存活病例报道并相关文献复习

目的总结原发性肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后新肝再发肝癌的治疗经验。方法 2003年11月14日空军总医院肝胆外科为1例肝癌切除术后复发患者施行了同种异体原位肝移植。肝移植术后（以下简称术后）3个月时曾返院化疗。术后19个月时发现移植肝首次出现肝癌复发,随后依次施行经皮肝穿刺射频消融、肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中射频消融及肝左内叶肿瘤切除术等序贯综合治疗。术后32个月时发现移植肝再次复发肝癌,依次给予经肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中肝右前叶肿瘤射频治疗及肝右后叶肿瘤切除等综合治疗。术后5年时发现门静脉血栓,出现肝功能异常,经保肝、抗凝、补充白蛋白等治疗后肝功能逐渐恢复。患者肝移植围手术期及术后接受常规抗乙肝病毒治疗。术后常规服用抗排异药物。结果该患者肝移植手术及术后恢复较为顺利。肝移植术后2次肝癌复发均成功治愈,第2次复发治愈后无肿瘤复发。乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸定量均小于103copies/ml,患者至今仍然健康生存,肝功能基本正常。结论对原发性肝癌切除术后肝癌复发的病例,只要复发肝癌符合中国杭州标准,仍应积极进行肝移植。对于肝移植术后新肝复发肝癌的患者,积极的序贯综合治疗及手术切除仍可能获得治愈。     

Percutaneous Management of a Hepatic Artery Aneurysm: Bleeding After Liver Transplantation

In this artical we present an unusual case of hepatic artery aneurysm bleeding due to a hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. The patient developed a recurrent hepatic artery thrombosis leading to severe graft failure in four consecutive liver transplantations. While being evaluated for a fifth transplant, stabilization of the clinical situation was attempted by interventional therapy. The first intervention was to place a stent into the hepatic artery to prevent further ischemic damage. This failed to improve graft function, but unfortunately led to the development of a pseudoaneurysm at the distal end with a subsequent rupture into the biliary tree. Bleeding was treated successfully by direct puncture and coil embolization of the aneurysm. In addition, the patient demonstrated a hemodynamically relevant portal vein stenosis on the CT scan. Stenting of the portal vein markedly improved graft function. After extensive investigations, a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was found to be the underlying cause of the recurrent hepatic artery thrombosis. Here we suggest that hepatic artery aneurysm bleeding is a rare but potentially fatal complication that can be successfully treated by percutaneous coil embolization. Additionally, we propose that stenting of the portal vein can lead to a significant improvement of the graft perfusion even though the hepatic artery remained occluded.     

Stent Graft Placement for Postsurgical Hemorrhage from the Hepatic Artery: Clinical Outcome and CT Findings

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical results and imaging follow-up findings of stent grafts placed for hemorrhage from hepatic arteries following surgery.Materials and MethodsThe investigation included 17 patients (14 men and 3 women) who underwent endovascular stent graft placement for hepatic arterial hemorrhage following surgery. Bleeding occurred from the common hepatic artery (n = 1; 6%), right hepatic artery (n = 1; 6%), proper hepatic artery (n = 6; 35%), and gastroduodenal artery stump (n = 9; 53%). Stent graft patency, thrombus at the graft, target hepatic artery diameter, and liver perfusion status were analyzed by comparing computed tomography (CT) scans performed before the procedure with follow-up CT scans. Laboratory data were also analyzed before the procedure and at follow-up intervals.ResultsThere were 17 stent grafts placed in 17 patients. The mean follow-up period was 356 days (range, 1–2,119 d). The stent graft primary patency rate was 79.5% at 1 month, 69.6% at 6 months, and 69.6% at 1 year. The clinical success rate was 82% (14 of 17 patients), and the technical success rate was 94% (16 of 17 patients). Mortality related to the stent graft was 12% (2 of 17 patients). Occlusion occurred in 4 of 16 stent grafts (25%). There was one technical failure. The mean stent graft diameter was 6.2 mm (range, 3.5–8.0 mm), and the degree of stent graft oversizing was 38% of the hepatic artery diameter on CT scans and 58% on angiography. Hepatic parenchymal perfusion was preserved in 80% of patients (12 of 15).ConclusionsHepatic artery hemorrhage following surgery can be treated effectively with stent graft placement.     

多层面螺旋CT对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄肝灌注的研究

目的　利用动态单层CT扫描对原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄肝灌注与未行肝移植、无肝脏病变者进行比较。资料与方法　对 30例肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄患者选取肝门 (包括肝、门静脉、主动脉和脾 )层面行动态单层CT扫描。高压注射器经肘静脉注射非离子型对比剂欧乃派克 4 0ml,流率 3ml/s,注射对比剂时即进行扫描 ,每间隔1s扫 1层 ,共扫描 35层。通过每一层面选定的ROI作CT值测量 ,绘制出时间 密度曲线 ,从而计算出相应灌注值并与未行肝移植、无肝脏病变者进行对照。结果　肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄 <5 0 %组 ,肝动脉灌注 (t=0 .5 ,P >0 .0 5 )、门静脉灌注 (t=1 ,P >0 .0 5 )与对照组间无显著差异 ;肝动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,肝动脉灌注与对照组存在差异 (t =2 .1 4 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,低于对照组 ,门静脉灌注与对照组有差异 (t=2 .6 3,P <0 .0 5 ) ,高于对照组。结论　肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,肝动脉灌注降低而门静脉灌注升高。动态单层CT扫描对于评价肝移植术后肝脏灌注是有帮助的     

经导管血管内栓塞治疗肝动脉假性动脉瘤的疗效观察

目的 评价血管内栓塞治疗肝动脉假性动脉瘤(HAPA)的疗效和对肝功能的影响.资料与方法 8例HAPA患者行选择性腹腔动脉造影明确动脉瘤的部位后,再超选择至载瘤动脉进行血管内栓塞治疗.栓塞术后随访3～60个月,观察临床和肝功能情况.结果 8例血管造影均明确诊断.其中肝外型4例,肝内型4例;7例用弹簧圈或微弹簧圈栓塞,1例单纯明胶海绵颗粒栓塞.栓塞术后造影复查8例HAPA均消失.动脉瘤破裂出血患者出血均停止.阻塞性黄疸的患者术后1周黄疸消褪.1例单纯明胶海绵颗粒栓塞者术后3天出血复发;7例钢圈栓塞者无出血和HAPA复发,影像学复查4例HAPA消失,3例HAPA缩小、机化.肝功能检查,2例转氨酶一过性轻度升高[谷-草转氨酶(AST)达286 U/L,谷-丙转氨酶(ALT)达103 U/L)],2例栓塞前肝功能异常栓塞后1周恢复正常;余4例肝功能无异常改变.结论 弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗HAPA疗效好、并发症少.选择性肝动脉弹簧圈栓塞,对肝功能无明显影响.     

经皮不同径路肝动脉内植入药盒导管系统的对照研究

探讨肝动脉内植入药盒导管系统的最佳径路。材料与方法２１６例中晚期肝癌,１１８例采取经皮左锁骨下动脉径路肝动脉内植入ＰＣＳ,另外９８例采取经皮股动脉径路植入ＰＣＳ。结果ＬＳＡ组与ＦＡ组植入成功率分别为９１．５％和８８．７％。结论常规采取ＦＡ径路肝动脉内植入ＰＣＳ安全可行。     

Stent Graft Placement for the Treatment of Hepatic Artery Injury in Patients with Cancer: Primary Patency and Clinical Outcomes

PurposeTo evaluate the safety, primary patency, and clinical outcomes of hepatic artery stent graft (SG) placement for vascular injuries.Materials and MethodsPatients treated with hepatic arterial SG placement for vascular injuries between September 2018 and September 2021 were reviewed. Data on demographic characteristics, indication, stent graft characteristics, antiplatelet/anticoagulant use, clinical success rate, complications, and type of follow-up imaging were collected. Follow-up images were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers to assess primary patency. A time-to-event analysis was performed. The median duration of stent graft patency was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate factors related to stent graft patency.ResultsThirty-five patients were treated with hepatic arterial SG placement, 11 for postoperative bleeds and 24 for hepatic artery infusion pump catheter–related complications. Clinical success was achieved in 32 (91%) patients (95% CI, 77–98). The median primary patency was 87 days (95% CI, 73–293). Stent grafts of ≥6-mm diameter retained patency for a longer duration than that with stent grafts of smaller diameters (6 mm vs 5 mm; hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14–0.88; P = .026; and 7+ mm vs 5 mm; hazard ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09–0.83; P = .023). Anticoagulation/antiplatelet regimen was not associated with increased stent graft patency duration (P > .05). Only minor complications were reported in 2 (5.7%) patients.ConclusionsStent grafts can be used safely and effectively to treat injuries of the hepatic artery. Stent graft diameters of ≥6 mm seem to provide more durable patency.     

Catheterization of the Hepatic Artery Via the Left Common Carotid Artery in Rats

The commonly used approach for rat hepatic artery catheterization is via the gastroduodenal artery, which is ligated after the procedure. A new method of rat hepatic artery catheterization via the left common carotid artery (LCCA) is described. The LCCA is repaired after catheterization. The catheterization procedures included the following: (1) opening the rat’s abdominal cavity and exposing the portion of abdominal aorta at the level of the celiac trunk; (2) separating and exposing the LCCA; inserting a microguidewire and microcatheter set into the LCCA via an incision; after placement into the descending aorta, the microguidewire and microcatheter are maneuvered into the hepatic artery under direct vision; (3) after transcatheter therapy, the catheter is withdrawn and the incision at the LCCA is repaired. This technique was employed on 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats with diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer, using a 3F microguidewire and microcatheter set. Selective hepatic artery catheterization was successfully performed in 57 rats. One rat died during the operation and five rats died within 7 days after the procedure. It is envisaged that as experience increases, the catheterization success rate will increase and the death rate will decrease. A new approach for selective hepatic artery catheterization via the LCCA in rats is introduced, which makes repeat catheterization of this artery possible and allows large embolization particles to be delivered by using a 3F catheter.     

原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的介入放射学治疗

目的 对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的早期诊断及介入治疗进行初步的探讨和分析。资料与方法 回顾性分析本院1998年9月至2004年1月进行的450例原位肝移植术后34例肝动脉狭窄、闭塞的诊断及介入治疗资料。对33例肝动脉狭窄的病例行球囊导管扩张治疗，3例扩张治疗无效的患者及1例球囊扩张后出现肝动脉内膜撕裂的患者行内支架置人治疗；1例肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血的患者直接行内支架置入治疗。结果 30例肝动脉狭窄的介入治疗获得成功，4例患者介入治疗失败。治疗成功的病例术后预后良好，肝功能有明显改善。治疗失败的病例预后不良。结论 介入治疗方法对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的早期诊断及治疗具有较大的应用价值，肝动脉狭窄应首选球囊扩张治疗，必要时采用内支架置入治疗。     

Resolution of Hepatic Encephalopathy Following Hepatic Artery Embolization in a Patient with Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastatic to the Liver

Hepatic encephalopathy is considered a contraindication to hepatic artery embolization. We describe a patient with a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor metastatic to the liver with refractory hepatic encephalopathy and normal liver function tests. The encephalopathy was refractory to standard medical therapy with lactulose. The patient’s mental status returned to baseline after three hepatic artery embolization procedures. Arteriography and ultrasound imaging before and after embolization suggest that the encephalopathy was due to arterioportal shunting causing hepatofugal portal venous flow and portosystemic shunting. In patients with a primary or metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor whose refractory hepatic encephalopathy is due to portosystemic shunting (rather than global hepatic dysfunction secondary to tumor burden), hepatic artery embolization can be performed safely and effectively.     

Hepatic Artery Angiography and Embolization for Hemobilia Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Purpose: The effectiveness of angiography and embolization in diagnosis and treatment were assessed in a cohort of patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Over a 6-year period 1513 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were carried out in our region. Nine of these patients (0.6%) developed significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 5–43 days after surgery. All underwent emergency celiac and selective right hepatic artery angiography. All were treated by coil embolization of the right hepatic artery proximal and distal to the bleeding point. Results: Pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery adjacent to cholecystectomy clips were demonstrated in all nine patients at selective right hepatic angiography. In three patients celiac axis angiography alone failed to demonstrate the pseudoaneurysm. Embolization controlled hemorrhage in all patients with no further bleeding and no further intervention. One patient developed a candidal liver abscess in the post-procedure period. All patients are alive and well at follow-up. Conclusion: Selective right hepatic angiography is vital in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Embolization offers the advantage of minimally invasive treatment in unstable patients, does not disrupt recent biliary reconstruction, allows distal as well as proximal control of the hepatic artery, and is an effective treatment for this potentially life-threatening complication.