高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中硝苯地平浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中硝苯地平浓度。方法:以尼群地平为内标,血浆样品经乙腈沉淀后,经HPLC-MS/MS分离-分析。采用Diamonsil C18柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,5μm),以甲醇-乙腈-水(38.4∶38.4∶23.2)为流动相;流速:0.3 mL·min-1,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以多离子反应监测方式(MRM)进行正离子监测,硝苯地平和内标尼群地平的定量分析离子对分别为m/z369.1/224.2和m/z361.2/315.1。结果:硝苯地平血浆浓度测定方法线性范围为1.274～254.80 ng·mL-1,r=0.994 4。定量下限为1.274 ng·mL-1,方法回收率在85%～115%之间。日内和日间RSD小于11%。结论:本试验所建立起来的人血浆中硝苯地平浓度测定法灵敏、准确、可靠,适用于硝苯地平的人体内药动学研究。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中硝苯地平的浓度

目的：建立测定人血浆中硝苯地平浓度的方法。方法：采用液-液萃取法处理血浆后以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进样测定。色谱柱为WatersAcquityUPLCBEHC18,流动相为甲醇-10mmol·mL-1甲酸铵水溶液（85∶15）,流速为0.2mL·min-1,正离子多离子反应监测（MRM）扫描分析,离子通道分别为m/z347.14→315.15（硝苯地平）、m/z384.10→338.10（非洛地平）。结果：硝苯地平血药浓度在1～200ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9980）,定量下限为1ng·mL-1,提取回收率为68.2%～71.2%,方法回收率为94.0%～106.5%,日内、日间RSD均〈11%。结论：本方法操作简便、快速、特异性强、灵敏度高,可用于硝苯地平的药动学研究。     

LC-IT-MS/MS法测定大鼠体内商陆皂苷甲浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定SD大鼠体内商陆皂苷甲(EsA)血药浓度的高效液相-离子阱串联质谱方法;研究EsA在SD大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法:采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,3μm),流动相为甲醇-水(含0.1%冰醋酸)(70∶30),流速为0.2 mL.min-1,采用ESI源,正离子检测模式,以人参皂苷Rg1为内标,血浆样品经正丁醇液液萃取后进样分析,测定大鼠血浆中EsA浓度,BAPP软件计算主要药动学参数。结果:在选定的色谱条件下,EsA和内标分离良好,没有内源性物质干扰。EsA在5～500 ng.mL-1范围内线性良好(r=0.998 3),最低定量限为5 ng.mL-1,提取回收率大于70%,日内和日间精密度小于10%。SD大鼠灌胃给予EsA 15 mg.kg-1后,其主要药动学参数AUC0～24 h为(1 013.85±82.73)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0-∞为(1 076.31±92.70)ng.h.mL-1,t1/2为(6.16±0.63)h,Cmax为(218.80±38.33)ng.mL-1,Tmax为(0.8±0.1)h。结论:本方法简便快捷、灵敏准确;本研究所获得的EsA在SD大鼠体内的药动学参数为EsA的临床应用提供了依据。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆氯吡格雷浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的:建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定人血浆中氯吡格雷的浓度,研究2种硫酸氢氯吡格雷片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标美利曲辛,经乙腈沉淀蛋白提取,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法。用建立的方法测定20例健康男性受试者单剂量口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.02～20 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率98.4%～103.2%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服75 mg硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(1.9±1.5)ng·mL-1和(1.8±1.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.8±0.5)h和(1.0±0.8)h;t1/2分别为(3.4±1.6)h和(3.5±1.5)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(4.4±4.3)h·ng·mL-1和(4.4±4.6)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(4.7±4.4)h·ng·mL-1和(4.7±4.7)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(98.2±32.8)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法研究升麻提取物在大鼠体内的药动学

目的:建立同时测定大鼠血浆中升麻4组分,升麻素、升麻亭、7,8-二脱氢-27-脱氧升麻亭和25-O-甲基升麻醇-3-β-D-半乳糖苷的液相色谱-串联质谱方法。方法:采用20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3为内标,血浆样品经固相萃取处理后,在负离子条件下多反应监测(MRM)方式进行扫描。结果:血浆中4种组分的线性范围为0.1～500 ng.mL-1,最低定量下限为0.1 ng.mL-1。方法的日内和日间精密度(RSD)均小于11.6%,样品提取回收率大于89.5%。结论:该方法灵敏、快速、准确,可用于大鼠血浆中升麻提取物有效成分含量的测定。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定血浆中硝苯地平及其代谢产物氧化硝苯地平的浓度

目的建立测定硝苯地平(抗冠心病)及其代谢产物氧化硝苯地平的血药浓度的反相高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Diamosil C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(62∶38)为流动相,检测波长为237nm,流量为1.0mL·min-1,内标为地西泮。结果硝苯地平和氧化硝苯地平的线性范围分别为2.04～204.00ng·mL-1(γ=0.9957)和2.52～252.00ng·mL-1(γ=0.9954);硝苯地平的提取回收率为(85.29±4.10)%～(90.60±9.36)%;批内、批间精密度分别为1.91%～8.43%和6.48%～9.90%。氧化硝苯地平的提取回收率为(81.90±6.34)%～(88.26±4.89)%,批内、批间精密度分别为6.22%～8.95%和7.92%～9.28%。结论本法快速、准确,重现性好,可同时测定血浆硝苯地平及其代谢产物氧化硝苯地平的浓度。     

硝苯地平缓释片在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价硝苯地平缓释片在健康人体的生物等效性。方法 20名男性健康志愿者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单次和多次口服硝苯地平受试药物和参比药物,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中硝苯地平的血药浓度,DAS2.1软件计算药代动力学参数。结果单次口服2种硝苯地平缓释片,受试药物和参比药物的主要药动学参数分别如下:Cmax为(92.68±34.98),(112.39±47.98)ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.68±0.69),(2.70±0.57)h;t1/2为(5.01±1.65),(4.83±2.16)h;AUC0-36 h为(648.09±332.98),(659.62±376.95)ng.h.mL-1;F为(104.1±25.6)%。AUC0-36 h,AUC0-∞,Cmax的[1-2α]置信区间分别为94.6%～108.29%,93.9%～106.9%,72.8%～100.6%。多次口服2种硝苯地平缓释片,达稳态时受试药物和参比药物的体内药代动力学参数分别如下:Cmax为(122.85±45.46),(141.29±53.51)ng.mL-1;tmax为(2.55±0.65),(2.70±0.66)h;t1/2为(5.57±1.91),(3.83±1.25)h;Cav为(57.36±26.31),(59.26±25.25)ng.mL-1;AUCss为(688.26±315.67),(711.10±303.01)ng.h.mL-1;F为(99.8±29.9)%。AUCss,Cmax的[1-2α]置信区间分别为85.8%～107.3%,73.5%～103.2%。结论受试药物与参比药物具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定比格犬血浆中淫羊藿苷元

目的:建立了测定比格犬血浆中淫羊藿苷元浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)。方法:血浆样品经酶水解,用液-液萃取法,以乙酸乙酯提取后,以乙腈-5%乙酸(70∶30)为流动相,用Zorbax C8柱分离,流速为0.6 mL.min-1,通过电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,以多反应监测方式(MRM)进行检测。用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z369/313(淫羊藿苷元)和m/z331/315(麦黄酮,内标)。结果:淫羊藿苷元在比格犬血浆浓度测定方法的线性范围为2.5~250 ng.mL-1;日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于13.3%,准确度(RE)在±5.5%之内。在临床前药动学研究中,应用此法测试了比格犬口服给药后的血药浓度。结论:本方法灵敏度高、专属性强,适合于淫羊藿苷元的临床前药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测人血浆中阿魏酸哌嗪浓度及其药动学研究

目的建立灵敏的HPLC法测定人血浆中阿魏酸哌嗪浓度,并进行其健康志愿者药动学研究。方法采用液-液萃取,C18柱分离,0·1%冰醋酸-甲醇(60∶40, V/V)洗脱,紫外波长310 nm检测。20名男性健康志愿者口服200 mg阿魏酸哌嗪分散片,测定阿魏酸哌嗪浓度,DAS 2·0软件计算主要药动学参数。结果阿魏酸哌嗪线性范围为5 ~3000 ng·mL-1,提取回收率约为70%,日内和日间变异分别小于8·9%和10·1%。阿魏酸哌嗪主要药动学参数分别为:Cmax1 144·487 ±599·839 ng·mL-1,Tmax0·37 ±0·08 h,t1/20·805 ±0·298 h,AUC0 -4604·019 ±232·874 ng·mL-1·h,AUC0 -∞611·778 ±234·147 ng·mL-1·h。结论建立的HPLC法快速,灵敏,适合阿魏酸哌嗪药动学研究及大样本测定。     

LC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中匹莫范色林浓度及药代动力学研究

目的建立一种高效、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定匹莫范色林在比格犬血浆中的浓度并应用于药代动力学研究。方法血浆样品用甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)液液萃取预处理,使用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C 18(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱进行分离,流动相为乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)-水(含5%乙腈,0.1%甲酸)梯度洗脱,流速为1.2 mL·min-1,分流比为1∶1,质谱检测用电喷雾离子(ESI)源,正离子模式下采用多反应监测(MRM)模式,分析时间为4.5 min。使用WinNonlin 6.1软件的NCA模块计算药动学参数。结果匹莫范色林在0.05~20 ng·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为0.05 ng·mL-1,批内和批间精密度良好CV均小于7.1%(LLOQ均小于18.4%),准确度RE均在-6.6%~12.7%之内(LLOQ均在3.8%~19.9%)。结论本方法高效、灵敏、准确,成功用于比格犬血浆中匹莫范色林浓度的测定及其药代动力学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.