三唑衍生物的合成及抗真菌活性研究

目的研究不同结构含氮侧链的引入对三唑醇类化合物体外抗真菌活性的影响.方法根据氮唑类抗真菌药物的作用机制及构效关系设计合成了22个含氮侧链取代三唑醇类化合物,其中18个为新化合物;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,进行体外抑菌活性测试.结果初步体外抑菌实验表明:该类化合物对常见深部致病真菌如:白念珠菌、新生隐球菌、申克氏孢子丝菌、卡氏枝孢霉菌均有较好的抑制活性,其中化合物Ⅱ17体外活性优于氟康唑,与酮康唑相当.结论引入含氮侧链结构可以通过改变目标化合物的脂水分配系数及立体化学特征对该类化合物发挥体外抑菌活性产生影响.     

新型三唑类衍生物的合成及其抗真菌活性研究

目的：研究具有萘苄结构的三唑醇类化合物的抗真菌活性。方法设计合成了9个目标化合物;其结构通过1 H NMR、MS确证,选择8种真菌为实验菌株,根据美国国家临床实验室标准委员会（NCCLS）推荐的标准化抗真菌敏感性实验方法,进行体外抑菌活性测试。结果所有化合物对所选真菌均表现出了一定的抑菌活性,化合物1c对除烟曲霉菌以外的其他7种真菌的MIC80值＜0．125μg/ml,是伏立康唑活性的16倍。结论引入萘环和烃基侧链的目标化合物都有抗真菌活性。     

新型三唑类化合物的合成及抗真菌活性

目的寻找广谱、高效、低毒的新一代三唑类抗真菌药物。方法根据靶酶活性位点的空间特征、各种力场和关键残基分布，设计并合成了21个1-(1,2,4-三唑-1H -1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(4-取代-1-哌嗪基)-2-丙醇类化合物，并测定了体外抑菌活性。结果体外抑菌测试结果表明，所有化合物对8种致病真菌均有一定程度的抗真菌活性，对深部真菌的活性明显优于浅部真菌。在哌嗪的各种取代基中，苯基和杂环取代的抗真菌活性明显优于苯甲酰基取代。结论有多个化合物的体外抗真菌活性明显高于氟康唑和特比萘芬，其中化合物VIII-1,4,5和IX-3具有广谱、高活性的优点，值得进一步研究。     

含氧叔丁基三唑醇类化合物的合成及其体外抗真菌活性

目的设计合成含氧取代的叔丁基三唑醇类化合物并研究其体外抗真菌活性。方法以一氯频那酮为起始原料经多步反应合成目标化合物,化合物结构经1H-NMR谱、IR谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,按国际标准抗真菌敏感性实验方法测定体外抑菌活性。结果与结论合成了12个新化合物。所有目标化合物对8种真菌均具有一定的抑制作用。可以将现有的三唑醇类抗真菌药物结构中的2,4-二氟苯基替换成其他疏水性基团来设计抗真菌化合物。     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-叔丁基-3-[(4-取代苄基)-哌嗪-1-基]-2-丙醇的合成及其抗真菌活性的研究

目的研究具有叔丁基结构的三唑醇类化合物的抗真菌活性以及各种4-（取代苄基）哌嗪侧链的引入对该类化合物抗真菌活性的影响。方法设计合成了13个未见文献报道的目标化合物，所有化合物结构均经^1H-NMR谱确证，部分经过IR、MS确证；选择8种真菌为实验菌株，测定其体外抗真菌活性。结果所有化合物对8种真菌均有一定的抑制作用。其中，Ⅲ7的抑菌活性优于氟康唑。结论引入叔丁基和哌嗪侧链设计的目标化合物都具有抗真菌活性，侧链取代基的电性效应和立体化学特征的改变对该类化合物的抑菌活性有一定的影响。     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-取代-2-丙醇类化合物的合成及其抗真菌活性

目的研究不同取代哌啶和环仲胺侧链的引入对三唑醇类化合物抗真菌活性的影响。方法以氟康唑为先导化合物,设计合成了9个三唑醇类新化合物,化合物的结构均通过核磁、红外光谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,根据美国国家临床实验室标准委员会(NCCLS)推荐的标准化抗真菌敏感性实验方法,进行体外抑菌活性测试。结果目标化合物对8种真菌特别是深部真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物4、5对白色念珠菌的MIC80值小于或等于0.125μg.mL-1,是氟康唑活性的4倍以上,与伊曲康唑活性相当。结论立体化学因素的改变对该类化合物体外抑菌活性有较大影响。     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(N-环己基-N-取代氨基)-2-丙醇的合成及抗真菌活性

目的：以氟康唑为先导化合物,设计合成新的三唑醇类化合物,并研究其抗真菌活性。方法：引入环己基侧链结构,合成一系列目标化合物,所有化合物结构均经Ms、1H—NMR等谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,测定其体外抗真菌活性。结果：合成了11个未见文献报道的目标化合物,部分化合物对所选真菌均表现出了一定的抑菌活性。结论：引入环己基对抗真菌活性影响较大。     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-[(4-取代)-哌嗪-1-基]-2-丙醇的合成及其抗真菌活性

目的研究不同取代哌嗪侧链的引入对三唑醇类化合物抗真菌活性的影响.方法设计合成了13个三唑醇类新化合物;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,进行体外抑菌活性测试.结果目标化合物对8种真菌特别是深部真菌均有一定的抑制活性,其中有8个化合物对白色念珠菌的MIC80值小于或等于0.125μg/mL,是氟康唑活性的4倍以上,与酮康唑活性相当.结论脂水分配系数和立体化学因素的改变对该类化合物体外抑菌活性有较大影响.     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-[N-环丙基-N-(4-取代苄基)]-2-丙醇的合成及抗真菌活性

目的：以氟康唑为先导化合物,设计合成新的三唑醇类化合物,并研究其抗真菌活性。方法：引入4位羧酸酯取代的苄基侧链结构,合成一系列目标化合物,所有化合物结构均经MS、^1H-NMR等谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,测定其体外抗真菌活性。结果：合成了15个未见文献报道的目标化合物;所有化合物对所选真菌均表现出了一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物（1）,（2）和（3）对除薰烟曲霉菌外的7种菌都表现出了较好的抑菌活性。结论：4位羧酸酯取代的苄基侧链结构的引入对目标化合物的抗菌活性有一定的影响,侧链越短．抑菌活性越好.     

叔丁基三唑衍生物的合成及抗真菌活性研究

目的研究具有叔丁基结构的三唑醇类化合物的抗真菌活性以及各种4-(4-烷氧基苯基)哌嗪侧链的引入对抗真菌活性的影响.方法以一氯频那酮、三氮唑为原料,经多步反应合成目标化合物,化合物结构经IR、1H-NMR谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,按国际标准抗真菌敏感性实验方法测定其体外抗真菌活性.结果设计合成了10个新化合物.10个目标化合物对8种真菌均具有一定的抑制活性,其中,有4个化合物对白色念珠菌的MIC80值小于或等于0.125 mg·L-1,是氟康唑的4倍以上,与伊曲康唑相当.结论可以通过引入更多的疏水基团设计三唑醇类化合物,立体化学因素对该类化合物的体外抑菌活性有较大影响.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.