氯霉素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及质量评价

目的:制备氯霉素固体脂质纳米粒(CAP-SLN)并考察其质量。方法:选取CAP与甘油棕榈酸硬脂酸酯(PrecirolATO5)比例(药脂比)、泊洛沙姆含量、乳化温度和初乳-分散相的体积比为考察因素,包封率和载药量为评价指标,设计正交试验并优化处方,利用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备CAP-SLN;同时以粒径、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量、稳定性及体外释放度为指标评价其质量。结果:最佳制备处方药脂比为1∶10,泊洛沙姆含量为2%,乳化温度为70℃,初乳-分散相的体积比为1∶7。所制纳米粒平均粒径为227nm,Zeta电位为-30.5mV,平均包封率为65.9%,平均载药量为6.59%;于4℃环境中考察30d,其包封率、粒径无显著变化,25℃环境中包封率显著降低、粒径明显增大;在前4h内有明显突释现象,药物累积释放率达58.86%,48h时累积释放率达85.09%,体外释药行为符合Weibull方程。结论:该制剂处方设计和工艺方法可行,制剂质量符合要求,可达到缓释效果。     

二甲双胍丝素微球的制备工艺研究

目的以丝素蛋白为载体,二甲双胍为模型药物,制备二甲双胍丝素微球,优选最佳制备工艺。方法以液状石蜡为油相,再生丝素溶液为水相,Span 80为乳化剂,采用乳化固化法制得二甲双胍丝素微球,应用激光粒径分布仪测定微球的粒径及其分布,单因素考察影响微球载药量和包封率的因素,并进一步采用正交实验优选微球的最佳制备工艺。结果所制得的微球圆整,微球的粒径分布在4～40μm之间。对微球载药量和包封率影响较大的因素为投药比、水油比和转速,最佳工艺条件是:投药比为7%、转速为300 rpm、水油比为11∶100,载药量可达5.8%。结论该二甲双胍丝素微球制备方法简单,无有毒有害物质加入,可在常温常压下制备,易于扩大生产。     

去氢骆驼蓬碱聚合物胶束的制备工艺优化及体外释放的研究

目的：研究星点设计-响应面法优化去氢骆驼蓬碱N-癸酰-N-三甲基壳聚糖胶束（harmine loaded N-Decanoate-N-trimethyl chitosan micelles,HM-De-TMC-MIC）的处方优化,并考察在不同介质中HM-De-TMC-MIC的体外释放。方法：以薄膜分散法制备HM-De-TMC-MIC;以粒径、多分散系数、包封率和载药量为指标,通过单因素考察和星点设计-响应面法综合考察药物与载体质量比和复水体积对HM-De-TMC-MIC的影响,并遴选其最优处方。在不同pH的释放介质中,分别考察HM-De-TMC-MIC和HM的体外释放。结果：筛优处方药物与载体质量比为3.6∶10,复溶水体积为6 mL;以最优处方制备的HM-De-TMC-MIC粒径为（148.2±5.0）nm,多分散系数为0.198±0.045,包封率（89.80±0.19）%,载药量（22.79±0.05）%,形态圆整。体外释放试验结果表明,HM-De-TMC-MIC的释放曲线遵循Higuchi方程,与HM溶液相比其释放较为缓慢,并呈现pH敏感释药行为。结论：以星点设计-响应面法优化的HM-De-TMC-MIC具有较好包封率和载药量,粒径分布均匀,具有明显的缓释性。     

丹皮酚聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球的制备及体外释药考察

目的:制备丹皮酚聚乳酸羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球,考察其体外释药过程。方法:以丹皮酚为芯材,以PLGA为载体,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备丹皮酚PLGA微球;以聚乙烯醇质量分数、PLGA质量浓度、药物与PLGA质量比及水油相体积比为考察因素,以包封率和载药量的综合评分为评价指标,采用正交试验优选制备工艺;扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察微球的外观和粒径,并测定其体外释药过程。结果:优选的工艺为聚乙烯醇质量分数0.9%、PLGA质量浓度60g/L、药物与PLGA质量比1∶3、水油相体积比1∶10。制得的微球球型规则,表面平滑,平均粒径为(31.75±0.13)μm。微球的载药量为(21.16±0.51)%,包封率为(66.91±1.62)%,8h体外累积释药量为37%。结论:所选工艺可用于制备丹皮酚PLGA微球,可为缓释药物传递系统的开发提供参考。     

正交试验优选水基磁流体制备工艺

目的:优选水基磁流体制备工艺。方法:采用正交试验,考察NaOH浓度、反应温度、反应时间及分散剂与铁含量重量比4种因素对水基磁流体制备的影响,并通过测定灭菌前、后磁流体的粒径分布来考察其稳定性。结果:以磁流体的粒度和稳定性为考察指标,优选出最佳制备工艺为NaOH浓度2mol/L、反应温度60℃、反应时间30min、分散剂与铁含量重量比5∶1;灭菌前、后粒径和磁性均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:用优选工艺制备的磁流体粒径分布均匀,稳定性好,磁性强。     

正交试验优选α-细辛脑明胶微球制备工艺

目的:优选α-细辛脑明胶微球的制备工艺。方法:采用乳化缩聚法制备α-细辛脑明胶微球,以明胶浓度、乳化剂用量、搅拌速度、投料比为考察因素,以载药量和包封率的综合评分为评价指标,采用正交试验优化工艺,并观察微球形态、粒径分布。结果:最优工艺为明胶浓度20%、乳化剂用量3.0mL、搅拌速度800r·min-1、投料比1∶2;所制得的微球球形圆整,平均载药量为3.98%,平均包封率为24.25%。结论:所选工艺稳定,各项质量指标良好。     

盐酸倍他洛尔-树脂混悬剂制备工艺研究

目的:考察药物-树脂混悬剂的制备工艺。方法:以阳离子交换树脂(大、小粒径)为载体,盐酸倍他洛尔为模型药物,设计正交试验考察药物与大、小粒径树脂结合的复合物的包封率和载药量,以沉降体积比和再分散性为评价指标筛选出合适的助悬剂,并在人工泪液中比较包衣后药物-树脂混悬剂盐酸倍他洛尔滴眼液的释药动力学。结果:制备的药物-树脂(小粒径)复合物包封率为82.86%、载药量为41.43%,优于大粒径(78.95%、39.48%);以加入卡波姆为助悬剂时混悬剂沉降体积比大,再分散性好,混悬剂稳定。由包衣后的药物-树脂复合物所制备的混悬剂,在人工泪液中的释药动力学与盐酸倍他洛尔滴眼液相似。结论:初步建立了药物-树脂混悬剂的制备工艺,为进一步制备出安全、有效、稳定的药物-树脂眼用混悬剂提供了一定的参考。     

去甲斑蝥素肝动脉栓塞缓释微球的制备及其体外释放性评价

目的:制备去甲斑蝥素肝动脉栓塞缓释微球(NCTD-MS),并考察其体外释放特性。方法:以NCTD为主药,海藻酸钠ALG)/壳聚糖(CS)为复合载体,采用内部凝胶化法制备NCTD-MS;选取ALG浓度、凝胶化反应剂冰醋酸的用量、药物-载体重量比(简称药载比)为因素,以粒径偏差、载药量及包封率为指标进行正交设计优化最佳处方并进行验证;动态透析法考察微球在不同介质(磷酸盐缓冲液和生理盐水)中的体外释放特性,并与NCTD原料药的释放性进行比较。结果:最佳处方为ALG浓度2.0%、冰醋酸1.0mL、药-载重量比0.8∶1,以该处方制备的微球平均粒径为(309.75±2.19)μm、载药量为(12.65±0.87)%、包封率为(68.66±0.38)%;NCTD-MS在2种介质中24h释放可达80%,释放行为均遵循Weibull方程,而NCTD原料药在3h内即释放完毕。结论:NCTD-MS制备工艺简单,缓释效果明显。     

硝酸咪康唑脂质体的制备工艺研究

目的:探讨硝酸咪康唑脂质体的制备工艺.方法:以包封率和载药量为指标,应用正交试验法优选最佳制备工艺.结果:最佳工艺处方为乙醇注入法,药脂比3%(w/w),磷脂与胆同醇的摩尔比为80:20,缓冲液pH7.4.制备的脂质体包封率为75.54%,平均粒径为222.3 nm,zeta电位为-0.31mV.结论:乙醇注入法制备硝酸咪康唑脂质体包封率高.制备工艺合理、可行.     

改良自乳化-溶剂扩散法制备甲基莲心碱纳米粒的研究

目的制备甲基莲心碱纳米粒(NEF-NP),并采用正交试验设计对甲基莲心碱纳米粒制备工艺进行优化。方法以包封率和载药量为评价指标,采用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为载体,丙酮-无水乙醇为有机溶剂,通过正交设计优化改良自乳化-溶剂扩散法制备载NEF的PLGA载药纳米粒的处方工艺。结果优化的最佳处方工艺为:PLGA的浓度为20 mg.mL-1,NEF的投药量为3.3 mg,PVA浓度为1.0%,水相与有机相的体积比为8∶1。最佳条件下制得的纳米粒平均包封率达(70.35±1.16)%,载药量(2.33±1.08)%,平均粒径为(213.5±2.7)nm。结论最佳处方工艺制备的NEF-PLGA纳米粒具有较高的包封率、载药量和较小的粒径。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.