HPLC-MS法鉴别唐乐舒胶囊中非法添加的格列本脲、

目的建立唐乐舒胶囊中非法添加格列本脲、格列齐特、格列美脲成分的鉴别方法。方法采用VP-ODS C18(250mm×2.0 mm)色谱柱;甲醇-0.2%冰醋酸(70∶30)为流动相;流量:0.2 ml.min-1;电喷雾离子化(ESI)scan方式。再用两种HPLC条件进行验证。结果在高效液相色谱、紫外光谱、质谱中,样品分别出现与格列本脲、格列齐特、格列美脲成分一致的峰。结论本方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,可用于唐乐舒胶囊中添加格列本脲、格列齐特、格列美脲成分的定性鉴别。     

保健品中非法掺入的化学降糖药物的鉴定方法

目的为了保证保健品的安全使用,开展保健品中非法添加西药监控具有重要意义。运用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测（RP-HPLC-DAD）技术分离检测降糖保健品（元亨胰泰蜂胶苦瓜胶囊和胰复糖康黄精苦瓜胶囊）中可能存在的西药成分。方法色谱条件：KromasilKR100-5 C18与Kromasil C8色谱柱。流动相：甲醇：3 mmol.L-1十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液（含0.1%三乙胺,用磷酸调pH至3.5）=65∶35（V/V）;流速：1.0mL.min-1;DAD检测器,检测波长：230nm,利用提取色谱与光谱鉴定。结果格列吡嗪、格列本脲、格列喹酮、格列齐特、格列美脲、盐酸二甲双胍、盐酸苯乙双胍等7种药物成分得到分离并鉴定。结论本方法可一次鉴定上述7种药物。     

降糖类中成药中非法掺入西药成分的检测

目的建立降糖类中成药中非法掺入西药成分（格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲）的检测方法。方法采用TLC法和HPLC法封怀疑掺有格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲的降糖类中成药进行检测。并采用HPLC-二极管阵列检测法封其进行定性鉴别。结果涉及四个品种的降糖类中成药、12个生产企业和19批样品非法掺入不同的西药成分（格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲）。结论本法简便、快速、准确，专属性好；可作为降糖类中成药中非法掺入西药成分（格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲）的检测方法.     

RP-HPLC法检测降糖类中药制剂中违禁添加的磺酰脲类成分

目的应用反相高效液相色谱法测定中药降糖制剂降糖胶囊中可能存在的3种磺酰脲类成分:格列吡嗪,格列齐特和格列本脲。方法采用RP-HPLC法,C18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸(65∶35),柱温30℃,检测波长230nm,流速1mL·min-1。结果3种磺酰脲类成分在该色谱条件下与中药制剂中成分可达到完全分离,格列吡嗪、格列齐特和格列本脲的检测限分别为10.8,9.6和12.8ng。结论该方法可用于检测纯中药降糖制剂中违禁添加的3种磺酰脲类化学药品成分的分析。     

中药制剂及保健品中违禁添加9种化学降糖药的HPLC-MS/MS定性检测

建立了HPLC-MS／MS方法定性检测中药制剂及保健品中违禁添加的盐酸二甲双胍、盐酸苯乙双胍、盐酸吡格列酮、格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲、格列美脲、格列喹酮、瑞格列奈共9种降糖化学药物。采用LichroCARTC18色谱柱，0．1％甲酸溶液（用氨水调至pH3．5）和乙腈梯度洗脱，检测波长230nm，流速0．2ml／min，选择正离子检测。上述9种药物的检出限为1-5ng。     

降糖类中成药囊壳中添加格列本脲的提取方法

目的：对降糖类中成药胶囊的囊壳中非法添加格列本脲的提取方法进行探讨。方法：采用拟定方法提取，再以高效液相色谱法检测降糖类中成药胶囊囊壳中添加的格列本脲，出现相同保留时间色谱峰后，以液一质联用法进一步确认。结果：方法简便、重现性好。结论：所拟定的方法可对降糖类中成药胶囊的囊壳中非法添加的格列本脲进行检测。     

反相高效液相色谱法检测降糖类中药制剂及中药保健品中双胍类及磺酰脲类成分

目的 测定降糖类中药制剂及中药保健品中可能存在的5种违禁成分: 格列吡嗪、格列美脲、格列齐特、格列本脲及二甲双胍. 方法 采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法, Shim-pack CLC ODS(6.0 mm×150 mm,5 μm)柱,流动相为甲醇-0.02 mol•L^-1磷酸溶液-乙腈(60：30：10),柱温25 ℃,检测波长230 nm ,流速1.0 mL•min^-1 . 用二极管阵列检测器检测并对检出的降糖类成分采用紫外扫描验证. 结果 5种降糖成分在该色谱条件下与中药制剂及中药保健品中成分可达到完全分离. 格列吡嗪、格列美脲、格列齐特、格列本脲、二甲双胍的检测限分别为8.6, 10.1, 11.5, 10.4和16.7 ng. 共检测11个品种的样品,其中5个样品掺杂磺酰脲类成分. 结论 该方法 可用于检测中药降糖制剂及中药保健品中违禁添加的5种降糖类化学药品成分.     

糖尿病的药物治疗(下)

临床常用的有甲苯磺丁脲（甲磺丁脲tolburamide，D860），氯磺丙脲（chlorpropamide），格列本脲（优降糖，glibenclamide），格列吡嗪（美吡达，glipizide），格列齐特（达美康，gliclazide），格列喹酮（糖适平，gliquidone）和格列美脲（glimepiride，GM）。其中甲苯磺丁脲和氯磺丙脲属于第一代磺酰脲类，格列美脲系第三代磺酰脲类，其余药品属于第二代磺酰脲类。     

高效液相-质谱法检测中成药中掺加化学药物的研究

目的：建立一种高效液相-质谱（HPLC—MS）检测中成药中非法掺加的磺酰脲类（格列本脲、格列齐特、格列吡嗪、格列喹酮）及4种硝基咪唑类药物（甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑、塞克硝唑）。方法：采用HPLC-MS法，质谱条件：采用电喷雾电离正离子源（ESI^＋），毛细管喷口电离电压：3．00kV，孔电压：45V，离子源温度：105℃，去溶剂气温度：260℃，去溶剂气流速：420．0L·h^-1,采用选择离子监测（SIR）模式进行定性分析。色谱柱：Thermo^TM C8（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），柱温：40℃，检测波长：230nm，流动相梯度洗脱程序：乙腈-30mmoL·L^-1醋酸铵溶液（5：95～30：70，0～20min），（30：70～65：35，20～40min），（65：35～5：95，40～45min），（5：95，45～50min），流速：1．0mL·min，进样量：20μL。结果：本实验建立的条件能够把中药制剂中添加的磺酰脲类（格列本脲、格列齐特、格列吡嗪、格列喹酮）和4种硝基咪唑类药物（甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑、塞克硝唑）同时完全分离开来；对8种制剂用建立的检测技术进行了分析，经与相应的标准物质比较，得到有2种中成药中非法掺有降糖化学药品：格列本脲；有2种中成药制剂同时非法掺入了降糖化学药品：格列本脲和格列齐特。结论：本实验建立的方法具有快速、简便、重复性好、便于操作、灵敏、专属性强等优点。     

中药制剂中违禁添加10种化学降糖药的HPLC-DAD法测定

建立了HPLC-DAD法同时检测中药制剂中违禁添加的氯磺丙脲、甲苯磺丁脲、格列吡嗪、格列齐特、盐酸吡格列酮、米格列奈、格列本脲、格列美脲、那格列奈和格列喹酮10种化学降糖药.采用C_(18)色谱柱,以0.2%三乙胺水溶液(用磷酸调至pH 3.5)-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm.10种药物分别在5～50和10～100μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,检测限为0.35～3.87μg/ml.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.