大型综合儿童医院门诊患儿超说明书用药情况调查

目的:回顾性调查2012年4月²013年3月北京儿童医院门诊患儿超说明书用药情况,为了解我国儿科超说明书用药现状和制定超说明书用药政策提供证据,促进我国儿科临床合理用药。方法:随机抽取我院2012年4月2013年3月北京儿童医院门诊患儿超说明书用药情况,为了解我国儿科超说明书用药现状和制定超说明书用药政策提供证据,促进我国儿科临床合理用药。方法:随机抽取我院2012年4月²013年3月门诊患儿的处方,依据药品说明书,判断其用药医嘱是否超说明书,分析超说明书用药类型、各年龄段儿童、各类药品超说明书用药情况。结果:共抽取门诊患儿处方10 716张,分析处方用药医嘱23 909条,涉及药品451种。按处方数、用药医嘱数、药品总数、基本药物数、非处方药(OTC)药品数计,超说明书用药发生率分别为53.0%、29.6%、65.0%、67.0%、79.8%。超说明书用药发生率居前3位的年龄段为幼儿期(29.8%)、学龄前期(29.5%)和婴儿期(29.2%)。超说明书用药类型主要包括无儿童用法用量信息(61.7%)、给药频次(12.8%)和剂量(11.1%)。结论:我院门诊患儿超说明书用药情况普遍,反映了药品说明书中儿童用药信息的缺乏,提示国家亟须出台相关政策规范超说明书用药行为,保障儿童用药安全。     

某儿童医院临床超药品说明书用药的现状分析

目的:分析医院临床超说明书用药的现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考.方法:抽取医院2019 年1 月-12 月患儿处方(医嘱)520 份(其中门急诊处方400 份和住院医嘱120 份),统计超说明书用药处方(医嘱)中患儿的年龄分布和用药类型、常见药品等情况,分析超说明书用药的产生原因.结果:520 份处方(医嘱)中,超说明书用药处方(医嘱)有137 张,其中门急诊处方67 张(占48.91％)和住院处方70 张(占51.09％);超说明书用药原因类型TOP 3 分别为未提及儿童用药信息(48.30％)、超年龄用药(47.55％)和超给药途径用药(1.89％);超说明书用药在各年龄段的患儿中均有发生,发生率最高的为婴幼儿期和学龄前期;超说明书用药处方(医嘱)涉及药品7 类20 种,其中TOP 4 分别为抗组胺药(37.23％)、消化系统系统用药(22.63％)、呼吸系统用药(20.44％)、维生素及矿物质类(9.49％).结论:医院儿童超说明书用药现象较为普遍,以婴幼儿期和学龄前期患儿最为多见;超说明书用药所涉药物以抗组胺药、消化系统及呼吸系统用药为主;建议医院制定或定期更新相应的管理制度,规范处方超说明书用药要求,以确保患儿用药安全性和有效性.     

某儿童医院临床超药品说明书用药的现状分析

目的:分析医院临床超说明书用药的现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考.方法:抽取医院2019 年1 月-12 月患儿处方(医嘱)520 份(其中门急诊处方400 份和住院医嘱120 份),统计超说明书用药处方(医嘱)中患儿的年龄分布和用药类型、常见药品等情况,分析超说明书用药的产生原因.结果:520 份处方(医嘱)中,超说明书用药处方(医嘱)有137 张,其中门急诊处方67 张(占48.91％)和住院处方70 张(占51.09％);超说明书用药原因类型TOP 3 分别为未提及儿童用药信息(48.30％)、超年龄用药(47.55％)和超给药途径用药(1.89％);超说明书用药在各年龄段的患儿中均有发生,发生率最高的为婴幼儿期和学龄前期;超说明书用药处方(医嘱)涉及药品7 类20 种,其中TOP 4 分别为抗组胺药(37.23％)、消化系统系统用药(22.63％)、呼吸系统用药(20.44％)、维生素及矿物质类(9.49％).结论:医院儿童超说明书用药现象较为普遍,以婴幼儿期和学龄前期患儿最为多见;超说明书用药所涉药物以抗组胺药、消化系统及呼吸系统用药为主;建议医院制定或定期更新相应的管理制度,规范处方超说明书用药要求,以确保患儿用药安全性和有效性.     

某儿童医院临床超药品说明书用药的现状分析

目的:分析医院临床超说明书用药的现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供参考.方法:抽取医院2019 年1 月-12 月患儿处方(医嘱)520 份(其中门急诊处方400 份和住院医嘱120 份),统计超说明书用药处方(医嘱)中患儿的年龄分布和用药类型、常见药品等情况,分析超说明书用药的产生原因.结果:520 份处方(医嘱)中,超说明书用药处方(医嘱)有137 张,其中门急诊处方67 张(占48.91％)和住院处方70 张(占51.09％);超说明书用药原因类型TOP 3 分别为未提及儿童用药信息(48.30％)、超年龄用药(47.55％)和超给药途径用药(1.89％);超说明书用药在各年龄段的患儿中均有发生,发生率最高的为婴幼儿期和学龄前期;超说明书用药处方(医嘱)涉及药品7 类20 种,其中TOP 4 分别为抗组胺药(37.23％)、消化系统系统用药(22.63％)、呼吸系统用药(20.44％)、维生素及矿物质类(9.49％).结论:医院儿童超说明书用药现象较为普遍,以婴幼儿期和学龄前期患儿最为多见;超说明书用药所涉药物以抗组胺药、消化系统及呼吸系统用药为主;建议医院制定或定期更新相应的管理制度,规范处方超说明书用药要求,以确保患儿用药安全性和有效性.     

某院2021-2022 年儿科门诊超说明书用药调查分析

目的:了解惠州市第一妇幼保健院儿科门诊超说明书用药情况,并分析对策。方法:随机抽取惠州市第一妇幼保健院2021 年10 月至2022 年9 月儿科门诊处方,依据药品说明书确定是否存在超说明书用药,对超说明书用药发生情况、超说明书用药类 型、主要年龄段及药品种类进行汇总分析。结果:共抽取处方1 556 张,包含用药医嘱4 154 条,基于处方张数和医嘱条数计算出的 超说明书用药发生率分别为36. 70%(571/ 1 556)和43. 98%(1 827/ 4 154)。超说明书用药类型主要是超适应证(27. 09%)、超剂量 (22. 06%)、超频次(19. 27%)。婴幼儿(29 d~3 岁)超说明书用药发生率较高(>40%);超说明书用药发生率居前3 位的药品种类 为内分泌调节剂(59. 86%)、呼吸系统用药(56. 79%)、中成药(53. 95%)。结论:儿科门诊常见超说明书用药,应特别重视婴幼儿用 药;医师应严格依照药品说明书开具处方,国家应制定相关政策规范超说明书用药行为,以保障儿童用药安全。     

郑州市儿童医院2013年门诊处方超说明书用药情况调查

目的：：调查郑州市儿童医院2013年门诊处方超说明书用药现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供依据。方法：采用系统随机抽样方法抽取2013年门诊处方,根据药品说明书的内容,判断处方医嘱是否存在超说明书用药,并对处方抽样情况、超说明书用药类型、各年龄段超说明书用药发生率和药品种类进行统计分析。结果：共纳入8684张处方,涉及410种药品,含16344条医嘱记录,其中超说明书用药处方、品种和医嘱的比例依次为70.87%、71.95%、51.21%。超说明书用药类型主要有超适用人群(50.83%)、超给药剂量(21.00%)和超给药频次(19.04%)。超说明书用药发生年龄段排名前3位为新生儿(63.27%)、婴幼儿(56.20%)、学龄期(44.98%)。超说明书用药品种排名前5位为：心血管系统用药(99.02%)、抗感染药(64.14%)、维生素和矿物质类药(62.89%)、血液系统用药(59.48%)、中成药(53.43%)。结论：该院门诊处方超说明书用药现象较为普遍,医师要严格把握说明书规定的适应证、用法用量,选择合适的药物剂型,减少超说明书用药,以保障儿童安全用药。     

基于循证药学的儿科门诊超说明书用药调查

目的调查我院儿科门诊超说明书用药现状,为医院制定儿童超说明书用药规范提供依据。方法采用合理用药软件从本院儿科门诊2017年处方中随机抽取5%的处方,根据药品说明书的内容,判断用药医嘱是否存在超说明书用药,并统计超说明书用药发生率、类型、年龄分布、药物类别分布和医生分布等情况,同时采用循证药学的方法,对超说明书用药进行合理性评价。结果共抽取到儿科门诊处方4 702张,包含12 397条用药医嘱,涉及药物136种,其中处方、医嘱和药品超说明书用药的比例分别为72.27%、44.21%、69.85%;超说明书用药类型主要为超给药剂量(43.85%)和超适用人群(27.21%);超说明书用药年龄段排名最高为新生儿(63.64%),其次为婴幼儿(45.27%);超说明书用药发生率超过平均水平的药品种类由高到低依次为维生素和矿物质类用药(71.88%),糖类、盐类和酸碱平衡调节药(66.17%),解热镇痛抗炎药(65.87%),消化系统用药(56.61%),中成药(45.96%);超说明书用药医生职称排名:初级医师发生率最高(46.79%),主治医师发生率最低(40.73%);超说明书用药循证证据中,级别较高的一级证据主要来源于国内外医学和药学学术机构发布的指南,二级证据主要来源于《中国国家处方集(化学药品和生物制品卷·儿童版)》、中国药典《临床用药须知(2015年版)》和《新编药物学》等,两者合计占超说明书医嘱总数的33.68%,无循证依据可查的占47.36%。结论 2017年我院门诊儿科超说明书用药情况较为普遍,超说明书用药循证证据级别普遍偏低,需要建立相关规范,保障儿童合理用药。     

我院2017年儿科门诊超说明书用药现状分析

目的:回顾性分析2017年西北妇女儿童医院儿科门诊超说明书用药现状,分析超说明书用药危险因素,为规范儿科临床用药提供数据支持。方法:随机抽取我院2017年儿科门诊处方,以药品说明书为依据,分析用药医嘱是否超说明书用药,并整理归纳我院超说明书用药的种类、不同年龄段儿童发生超说明书用药的情况、不同种类药物超说明书用药发生率。同时,分析超说明书用药与患儿基本信息(年龄、性别)和药品信息(基本药物、OTC分类)的相关性。结果:共纳入2640张儿科门诊处方,涉及用药医嘱4435条,其中药品种类155种。按处方、用药医嘱和药品种类分类,超说明书用药发生率依次为35.55%、46.76%、91.61%。超说明书用药在以下3种临床用药中较为常见:(1)药品说明书未涉及儿童用药信息(34.28%);(2)给药频次不合理(28.45%);(3)剂量超标(16.42%)。超说明书用药居前2位的年龄段分别为青少年(50.00%)和婴幼儿(47.64%)。超说明书用药居前3位药品种类分别为呼吸系统药物(33.50%)、中成药(18.74%)、全身用抗感染药物(17.95%)。全院门诊性别及各年龄段患儿超说明书用药风险差异无统计学意义。非基本药物和OTC存在较高的超说明书用药风险。结论:2017年我院儿科门诊超说明书用药发生较为普遍,需进一步宣教临床医师合理使用儿童药物,规避患儿用药风险。     

基于门急诊处方分析和评价儿童患者超说明书用药情况

目的基于门急诊处方点评,调查和分析门急诊儿童处方药品超说明书用药情况,评价其相关危险因素,为促进儿童合理用药提供基数数据。方法抽取2012~2014年玉林市第一人民医院门急诊儿童处方,以药品说明书为依据,判断超说明书用药情况,分析超说明书用药类型、以及各年龄段超说明书用药发生率等情况。结果共抽取1 883张处方,含4 962条用药记录,其中超说明书用药处方737张(39.14%);超说明书用药记录960条(19.35%)。超说明书用药类型中居前3位的分别为未提及儿童用药信息(53.13%)、给药剂量(16.04%)和给药频次(11.14%)。变态反应性疾病、神经系统疾病和全身感染性疾病居前3位。超说明书用药高发生率前3位的单品种药品为注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷(18.85%)、注射用乳糖酸阿奇霉素(9.27%)和注射用头孢呋辛钠(4.79%)。处方数和用药记录方面的超说明书用药情况发生率在各年龄阶段均有显著性差异(P<0.01),发生率不同或不全相同。超说明书用药发生的风险与使用非基本药物有关(P<0.01)。结论门急诊中儿童处方超说明书用药情况普遍,药品说明书中儿童用药信息严重缺乏,需要国家规范可能日趋严重的超说明书用药行为,为儿童用药提供更多科学的循证依据。     

我院住院患儿超说明书用药情况调查

目的:为制定超说明书用药政策提供基线数据。方法:随机抽取我院2013年出院患儿病历3 600份,依据药品说明书判断其用药医嘱是否超说明书,分析各超说明书用药类型、各年龄段儿童及各类药品超说明书用药情况。结果:共纳入住院患儿3 268例,分析用药医嘱35 523条,涉及药品468种。按患儿、用药医嘱与药品品种计,超说明书用药发生率分别为91.34%、35.72%和48.72%。超说明书用药类型主要包括使用未提及儿童用药信息的药品(74.21%)、超给药途径(8.12%)及超年龄(7.33%)3类。超说明书用药发生率居前3位的年龄段为青少年(42.42%)、新生儿(37.97%)和婴幼儿(35.48%)。用药医嘱数居前4位的超说明书用药品种为抗感染药物(23.65%),电解质、酸碱平衡及营养药(12.21%),呼吸系统用药(36.84%)及心血管系统用药(63.21%)。结论:我院住院患儿超说明书用药现象较常见。亟需政府制定相关法律、法规或指南以规范超说明书用药行为,确保儿童用药安全。     

Associations between polysubstance use and psychiatric problems in a criminal justice population in Sweden

Background

Polysubstance use is common in substance users, and may complicate their clinical course. This study, in a criminal justice setting in Sweden, examines the association between the number of concurrently used substance types and psychiatric symptoms during 30 days before incarceration, while controlling for background variables such as family history (drug and alcohol problems, psychiatric problems, criminality), demographic data and history of emotional, physical or sexual abuse.

Methods

The data material comprised 5659 criminal justice clients reporting a substance use problem, examined with the Addiction Severity Index. Variables were compared in a multinomial regression analysis, comparing clients reporting one (n = 1877), two (n = 1408), three (n = 956), four (n = 443) and five or more (n = 167) substance types.

Results

The 30-day prevalence of most psychiatric symptoms included in the study (depression, anxiety, cognitive problems, hallucinations, difficulty controlling violent behaviour, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts) was higher in individuals with a higher number of concurrent substance types used. In multinomial regression analysis, while controlling for background variables, these associations remained for concurrent suicidal ideation, cognitive problems, hallucinations and violent behaviour, with the latter two being associated with the higher numbers of substance types. Binge alcohol drinking, tranquilizers, opioids and the number of substance types reported were associated with several of the psychiatric symptoms.

Conclusions

In the present criminal justice setting in Sweden, the use of multiple substance types and concurrent psychiatric symptoms appear to be associated, and a sub-group reporting particularly high numbers of concurrent substance types are particularly likely to report potentially severe psychiatric problems.     

我院住院患者抗菌药物使用强度分析

目的：调查2012年我院住院患者抗菌药物的使用强度。方法：回顾性分析我院2012年1-12月1200例住院患者抗菌药物使用率、使用强度及使用品种。结果：我院2012年住院患者抗菌药物使用率为48.56%,使用强度为46.78 DDD,使用强度前5位的品种分别为左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、头孢硫脒、克拉霉素、头孢呋辛。结论：我院住院患者抗菌药物使用率符合卫生部规定,但抗菌药物使用强度偏高,须加强抗菌药物的使用监督与管理。     

不合理用药典型案例分析

目的：对临床药物治疗中不合理用药的典型案例进行分析和评价,为临床合理用药提供借鉴和参考。方法：通过参与临床用药实践及对住院病历医嘱合理性进行点评,对典型不合理用药案例进行分析和评价。结果：临床不合理用药主要表现在4个方面：①特殊人群用药不合理;②药物使用方法不合理;③联合用药不合理;④药物配伍禁忌。结论：通过积极参与临床用药实践,及时发现和分析临床不合理用药问题,并为个体化治疗提出相应解决方案,避免不合理用药的发生,保证患者用药安全有效。     

2011年我院抗菌药物使用强度分析

目的评价我院住院患者抗菌药物的应用情况,以促进临床合理用药。方法回顾性收集我院2011年抗菌药物使用记录,以限定日剂量（DDD）为单位,计算抗菌药物的使用强度（AUD）并进行分析。结果我院住院患者抗菌药物的平均用药强度为61．49。第3代头孢菌素、第2代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢呋辛钠分列各类别及各品种抗菌药物使用强度的前3位。结论我院仍存在抗菌药物用药过度、档次过高等问题,需继续加大干预力度。     

Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders Among Homeless People in Australia

This paper describes alcohol and drug-use disorders among 210 homeless people in Australia, and compares the Australian findings with the international literature. While the prevalence of alcohol-use disorders among people who are homeless in Australia is comparable with other international studies, drug-use disorders appear to be more prevalent among Australian homeless than comparable international studies. Reasons for this difference are explored.     

Differences in Drug Use among Rural and Suburban High School Students in Ohio

This exploratory study examines differences in the prevalence of drug use by gender among twelfth grade students (n = 464) in selected rural and suburban high schools in west-central Ohio. The lifetime use of alcohol and other drugs is common among all groups. Proportionally fewer boys in rural schools than boys in suburban schools reported the use of marijuana, inhalants, and LSD, or recent episodes of drunkenness. No statistically significant differences emerged between girls in rural and, suburban schools. Afterschool employment practices may help explain the observed differences. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]     

High enhancer,downer, withdrawal helper: Multifunctional nonmedical benzodiazepine use among young adult opioid users in New York City

BackgroundBenzodiazepines are a widely prescribed psychoactive drug; in the U.S., both medical and nonmedical use of benzodiazepines has increased markedly in the past 15 years. Long-term use can lead to tolerance and dependence, and abrupt withdrawal can cause seizures or other life-threatening symptoms. Benzodiazepines are often used nonmedically in conjunction with other drugs, and with opioids in particular—a combination that can increase the risk for fatal and non-fatal overdose. This mixed-methods study examines nonmedical use of benzodiazepines among young adults in New York City and its relationship with opioid use.MethodsFor qualitative analysis, 46 90-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted with young adult opioid users (ages 18–32). Interviews were transcribed and coded for key themes. For quantitative analysis, 464 young adult opioid users (ages 18–29) were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling and completed structured interviews. Benzodiazepine use was assessed via a self-report questionnaire that included measures related to nonmedical benzodiazepine and opioid use.ResultsParticipants reported using benzodiazepines nonmedically for a wide variety of reasons, including: to increase the high of other drugs; to lessen withdrawal symptoms; and to come down from other drugs. Benzodiazepines were described as readily available and cheap. There was a high prevalence (93%) of nonmedical benzodiazepine use among nonmedical opioid users, with 57% reporting regular nonmedical use. In bivariate analyses, drug-related risk behaviours such as polysubstance use, drug binging, heroin injection and overdose were strongly associated with regular nonmedical benzodiazepine use. In multivariate analysis, growing up in a middle-income household (earning between $51,000 and $100,000 annually), lifetime overdose experience, having ever used cocaine regularly, having ever been prescribed benzodiazepines, recent drug binging, and encouraging fellow drug users to use benzodiazepines to cope with opioid withdrawal were consistently strong predictors of regular nonmedical benzodiazepine use.ConclusionNonmedical benzodiazepine use may be common among nonmedical opioid users due to its drug-related multi-functionality. Harm reduction messages should account for the multiple functions benzodiazepines serve in a drug-using context, and encourage drug users to tailor their endorsement of benzodiazepines to peers to include safer alternatives.     

Predictors and consequences of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents

Background/Aims

The simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis is common among adolescents, but has been little studied. In this study, we examine predictors and consequences of this behavior in a population-based sample of high school students.

Method

Self-reports were obtained from students in Quebec (Canada) followed throughout high school (N = 6589). Logistic regressions were used to test the association between individual, family, and peer-related predictors in grades 7–8 and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in grade 10, as well as between simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in grade 10 and experiencing 3 or more substance-related problems of various types (legal, physical, etc.) in grade 11.

Results

Most predictors in grades 7–8 were associated with simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in grade 10. Only variables reflecting early-onset substance use involvement — alcohol intoxication, cannabis use, and drug use by close friend(s) — remained predictive in a multivariate model. Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use was associated with increased substance-related problems in grade 11, above and beyond baseline problems and the concurrent use of the two substances in separate episodes in grade 10.

Conclusions

Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use 1) is anticipated by multiple psychosocial risk factors which come together with individual and peer substance use in early high school and 2) is independently predictive of subsequent substance-related problems. Providing adolescents with adequate information regarding the potential harm of simultaneous use may be a useful prevention strategy.     

心血管医院住院患者抗高血压药物用药分析

目的了解心血管病专科医院口服抗高血压药物的使用情况,促进合理用药。方法对心内科2008年7月至12月份住院患者口服抗高血压药的用药品种、药物利用指数（DUI）、用药频度（DDDs）及联用药物合理性等进行统计分析。结果口服抗高血压药物使用例次排序前4位为钙离子拮抗剂、利尿剂、β-受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）。DDDs排序前3位是硝苯地平控释片、氢氯噻嗪片、美托洛尔片。结论该院抗高血压药物使用基本合理。