景天止痛膏质量标准研究

目的 修订景天止痛膏质量标准中的测定方法。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对当归、川芎、元胡、三七总皂苷进行定性鉴别,应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定制剂中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁的含量。结果 TLC法鉴别专属性强,分离度好;三七皂苷R₁在0.1604～2.0050μg (r=0.999)、人参皂苷Rg₁在0.8003～10.0035μg (r=1.000)、人参皂苷Rb₁在0.6182～7.7275μg (r=1.000) 范围内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率分别为101. 43% 、98.75% 、100. 95% ,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为2.56% 、2.71% 、2.75%。结论 本方法准确可靠、灵敏度高,可用于景天止痛膏的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定清肠栓中樟脑残留量和冰片含量

目的 建立清肠栓中樟脑残留物和冰片含量的气相测定方法。方法 采用气相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）,柱温为140 ℃,进样口温度250 ℃,检测器（FID）温度为250 ℃。结果 樟脑、龙脑和异龙脑在0.0299~1.497μg（r=1.000）、0.0205~1.025μg（r=1.000）、0.0097~0.4830 μg（r=1.000）范围内呈现良好的线性关系。精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2%,平均加样回收率分别为99.7%、101.0%、102.5%。结论 该方法准确、可靠、简便快速,可用于清肠栓中龙脑含量的测定。     

HPLC 法同时测定陈香露白露片中7个成分的含量

目的 构建同步测定陈香露白露片中甘草苷、甘草酸铵、橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素、木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯含量的HPLC法。方法 采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml/min,柱温35 ℃,检测波长237 nm（检测甘草苷、甘草酸铵、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯）、283 nm（检测橙皮苷）、330 nm（检测川陈皮素、橘皮素）,进样量10 μl,对采集的16批次样品进行7种成分的含量检测。结果 甘草苷、橙皮苷、甘草酸铵、川陈皮素、橘皮素、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯的线性范围分别为1.110~55.72（r=0.9992）、22.15~1108（r=0.9995）、6.140~307.2（r=0.9995）、1.130~56.25（r=0.9997）、0.3700~18.75（r=0.9982）、0.5200~26.01（r=0.9991）、1.180~58.95（r=0.9999）μg/ml。回收率（n=9）分别为98.71%、98.12%、98.44%、98.22%、99.17%、99.18%、97.93%,RSD分别为0.16%、0.67%、0.57 %、0.62%、0.48%、0.56%、0.58%。16批样品中甘草苷、甘草酸铵、橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯的含量分别为0.1250~1.174、2.354~7.426、1.822~27.21、0.0370~1.399、0.0723~0.4433、0.0140~0.1990、0.2207~1.407 mg/g。结论 该方法准确性高、重复性好、耐用性强,可用于陈香露白露片的质量控制和评价。     

复方酮康唑软膏的制备与稳定性考察

目的 制备复方酮康唑软膏并考察其稳定性。方法 以酮康唑、莫匹罗星和糠酸莫米松为主药,以聚乙二醇（PEG）为基质制备软膏;利用影响因素试验考察软膏中药物的稳定性。结果 PEG400和PEG3350的比例为2：1时,软膏的黏度最佳,易于涂展。制成软膏后,高温下糠酸莫米松和莫匹罗星稳定性良好;酮康唑有少许分解,加入0.5%的抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯（L-A）后,酮康唑的含量明显提高。加速试验发现,放置6个月后软膏的颜色无变化,3种药物的含量均在98%以上。结论 本实验成功制备了新型复方酮康唑软膏,药物稳定性良好。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸赛庚啶的有关物质

目的 建立测定盐酸赛庚啶有关物质的高效液相色谱法。方法 选用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-缓冲液[称取辛烷磺酸钠2.16 g,加水约500 ml,溶解,加入冰醋酸10.0 ml和三乙胺5.0 ml,加水至1 000 ml,摇匀,用三乙胺调节pH至7.0]（85：15,V/V）,过滤并脱气;流速：1.0 ml/min;检测波长：286 nm;进样量：10 μl;柱温：25℃。结果 盐酸赛庚啶和杂质A、B、C的线性范围分别为0.056 2~5.620 μg/ml（r=0.999 8）,0.052 4~5.240 μg/ml（r=1.000 0）,0.050 3~5.032 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）,0.053 2~5.316 μg/ml（r=0.999 7）;盐酸赛庚啶和杂质A、B、C的定量限在0.049~0.054 μg/m1之间,检测限在0.019~0.022 μg/ml之间;回收率在98%~100%之间;重复性RSD为5.5%（n=6）。结论 该方法简便灵敏,结果准确可靠,重复性好,可用于盐酸赛庚啶有关物质的质量控制。     

百贝益肺胶囊含量测定的方法改进

目的 增加评价指标,建立科学、合理的百贝益肺胶囊含量测定方法。方法 C₁₈小柱纯化样品,优化色谱条件为：Vp-ODS色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;柱温：20℃;变动流速;流动相：乙腈（A）-水（B）,梯度洗脱;进样量：10 μL;检测波长：203 nm。结果 所测成分三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁分别在40.24~241.44（r=0.999 6）,91.50~549.00（r=0.999 9）,35.72~241.32（r=0.999 8）μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好;加样回收率为94.15%~99.81%,RSD为1.12%~1.94%。结论 该方法准确,重复性良好,可为修订标准提供依据。     

HPLC法测定麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的 建立麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,色谱柱：Wondasil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（5：95）;流速：1 ml/min;检测波长：215 nm;柱温：30℃;进样量：10 μl。结果 盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱的质量浓度分别在4.231~42.31 μg/ml（r=0.999 7）、1.187~11.87 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）范围内与各自峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为分别为98.9%、98.1%;RSD分别为0.48%、0.64%。结论 该法准确度高、重复性好, 可用于麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定跌打丸中3种有效成分的含量

目的 探讨建立同时测定跌打丸中芍药苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ和丹皮酚含量的方法。方法 采用Agilent ZORBAX C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流速为0.8 mL·min^-1,以乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;检测波长为230,212,274 nm。结果 芍药苷进样量在0.514 8~1.544 5 μg与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为97.01%（RSD=0.94%,n=6）。川续断皂苷Ⅵ在3.023 8~9.071 4 μg线性关系良好（r=0.999 2）,平均回收率为98.44%（RSD=0.26%,n=6）。丹皮酚在0.101 2~0.303 6 μg线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为97.84%（RSD=0.42%,n=6）。结论 建立的方法简便可行,重复性好,灵敏度高,可有效控制跌打丸的质量。     

15个产地玄参中哈巴苷与哈巴俄苷含量测定

目的 建立HPLC法同时测定玄参中哈巴苷、哈巴俄苷的含量。方法 采用HPLC-PDA法测定,固定相采用Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱,以乙腈–0.03%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 ml/min;检测波长210、280 nm。结果 哈巴苷、哈巴俄苷分别在0.1020～0.5100 mg/ml（r=0.9999）、0.0340～0.1700 mg/ml（r=0.9999）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为97.44%、97.08%,RSD分别为0.93%、1.24%。不同产地之间哈巴苷与哈巴俄苷含量差异大（P<0.01）,其中、四川陇东、浙江临安、磐安、河南南丰含量较高。结论 该方法稳定准确,重复性好,可用于玄参的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定小蓟配方颗粒中蒙花苷和芹菜素的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定小蓟配方颗粒中蒙花苷和芹菜素含量的方法。方法 采用Diamonsil-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈-1%冰醋酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：335 nm,柱温：30℃。结果 蒙花苷和芹菜素进样量分别在0.3~1.5 μg（r=0.999 4）和0.075~0.375 μg（r=0.999 7）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;加样回收率分别为99.19%和99.12%,RSD分别为1.27%和1.26%。结论 该方法操作简便,重复性好,可用于小蓟配方颗粒中蒙花苷和芹菜素的含量测定。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.