阿魏酸钠对抗Aβ(25-35)致大鼠学习记忆障碍与IL-1β和p38MAPK表达的相关性探讨

目的研究阿魏酸钠(sod ium feru late)对抗Aβ25-35致大鼠学习记忆障碍与白介素-1β(IL-1β)和丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶p38(M itogen-activated prote in k inase,p38MAPK)表达的相关性。方法大鼠脑室内一次性注射Aβ25-35制备AD动物模型,通过大鼠行为学和海马CA1区的病理学改变观察阿魏酸钠的作用。W estern b lot和ELISA方法检测磷酸化p38MAPK和IL-1β蛋白表达量的变化。RT-PCR分析FasLmRNA表达水平。结果脑室内注射Aβ25-35可使大鼠出现明显的学习记忆障碍,即逃避潜伏期明显延长,原平台象限游泳时间占总游泳时间百分比明显降低。这些行为学的改变伴随有海马CA1区星形胶质细胞激活和浸润,IL-1β蛋白表达和FasL mRNA表达水平明显增加,海马CA1区锥体神经元损伤。另外,Aβ25-35也能引起磷酸化的p38MAPK蛋白表达明显增加。阿魏酸钠(50,100,250 mg.kg-1,连续应用4 wk)与阳性对照药布洛芬(15 mg.kg-1)均能明显对抗Aβ25-35所致大鼠学习记忆障碍,抑制Aβ25-35引起的IL-1β、磷酸化p38MAPK和FasL mRNA表达增加,海马CA1区锥体神经元的损伤和星形胶质细胞激活和浸润也被明显减轻。结论阿魏酸钠通过抑制Aβ25-35引起的海马炎症反应和p38MAPK活性,减轻大鼠海马锥体神经元的损伤,改善大鼠的学习记忆功能。     

芥子碱对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的认知功能障碍小鼠海马神经元再生的影响

目的探讨芥子碱对Aβ25-35诱导的认知功能障碍小鼠海马神经元再生的影响。方法采用侧脑室内注射Aβ25-35诱导认知功能障碍小鼠模型,并分为4组:假手术组、Aβ25-35组、假手术+芥子碱组和Aβ25-35+芥子碱组。采用Y型电迷宫法检测学习和记忆行为;TUNEL法检测海马CA1区的神经元凋亡情况;ELISA法检测海马的丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;Western blot法检测海马生长相关蛋白43(GAP-43)和突触素(P38)的蛋白水平。结果相比于假手术组,Aβ25-35组的学习次数、海马MDA和TNF-α的水平增加,记忆次数减少、海马CA1区神经元凋亡率升高、GAP-43和P38的蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);而芥子碱处理可改善以上症状,但仍与假手术组有差异。结论芥子碱可改善Aβ25-35诱导的认知功能障碍小鼠的学习和记忆功能障碍,降低海马神经元凋亡,并缓解海马区与神经再生相关蛋白及分子的水平。     

反式白藜芦醇对Aβ25-35诱导的阿尔兹海默病小鼠模型学习记忆的改善作用

目的 观察反式白藜芦醇对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)模型小鼠记忆损伤的改善作用。方法 小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和反式白藜芦醇10,20,40 mg·kg^-1组。在小鼠海马CA1区注射Aβ25-35后给予反式白藜芦醇10 d,采用水迷宫试验观察药物对小鼠学习记忆的影响,免疫组化法观察各组小鼠海马CA1区神经元可塑性变化,western-blot法检测神经可塑性相关蛋白的表达变化。结果 40?mg·kg^-1反式白藜芦醇能明显缩短AD小鼠寻找平台的潜伏期,增加原平台所在象限的停留时间和穿越次数;20,40 mg·kg^-1反式白藜芦醇能增加海马CA1区神经元顶端树突的长度和树突的密度;40 mg·kg^-1反式白藜芦醇能增加AD小鼠海马CA1区BDNF、pCREB以及c-fos蛋白的表达。结论 反式白藜芦醇能逆转Aβ引起的小鼠的学习记忆损伤,其机制可能与改善海马神经元的神经可塑性有关。     

脐带间充质干细胞通过上调神经营养因子表达改善Aβ损伤大鼠的学习记忆能力

目的观察人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,h UCMSCs)对β-样淀粉蛋白(amyloidβ,Aβ)损伤大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并探讨神经营养因子(neurotrophin,NT)在h UCMSCs改善大鼠学习记忆能力中的作用。方法实验分5组,分别为:空白对照组(control,con)、Aβ溶剂对照组(v-con)、人脐带间充质干细胞对照组(h UCMSCs-con)、Aβ损伤组(injury),以及人脐带间充质干细胞治疗组(h UCMSCs)。双侧海马CA1区定位注射Aβ制备阿尔茨海默样学习记忆障碍大鼠模型;通过Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;通过硫堇尼氏体染色观察海马CA1区细胞区形态;通过ELISA分析神经营养因子含量。结果侧脑室注射脐带间充质干细胞可改善Aβ损伤大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,对抗Aβ损伤大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞损伤,增加Aβ损伤大鼠海马组织神经营养因子表达。结论脐带间充质干细胞可对抗Aβ的神经毒性作用,改善Aβ损伤大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,其神经保护作用与增加海马组织中神经营养因子表达有关。     

JNK信号转导通路在Aβ25-35致大鼠海马损伤中的作用机制研究

目的：探讨JNK—c-Jun信号转导通路在β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）25-35致大鼠海马神经元损伤中的可能作用机制。方法：SD大鼠随机分成Aβ25-35组和生理盐水对照组，采用立体定向法，给Aβ25-35组大鼠右侧海马CA1区微量注射Aβ25-35，每点3μl（10μg／ml），给生理盐水对照组大鼠注入等体积生理盐水。     

楠竹叶提取物对D-半乳糖诱导的小鼠认知损伤和氧化应激损伤的改善作用

目的：研究楠竹的竹叶提取物（bamboo leaf extracts,BLE）对D-半乳糖（D-galactose,D-gal）诱导的小鼠认知损伤和氧化应激损伤的改善作用。方法：32只小鼠随机分为对照组、D-gal组、BLE组（1 g·kg-1）和维生素E（VE）组（100 mg·kg-1）。D-gal组、BLE组和VE组采用皮下注射D-gal 50 mg·kg-1,每天一次,连续给药共8周造模。水迷宫实验检测小鼠学习记忆能力,同时测定海马中超氧化合物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量。免疫印迹法检测海马中突触后密度蛋白-95（PSD-95）和突触小泡蛋白（SYN）表达情况。结果：给予BLE饲料后,D-gal诱导的小鼠学习记忆损伤得到改善。脑组织中SOD、CAT和GSH的含量增加,MDA的含量减少。D-gal可降低海马中PSD-95和SYN的蛋白表达,而给予BLE饲料后,海马中PSD-95和SYN的蛋白表达增加。结论：BLE可改善D-gal诱导的小鼠学习记忆障碍和脑损伤。     

黄芩茎叶总黄酮对AD大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及机制研究

目的：探讨黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)对大鼠双侧海马注射Aβ25－35引起的大鼠学习记忆功能和海马神经元形态变化的影响及机制。方法：将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、总黄酮组，对照组及模型组灌胃纯化水，qd，d 8对照组海马注射生理盐水，继续灌胃；模型组双侧海马注射Aβ25－35（5 μL），其他同对照组；给药组总黄酮（50 mg?kg-1，ig，qd)，d 8海马注射Aβ，继续灌胃，三组于d 15采用Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆能力，测5 d，处死，硫堇Nissl染色观察海马神经元的变化，检测血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期较对照组明显延长（P<0.05），给药组大鼠逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短（P<0.05）；模型组海马CA1区局部神经细胞带脱失，脱失处胶质细胞增多，给药组细胞损伤较轻；模型组大鼠血清中MDA显著高于对照组（P<0.05），给药组血清中MDA明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。结论：黄芩茎叶总黄酮对海马注射Aβ25－35引起大鼠学习记忆能力降低及海马神经元形态变化具有保护作用，其机制可能是减少Aβ引起的脂质过氧化产物增多引起的氧化应激，并可对抗Aβ引起的胶质细胞增多。     

黄芩茎叶总黄酮对AD大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及机制研究

目的：探讨黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)对大鼠双侧海马注射Aβ25－35引起的大鼠学习记忆功能和海马神经元形态变化的影响及机制。方法：将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、总黄酮组，对照组及模型组灌胃纯化水，qd，d 8对照组海马注射生理盐水，继续灌胃；模型组双侧海马注射Aβ25－35（5 μL），其他同对照组；给药组总黄酮（50 mg?kg-1，ig，qd)，d 8海马注射Aβ，继续灌胃，三组于d 15采用Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆能力，测5 d，处死，硫堇Nissl染色观察海马神经元的变化，检测血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期较对照组明显延长（P<0.05），给药组大鼠逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短（P<0.05）；模型组海马CA1区局部神经细胞带脱失，脱失处胶质细胞增多，给药组细胞损伤较轻；模型组大鼠血清中MDA显著高于对照组（P<0.05），给药组血清中MDA明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。结论：黄芩茎叶总黄酮对海马注射Aβ25－35引起大鼠学习记忆能力降低及海马神经元形态变化具有保护作用，其机制可能是减少Aβ引起的脂质过氧化产物增多引起的氧化应激，并可对抗Aβ引起的胶质细胞增多。     

黄芩茎叶总黄酮对AD大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及机制研究

目的：探讨黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)对大鼠双侧海马注射Aβ25－35引起的大鼠学习记忆功能和海马神经元形态变化的影响及机制。方法：将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、总黄酮组，对照组及模型组灌胃纯化水，qd，d 8对照组海马注射生理盐水，继续灌胃；模型组双侧海马注射Aβ25－35（5 μL），其他同对照组；给药组总黄酮（50 mg?kg-1，ig，qd)，d 8海马注射Aβ，继续灌胃，三组于d 15采用Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆能力，测5 d，处死，硫堇Nissl染色观察海马神经元的变化，检测血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期较对照组明显延长（P<0.05），给药组大鼠逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短（P<0.05）；模型组海马CA1区局部神经细胞带脱失，脱失处胶质细胞增多，给药组细胞损伤较轻；模型组大鼠血清中MDA显著高于对照组（P<0.05），给药组血清中MDA明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。结论：黄芩茎叶总黄酮对海马注射Aβ25－35引起大鼠学习记忆能力降低及海马神经元形态变化具有保护作用，其机制可能是减少Aβ引起的脂质过氧化产物增多引起的氧化应激，并可对抗Aβ引起的胶质细胞增多。     

黄芩茎叶总黄酮对AD大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及机制研究

目的：探讨黄芩茎叶总黄酮(SSTF)对大鼠双侧海马注射Aβ25－35引起的大鼠学习记忆功能和海马神经元形态变化的影响及机制。方法：将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、总黄酮组,对照组及模型组灌胃纯化水,qd,d 8对照组海马注射生理盐水,继续灌胃;模型组双侧海马注射Aβ25－35（5 μL）,其他同对照组;给药组总黄酮（50 mg?kg-1,ig,qd),d 8海马注射Aβ,继续灌胃,三组于d 15采用Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠学习记忆能力,测5 d,处死,硫堇Nissl染色观察海马神经元的变化,检测血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期较对照组明显延长（P<0.05）,给药组大鼠逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短（P<0.05）;模型组海马CA1区局部神经细胞带脱失,脱失处胶质细胞增多,给药组细胞损伤较轻;模型组大鼠血清中MDA显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,给药组血清中MDA明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。结论：黄芩茎叶总黄酮对海马注射Aβ25－35引起大鼠学习记忆能力降低及海马神经元形态变化具有保护作用,其机制可能是减少Aβ引起的脂质过氧化产物增多引起的氧化应激,并可对抗Aβ引起的胶质细胞增多。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.