牡蛎肽生物活性最新研究进展

功能肽是指具有特异性生理活性或对生命活动有保护作用的复合肽类物质,又称生物活性肽。牡蛎中含有大量蛋白质,可以作为生物活性肽开发的优质材料,具有巨大的功能性食品潜力,在制药和医疗行业具有很大的应用价值。伴随着现代生物医药科技的革新,牡蛎肽萃取方法学的创新发展,牡蛎肽的生物活性和吸收率不断提高,使得对牡蛎肽生物学功能的认识不断深入,同时为其广泛应用提供了更加广阔的前景。概述牡蛎肽多样化活性的相关研究,为牡蛎肽的进一步发展应用提供新的线索和方向。     

牡蛎水溶性抽提物对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞转化功能和NK细胞活性的影响

牡蛎软体部份水溶性油提物具有明显提高小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞转化功能及NK细胞活性.表明牡蛎作为一种保健药品具有应用价值。     

黄连牡蛎膏对兔耳痤疮实验模型抗角化作用的研究

目的 建立痤疮实验模型,以观察黄连牡蛎膏的抗角化作用.方法 采用Kligman法将煤焦油外涂于白色家兔耳管开口处,每日1次,连续2周进行造模.将造模后的白色家兔分为5组,并在各组家兔兔耳造模部位分别外涂生理盐水、黄连牡蛎膏基质、高剂量黄连牡蛎膏、低剂量黄连牡蛎青及维A酸乳膏,每日2次,连续2周.结果 与模型对照组(外涂生理盐水组)相比,高剂量黄连牡蛎膏组(P＜0.01)、低剂量黄连牡蛎膏组(P＜0.05)及维A酸乳膏组(P＜0.05)对兔耳痤疮实验模型的毛囊扩张、毛囊内角化物增多等均具有明显的减轻作用,黄连牡蛎膏基质组无明显疗效(P＞0.05).结论 黄连牡蛎膏具有抗毛囊皮脂腺导管角化作用.     

牡蛎多糖防治心血管病及其它生物活性

以自行设计的方法从牡蛎(Ostrea gigas,Thunberg)中提取牡蛎多糖,具有降血脂、抗凝血、抗血栓、促进机体免疫功能和抗白细胞下降等作用。     

牡蛎营养钙粉促进断乳大鼠生长发育的实验研究

目的对牡蛎营养钙粉促进断乳大鼠生长发育的作用进行实验研究。方法参考《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》中的改善生长发育功能检验方法进行实验,检测大鼠体重、身长和食物利用率等指标。结果牡蛎营养钙粉能显著增加大鼠体重、身长和食物利用率。结论牡蛎营养钙粉具有促进断乳大鼠生长发育的作用。     

基于中医传承计算平台探究牡蛎和煅牡蛎临床用药规律

目的 通过分析临床使用牡蛎和煅牡蛎的中药处方治疗疾病的用药情况,为牡蛎和煅牡蛎用药规律的深入挖掘提供参考。方法 收集2019年医院门诊使用牡蛎及煅牡蛎治疗疾病的处方,共计4 352张。通过中医传承计算平台V3.0软件,运用软件的频次统计、关联规则、聚类分析等功能,分析牡蛎的治疗疾病、用药配伍、性味归经等规律。结果 在4 352张处方中,证型治疗方面,牡蛎以肝气郁结、肝郁脾虚证为主;煅牡蛎则以治疗脾胃气虚证为多。疾病治疗方面,牡蛎多用于不寐;煅牡蛎集中在胃脘痛。常用药物配伍方面,牡蛎与龙骨、柴胡等药配伍应用为多;煅牡蛎与柴胡、茯苓、煅龙骨等药配伍应用为多。牡蛎和煅牡蛎最常用的剂量均为30g。性味归经方面,牡蛎和煅牡蛎配伍用药多为性温、寒或平,味甘、苦或辛。但牡蛎配伍用药偏性寒（39.21%）,归肝经（16.75%）、脾经（16.23%）、肺经（16.12%）,煅牡蛎配伍用药偏性温（38.19%）,归脾经（22.13%）、肺经（19.64%）。结论 利用该平台得出牡蛎和煅牡蛎的核心药物配伍和配伍用药规律,可为牡蛎及煅牡蛎的临床合理应用提供参考。     

牡蛎多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨牡蛎多糖对Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒感染小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 采用巨噬细胞体外培养方法,观察小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力、胸腺指数和脾脏指数的变化.结果 随牡蛎多糖剂量的增加,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力显著增强,与病毒组比较,差异有显著意义(P＜0.05或0.01).阿昔洛韦组和牡蛎多糖低、中、高剂量组胸腺指数与正常对照组比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.05或0.01),牡蛎多糖高剂量组与病毒组比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).牡蛎多糖中、高剂量组脾脏指数与正常对照组比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.05或0.01),牡蛎多糖高剂量组与病毒组比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论 牡蛎多糖能显著提高Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒感染小鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数,增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力,具有免疫增强作用.     

煅烧对僧帽牡蛎壳的形态与抗氧化及凝血活性的影响

目的 研究煅烧对僧帽牡蛎壳的形态、体外抗氧化和凝血活性的影响。方法 采用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)观察表面形态及元素变化；利用DPPH法及FRAP法评价抗氧化活性；使用凝血分析仪检测对凝血因子APTT、PT和TT的影响。结果 僧帽牡蛎壳经煅烧后,表面性状发生变化,其清除DPPH自由基和总抗氧化能力增强,且随着煅烧温度的升高而增加,并显示一定的浓度依赖性；煅烧后的牡蛎壳能显著缩短凝血酶原时间PT,提示具有促凝血作用。结论 僧帽牡蛎壳煅烧后抗氧化活性和止血作用增强,研究为僧帽牡蛎的综合开发利用提供基础数据。     

龙骨牡蛎临床应用浅析

分析龙骨、牡蛎临床生用和煅用的不同功效。龙骨味甘涩，性平，归心、肝、肾经。牡蛎味咸涩，性微寒，归肝、肾经。两者生用都具有镇静安神、平肝潜阳的作用，煅用则具有固涩收敛、吸湿敛疮生肌、制酸止痛等作用。     

渤海湾密鳞牡蛎营养成分分析

本文对渤海湾密鳞牡蛎进行了较全面的营养成分分析。结果表明:密鳞牡蛎具有富含牛磺酸(50μmol/g wet wt.)锌、硒的特点;低脂肪、低胆固醇,且含有一定量的高度多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA+DHA占FA总量的20.4％)、无机盐、维生素含量也很丰富。研究结果为开发研制牡蛎保健食品提供了科学依据。     

Effects of salinity,heavy metals and pesticides on health and physiology of oysters in the Caloosahatchee Estuary,Florida

The Caloosahatchee Estuary has been exhibiting signs of impaired ecological health due to the extensive hydrological alteration, agricultural land use, and increasing watershed development. This project investigated the responses of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica at five locations in the Caloosahatchee River in relation to salinity changes, levels of heavy metals, pesticides, and PCBs in the water as well as in the oyster tissue. Individual heavy metal and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in oysters varied significantly between sampling locations and sampling months. PCB concentrations in oyster tissues were below detection limits as were the metal, pesticide and PCB concentrations in water at all the sampling locations. Both heavy metal and pesticide concentrations decreased with increasing distance downstream indicating upstream source of contaminants. The highly pathogenic oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus infection intensity (level) and prevalence (% infected oysters), condition index, spat recruitment, and gonadal index showed a seasonal trend varying with spawning activity and increased downstream. However, juvenile oyster growth was higher at upstream estuarine locations. Oyster responses varied more with seasonal programming (salinity), rather than due to contaminant levels. While significant correlations were noted between some oyster responses and metal concentrations in oyster tissues, overall metal concentrations were low compared to national averages. It appears that oyster health in the Caloosahatchee River is influenced more by freshwater inflow and resulting salinity fluctuations, rather than due to the measured contaminants.     

牡蛎活性肽的制备及其理化性质的初步研究

目的从牡蛎蛋白质的酶解物中分离制备活性肽并对其理化性质进行初步研究。方法采用胰蛋白酶对牡蛎蛋白质进行酶解,使其释放出具备特殊活性的活性肽,将含有活性肽的粗提物分别用Sephadex G25凝胶柱层析,DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换柱层析和C18反相柱进行分离和纯化。结果牡蛎活性肽粗提物经过分离纯化制备出3个组分F31,F32,F41。组分F32,F41的等电点分别是7.12和7.08;组分F31,F32,F41的相对分子质量分别为885,810及409;其蛋白含量分别为51.9%,80.2%及99.8%;其糖含量分别为19.2%,4.3%及0%。结论以胰蛋白酶作用的最佳条件采用一步酶解的工艺,牡蛎蛋白质可以得到良好的酶解,同时得到的牡蛎活性肽粗提物活性较高。     

Brevetoxin metabolism and elimination in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) after controlled exposures to Karenia brevis.

The metabolism and elimination of brevetoxins were examined in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) following controlled exposures to Karenia brevis cultures in the laboratory. After a 2-day exposure period ( approximately 62 million cells/oyster), elimination of brevetoxins and their metabolites was monitored by using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Composite toxin in oyster extracts was measured by in vitro assay (i.e. cytotoxicity, receptor binding, and ELISA). Of the parent algal toxins, PbTx-1 and PbTx-2 were not detectable by LC/MS in K. brevis-exposed oysters. PbTx-3 and PbTx-9, which are accumulated directly from K. brevis and through metabolic reduction of PbTx-2 in the oyster, were at levels initially (after exposure) of 0.74 and 0.49 microg equiv./g, respectively, and were eliminated largely within 2 weeks after dosing. PbTx-7 and PbTx-10, the reduced forms of PbTx-1, were non-detectable. Conjugative brevetoxin metabolites identified previously in field-exposed oysters were confirmed in the laboratory-exposed oysters. Cysteine conjugates of PbTx-1 and PbTx-2, and their sulfoxides, were in the highest abundance, as apparent in LC/MS ion traces, and were detectable for up to 6 months after dosing. Composite toxin measurements by in vitro assay also reflected persistence (up to 6 months) of brevetoxin residues in the oyster. Levels of cysteine conjugates, as determined by LC/MS, were well correlated with those of composite toxin, as measured by ELISA, throughout depuration. Composite toxin levels by cytotoxicity assay were well correlated with those by receptor binding assay. Cysteine-PbTx conjugates are useful LC/MS determinants of brevetoxin exposure and potential markers for composite toxin in the Eastern oyster.     

酶法制备牡蛎抗氧化肽研究

目的优化牡蛎酶解制备抗氧化肽的工艺。方法通过正交试验法确定胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及这两种蛋白酶的酶解液抗氧化(Fenton体系)的最佳工艺条件;采用Sephadex G-25葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法对酶解液中抗氧化肽进行分离纯化。结果胃蛋白酶最佳酶解条件:温度35℃、加酶量2.5%、时间6h、pH 2.0,在此条件下清除率达到50%时的酶解液浓度(EC50)为1.929mg.mL-1;胰蛋白酶最佳酶解条件:温度45℃、加酶量2%、时间8h、pH 7.5,EC50为1.165mg.mL-1;胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶分步酶解法的酶解液EC50为0.869mg.mL-1。双酶酶解液经纯化后,得相对分子质量为751的抗氧化活性肽组分(BPO-Ⅱ),其EC50为0.529mg.mL-1。结论双酶酶解法优于单酶酶解法,从双酶酶解液中分离纯化得抗氧化肽BPO-Ⅱ。     

The development of an aquatic bivalve model: evaluating the toxic effects on gametogenesis following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) exposure in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

The objective of this study is to develop a gametogenesis protocol to serve as a model for evaluating the toxic effects of chemicals on oogenesis and spermatogenesis in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). The compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) was selected as a "proof of principle" toxicant to examine developmental toxicity in this invertebrate system. The studies were designed to: (1) test the model using 2,3,7,8-TCDD and (2) to use histopathological evaluations to characterize the effects on oocyte and sperm development during stages of gametogenesis. 2,3,7,8-TCDD at 10 pg/g resulted in significant histopathological gonadal lesions by day 14 of gametogenesis in both female and male oysters. These lesions resulted in complete inhibition of gonadogenesis. Studies also showed that a total body dose of 2 and 10 pg/g 2,3,7,8-TCDD caused adverse responses resulting in abnormal gametogenesis in female and male oysters, respectively, such as: (1) incomplete oocyte division, (2) inhibition of oocyte growth and maturation, (3) unsynchronized sperm development, and (4) inhibition of spermatogenesis. The eastern oyster is one of the most responsive invertebrate models tested to date for reproductive effects of chemicals. Therefore, the eastern oyster can be used as a sensitive toxicological model for examining the effects of dioxin-like compounds and other xenobiotics on gametogenesis. The reported studies show that environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (2-10 pg/g) have a significant adverse effect on oyster gametogenesis.     

Exposure to the Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Producer Alexandrium catenella Increases the Susceptibility of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas to Pathogenic Vibrios

The multifactorial etiology of massive Crassostrea gigas summer mortalities results from complex interactions between oysters, opportunistic pathogens and environmental factors. In a field survey conducted in 2014 in the Mediterranean Thau Lagoon (France), we evidenced that the development of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, which produces paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), was concomitant with the accumulation of PSTs in oyster flesh and the occurrence of C. gigas mortalities. In order to investigate the possible role of toxic algae in this complex disease, we experimentally infected C. gigas oyster juveniles with Vibrio tasmaniensis strain LGP32, a strain associated with oyster summer mortalities, after oysters were exposed to Alexandrium catenella. Exposure of oysters to A. catenella significantly increased the susceptibility of oysters to V. tasmaniensis LGP32. On the contrary, exposure to the non-toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense or to the haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea used as a foraging alga did not increase susceptibility to V. tasmaniensis LGP32. This study shows for the first time that A. catenella increases the susceptibility of Crassostrea gigas to pathogenic vibrios. Therefore, in addition to complex environmental factors explaining the mass mortalities of bivalve mollusks, feeding on neurotoxic dinoflagellates should now be considered as an environmental factor that potentially increases the severity of oyster mortality events.     

牡蛎提取物抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

以每天０．２ｍｌ剂量的牡蛎提取物连续１０ｄ胃饲荷ＨＡＣ鼠肝癌的Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠，发现主因瘤而下降的指标明显回升，包括总Ｔ细胞数，Ｔ辅助细胞百分比，丝裂原诱发的淋巴细胞转化强度，和ＮＫ细胞的杀伤活性。瘤重亦较对照组明显减轻，宿主成活期处长。用相同剂量的牡蛎提取物胃饲长有人结肠癌的裸鼠共１５ｄ，发现肿瘤体积明显减少为对照的４４．６％。     

Effects of intragastric administration of five oyster components on endurance exercise performance in mice

Context: Oysters [Crassostrea plicatula Gmelin (Ostreidae)] are widely used for food in coastal areas. It is reported to have several qualities such as improving sexual and immune function. They has been approved by Chinese Ministry of Health as a functional food.

Objective: The effects of five types of oyster components (oyster meat, oyster glycogen, oyster protein, cooked liquid components, and water-insoluble components) on the swimming endurance of mice were investigated.

Materials and methods: First, the amino acid composition and sugar content of the five oyster components were analyzed by a physicochemical test. In the in vivo test, the control group was administered distilled water, and the five intervention groups were treated with various samples for 15 consecutive days [0.8?mg protein/(g BW·d) or 0.2?mg glycogen/(g BW·d)]. The swimming time was recorded through the exhaustive swimming test. The levels of serum lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), liver glycogen, and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen were determined.

Results: Oyster protein had a minimum F-value (the mole ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids) (2.68), contained 1.85?mmol/mL taurine and no sugar. The components (except for oyster protein) significantly improved endurance capacity of mice and increased the liver and muscle glycogen contents (p?p?Discussion and conclusion: The effects of oyster components on the swimming endurance of mice may be attributed to the high ratio of the branched-chain amino acid composition, bioactivity of taurine, and glycogen.     

以牡蛎壳为钙源的谷氨酸螯合钙制备工艺研究

目的为了高值化利用海洋生物资源,以牡蛎加工产生的大量废弃物—牡蛎壳为钙源制备谷氨酸螯合钙。方法牡蛎壳经去除附着物、粉碎、水飞法处理制成粉末后与谷氨酸直接进行合成反应,以产率为考察指标,采用变量控制法从pH、摩尔配比、温度、反应时间4个方面探索最适的制备条件,并对产品进行红外光谱鉴定和螯合率测定。结果最佳工艺条件为谷氨酸与牡蛎壳粉CaCO3摩尔配比为2∶1.1~1.2,温度为70℃,反应液pH值为5~6,反应时间为1h。采用上述优化实验条件可使谷氨酸螯合钙产率达到89.7%,螯合率达94.5%。结论牡蛎壳粉不经煅烧可直接应用于谷氨酸螯合钙的制备.该工艺具有简便易行、绿色环保的特点,为高值化利用牡蛎壳奠定了基础。