1例重症肺炎并行CRRT及ECMO患者的抗感染治疗分析

摘 要重症感染患者在应用连续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）联合体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗时,体内抗菌药物血药浓度往往出现显著变化。临床药师通过监测1例患者的抗菌药物血药浓度,分析CRRT与ECMO对抗菌药物药动学的影响,并结合药学专业知识提出剂量调整方案,对患者开展个体化药学监护,旨在为临床提供相关治疗经验,提升临床药师参与临床的作用和价值。     

1例左氧氟沙星治疗耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌新生儿肺炎的病例分析及文献回顾

目的 探讨临床药师在耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌新生儿肺炎抗感染治疗中的作用。方法 回顾性分析临床药师参与1例左氧氟沙星治疗耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌新生儿肺炎抗感染治疗的案例。结果 临床药师通过对喹诺酮类药物用于新生儿感染的风险和益处进行评估,参与抗感染方案的调整,并对患儿的治疗过程进行药学监护。结论 在无安全有效的抗感染替代方案时,儿科患者使用氟喹诺酮类也是安全合理的,可根据氟喹诺酮类药物在儿科患者体内的药动学和药效学特征,确定合理的药物治疗方案,降低儿科患者耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性菌重症感染的致死率。     

1例新型冠状病毒肺炎合并重症感染患者ECMO联合CRRT治疗下抗感染治疗分析

摘要：临床药师参与1例危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎合并重症感染患者行体外膜肺氧合术（ECMO）联合连续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）的抗感染治疗过程,结合患者病情及文献资料,基于病原学检查结果、ECMO、CRRT对药物代谢影响以及治疗药物浓度监测结果,优化抗感染治疗方案。通过对药物治疗方案的调整,患者感染得到了控制,最终好转出院。     

碳青霉烯类抗生素致丙戊酸血药浓度降低

目的 探讨影响丙戊酸体内代谢的危险因素,促进合理用药水平,降低癫痫复发率。方法 分析2例给予丙戊酸后,血药浓度监测结果均小于1 μg/ml的患者。临床药师查阅文献,从药物相互作用、肝药酶活性及基因多态性等多方面积极分析并查找相关原因。结果 2例患者联合使用碳青霉烯类抗生素与丙戊酸,且同时服用肝药酶诱导剂苯巴比妥或利福霉素钠,促进丙戊酸代谢。基因型检测发现2例患者均携带CYP2C19突变型等位基因,丙戊酸代谢能力为中等或慢代谢。提示药物相互作用和CYP450催化活性增强是丙戊酸血药浓度降低的主要原因。结论 在碳青霉烯类抗生素和丙戊酸合用时,临床医生应密切关注丙戊酸血药浓度和癫痫发作症状。     

体外膜肺氧合治疗儿童重症肺炎中抗感染药物的治疗体会

为探讨体外膜肺氧合治疗的重症肺炎儿童患者的抗感染药物治疗方案及药学监护要点,笔者选择2018年11月-2019年5月因重症肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征,在本院接受体外膜肺氧合治疗的2例患者为研究对象。采用回顾性分析方法,采集患者的临床病例资料,对药学监护过程进行分析和总结。临床药师利用循证医学思维,从重症肺炎感染性病原分析,2例患者分别给予不同的经验用药、调整用药及口服序贯用药方案,并选择恰当的抗菌药物疗程,治疗成功。对于体外膜肺氧合治疗的儿童重症肺炎患者,临床应重视抗菌药物的合理使用。临床药师应根据患者病情与药物特点,协助临床医师制订个体化方案。     

1例耐碳青霉烯大肠埃希菌感染患者治疗分析

摘 要本文分析一例耐碳青霉烯大肠埃希菌（CRE）感染患者的药物治疗方案,以期为临床耐药菌感染治疗提供参考。在患者抗感染治疗方案的制定过程中,临床药师通过分析与评价,提出抗感染药物治疗建议：给予阿米卡星联合磷霉素、替加环素。医师采纳建议,患者感染症状控制较好。临床药师参与复杂难治性感染病例治疗可以为临床提供合理有效的用药建议,提高临床抗感染疗效。     

临床药师对行ECMO联合CRRT治疗的重症肺炎患者的个体化药学监护实践

体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)和连续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)是重症感染患者的救治手段之一,对抗菌药物的药代动力/药效学存在一定的影响。现临床药师参与1例行ECMO联合CRRT治疗的重症肺炎患者的诊疗过程,建议医师对患者进行药物浓度监测并协助医师分析ECMO和CRRT对治疗药物药代动力学的影响,调整用药方案。经治疗后患者双肺炎症好转出院。临床药师为行ECMO联合CRRT治疗的严重感染患者提供个体化药学监护,能够提高治疗效果。     

石棉肺合并肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的药学监护

目的：探讨肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染患者抗感染治疗过程中的药学服务实践。方法：临床药师参与1例石棉肺合并肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的抗感染治疗全过程,从药物选择、给药剂量、给药间隔等方面优化抗感染治疗方案,并密切监测药品不良反应。结果：患者病情得到有效控制,治疗29日后出院。结论：临床药师对患者抗感染治疗进行个体化用药监护,适当干预,协同临床优化治疗方案,保障用药安全、有效、合理。     

我院2016年碳青霉烯类抗生素使用强度与革兰阴性杆菌耐药率相关性分析

摘 要 目的：了解我院碳青霉烯类抗生素使用强度与临床常见革兰阴性杆菌对其耐药率的相关性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：统计2016年我院住院患者碳青霉烯类抗生素的使用情况,计算使用强度,并与同时期耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的检出率进行相关性分析。结果：2016年碳青霉烯类抗生素的使用强度为336.173,耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的检出率为10.22%,使用强度与检出率之间呈正相关(P=0.032)。结论：碳青霉烯类抗生素的使用量与耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的检出率之间存在相关性,应关注抗菌药的合理使用,减少耐药菌的产生。     

碳青霉烯类药物临床应用评价

目的 回顾性分析南京中医药大学附属南京医院碳青霉烯类特殊使用级抗菌药物的临床应用情况,评价该类药物使用的合理性,促进碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的合理使用。方法 采用回顾性分析的方法,收集2023年1月1日-2023年6月30日在南京中医药大学附属南京医院使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物364例住院患者的病历资料,对患者年龄、感染部位、微生物送检、病原菌培养、用药疗程、药物会诊、联合用药和患者用药后的转归等情况进行分析,并对该类药物的用药合理性进行评估。结果 364例使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物治疗的住院患者中以老年人居多,62.6%患者由于肺部感染使用该类药物治疗;用药前的微生物送检率为86.8%,主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌,用药疗程和联合用药情况基本符合预期目标;会诊率低,尤其是临床药师会诊率;治疗有效病例数为311例,占比85.4%;不良反应发生率为1.65%,症状均较轻微。结论 碳青霉烯类抗菌药物临床应用基本合理,对不合理情况应继续加强监管,促进该类药物的合理使用。     

1例重症患者抗感染个体化给药策略分析

目的 探讨对于重症感染的患者如何根据其特殊的病理生理状况制订个体化抗感染治疗方案。方法 临床药师参与1例急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病继发血流感染和肺部感染患者的抗感染治疗,通过分析其病理生理状况,运用治疗药物监测,协助临床医生制订个体化的给药方案。结果 患者初始抗感染治疗方案效果不佳,临床药师根据患者的个体情况和血药浓度监测结果调整给药方案,患者的感染得到控制,病情好转。结论 确保重症患者给药剂量达到药动学/药效学目标值是治疗成功的关键。     

A systematic review on pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients: role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Objective

Several factors including disease condition and different procedures could alter pharmacokinetic profile of drugs in critically ill patients. For optimizing patient''s outcome, changing in dosing regimen is necessary. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is one of the procedures which could change pharmacokinetic parameters.The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of ECMO support on pharmacokinetic parameters and subsequently pharmacotherapy.

Method

A systematic review was conducted by reviewing all papers found by searching following key words; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO, pharmacokinetic and pharmacotherapy in bibliography database.

Results

Different drug classes have been studied; mostly antibiotics. Almost all of the studies have been performed in neonates (as a case series). ECMO support is associated with altered pharmacokinetic parameters that may result in acute changes in plasma concentrations with potentially unpredictable pharmacological effect. Altreation in volume of distribution, protein binding, renal or hepatic clearance and sequestration of drugs by ECMO circuit may result in higher or lower doses requirement during ECMO. As yet, definite dosing guideline is not available.ECMO is extensively used recently for therapy and as a procedure affects pharmacokinetics profile along with other factors in critically ill patients. For optimizing the pharmacodynamic response and outcome of patients, drug regimen should be individualized through therapeutic drug monitoring whenever possible.     

1例重症监护室患者抗感染用药监护分析

目的 讨论临床药师在重症患者抗感染治疗过程中进行药学监护的重要性.方法 对1例长期昏迷、多部位感染的神经外科老年患者,临床药师根据经验治疗原则、病原学检查结果 和药敏结果 ,协助医生制定抗感染药物治疗方案,监测药品不良反应并及时对症处理.结果 经过系统性治疗,患者感染得到控制,转出监护室.结论 临床药师在危重症患者的抗感染治疗过程的全程药学监护对于提高患者的治疗效果具有重要意义.     

1例儿童细菌性脑膜炎的治疗分析与药学监护

目的探讨儿童细菌性脑膜炎药物治疗及药学监护的策略。方法借助相关指南及文献,对1例儿童细菌性脑膜炎的抗感染治疗、万古霉素的血药浓度监测(TDM)和剂量调整进行分析及讨论,向临床医生提供药物治疗措施和建议。结果通过对儿童细菌性脑膜炎的用药分析,结合病原学及药敏结果停用美罗培南,加用利福平;根据万古霉素监测浓度,延长其输注时间以达目标范围,医生部分采纳临床药师建议,患者病情好转出院。结论临床药师应依据药物治疗相关指南及最新研究证据为临床提供用药建议,以促进临床用药合理有效。     

英夫利西单抗药物监测对儿童克罗恩病患者54周治疗结局的影响

目的 英夫利西单抗药物谷浓度与抗体监测对儿童克罗恩病治疗54周临床结局的影响。方法 回顾分析2017年8月—2023年3月在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院诊断为克罗恩病的6~17岁患儿的临床资料，根据英夫利西单抗谷浓度及抗体监测方式分为被动监测组和主动监测组，比较2组患儿治疗54周结肠镜下黏膜愈合率、疾病活动度和实验室指标等结局。结果 研究共纳入77例克罗恩病患儿，英夫利西单抗谷浓度及抗体被动监测组34例，主动监测组43例，男性48例，女性29例。治疗54周主动监测组黏膜愈合率较被动监测组高，分别为80%(24/30)和46.43%(13/28)，2组相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.01)。治疗54周2组总的临床缓解率为84.42%(65/77)，被动监测组与主动监测组的临床缓解率分别为76.47%(26/34)和90.70%(39/43)，2组相比差异无统计学意义。实验室指标上，主动监测组超敏C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率和血清白蛋白水平改善较被动监测组显著。2组患儿抗英夫利西单抗抗体产生率差异无统计学意义。结论 对英夫利西单抗药物谷浓度与抗体进行主动监测与被动监测相比可能提高治疗54周时结肠镜下的黏膜愈合率。     

Altered Pharmacokinetics and Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Isavuconazole during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Drug pharmacokinetics may be significantly altered in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Ensuring the optimized effective dosing of antimicrobials on ECMO remains a challenge. To date, limited data are available regarding the optimal use of amphotericin and triazoles during ECMO. We report a case of altered pharmacokinetics, insufficient liposomal amphotericin B and isavuconazole levels, and the need for escalated doses during ECMO in a patient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to pulmonary blastomycosis. A 2-fold increase in the standard total daily dose of both drugs was necessary to overcome low serum concentrations thought to be secondary to drug loss from ECMO circuit sequestration. These findings have important implications for optimizing antimicrobial therapy in patients receiving ECMO to maximize therapeutic efficacy. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring for patients receiving antimicrobial therapy with concurrent ECMO may facilitate appropriate drug dosing to achieve adequate serum concentrations and optimize favorable patient outcomes. Further studies exploring antimicrobial pharmacokinetics during ECMO are needed to inform dosing recommendations in critically ill patients.     

On-ward participation of clinical pharmacists in a Chinese intensive care unit for patients with COVID-19: A retrospective,observational study

BackgroundThe practical experiences of active pharmacists involved in managing critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been rarely reported.ObjectiveThis work aimed to share professional experiences on medication optimization and provide a feasible reference for the pharmaceutical care of critically ill patients with COVID-19.MethodsThis study was conducted in a COVID-19-designated hospital in China. A group of dedicated clinical pharmacists participated in multidisciplinary rounds to optimize the treatments for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Consensus on medication recommendations was reached by a multidisciplinary team through bi-daily discussion. Related drug, classification, cause, and adjustment content for recommendations were recorded and reviewed.ResultsA total of 111 medication recommendations were supplied for 22 out of 33 (56.7%) critically ill patients from 1 February 2020 to 18 March 2020, and 106 (95.5%) of these were accepted. Among these recommendations, 64 (67.7%), 32 (28.8%), and 15 (13.5%) were related to antibiotics and antifungals, antiviral agents, and other drugs, respectively. Recommendation types significantly differed for different anti-infectives (p < 0.05). For antibiotics and antifungals, treatment effectiveness accounted for 60.9% of recommendation types, with 15 (38.5%) cases related to untreated infections. For antiviral agents, adverse drug events were the most common recommendation types (84.4%), with 20 (74.1%) cases related to liver function dysfunction. Discontinuation of suspected antiviral agents (66.7%) was usually recommended after the occurrence of adverse events that may progress and bring poor outcomes.ConclusionForceful and extensive on-ward participation is recommended for clinical pharmacists in managing critically ill patients. Our experiences highlight the need for special attention toward untreated infections and adverse events related to antiviral agents.