中药干热灭菌法和湿热灭菌法的效果比较

中药的灭菌问题是各方面都关心的问题,也是生产过程中不易解决的问题,中药的灭菌结果对中药的质量控制起了很关键的作用。笔者在临床工作中对几种常用中药的干热灭菌和湿热灭菌的效果进行了比较,结果湿热灭菌法(流通蒸汽灭菌)明显优于干热灭菌法。1　材料与方法11　干热灭菌法　取所需灭菌的原生药粉放在适宜容器中,再置入电热恒温烤箱或硬气排管加热,温度调至120℃,时间控制在30分钟,达到规定时间后,冷至常温取出后检查结果。12　湿热灭菌法(流通蒸汽灭菌法)　取所需灭菌的原生药粉用布袋装好放在灭菌器(或硫化罐)中,用流通蒸气加热,待器内…     

空安瓿干热灭菌强度FH值的探讨

干热灭菌常常用于热稳定性较好,对湿度敏感的物料、玻璃制品及其容 器的灭菌,在很多情况下干热既是灭菌又是除热原的方法之一。干热除热原一般在烘干灭菌隧道中采用的温度高于或等于300℃,2000版药典规定用于玻璃器皿除热的的系统必须保证其暴露（灭菌）温度和时间为250℃,≥45min（这比USPXXIII规定提高了15分钟）,因而达到能使原始内毒素浓度下降三个对数值的效应,在这种情况下,对微生物的杀死效果提供了极大的安全程度。因而即使耐热的有机体如枯草杆菌芽狍在除热原的温度下其D值仅为几秒钟,其杀死率已远大于12个对数值。故在干热灭菌的验证中也已引入F0值概念,为了与湿热灭菌的F0值相区别,称为FH值。其基温度为170℃（湿热灭菌为121℃）,由于干热灭菌的生物指示剂是枯草杜芽狍,其平均Z值为20℃,对于需要去除热原和内毒素的,在平均Z值为54℃。     

超微粉碎技术对圣愈颗粒溶出速率的影响

目的:比较圣愈超微粉颗粒与普通粉颗粒的溶出速率。方法:将圣愈汤中部分药材进行超微粉碎和普通粉碎后,分别与其它药材所得浸膏混合制为颗粒,使用药物溶出仪测定两种颗粒的溶出速率,并按威布尔分布模型进行数据处理。结果:用超微粉和普通粉药材粉末制成的圣愈颗粒的溶出速率参数T50和Td分别为49.29min、110.57min和125.52min、268.66min。结论:超微粉颗粒溶出速率明显快于普通粉颗粒。     

器械包内化学指示卡放置探讨

121℃、132℃化学指示是检测压力蒸汽灭菌效果和操作条件的专用化学指示卡。其工作原理：卡面指示剂在灭菌过程中的湿热作用下，达到一定温度和时间后，产生变色反应以显示灭菌效果。遵照医院感染管理规范要求：化学监测应每包进行，手术包尚需进行中心部位的化学监测。化学指示卡的对照色块上面是化学试剂。     

三种处理饲料饲喂BALB/c小鼠的效价分析

目的观察不同处理的三种饲料饲喂BALB／c小鼠的饲养效果。方法将BALB／c小鼠随机分为三组：A组小鼠饲喂未灭菌小鼠颗粒饲料、B组饲喂经121℃ 7min抽真空高压消毒颗粒饲料、C组饲喂市售经^60Co辐照灭菌小鼠颗粒饲料。第一、二代繁殖鼠观察记录繁殖情况，计算出胎间隔、产仔数、产活仔数、离乳率、生殖指数，同时统计种鼠的耗料情况，计算各组平均耗料量及各组单只离乳鼠的耗料成本。结果饲喂经121℃7min抽真空高压消毒颗粒饲料的小鼠虽然饲料单价比饲喂经^60Co辐照灭菌饲料的低，但单只离乳鼠的耗料成本及母鼠的生殖指数均差于后者。结论^60Co辐照灭菌小鼠颗粒饲料用于BALB／c小鼠生产繁殖较为经济合算。     

无菌室灭菌效果检测

目的 :建立快速、简洁有效的无菌室灭菌效果检测方法。方法 :平皿暴露法。无菌室灭菌后 ,打开平皿盖 ,15 min后加盖 ,37℃恒温培养 2 4 h,观察、分析。结果 :无菌室内灭菌效果理想 ,一级缓冲间应尽量减少与外界空气的交换时间。结论 :此方法快速、实用 ,可以作为本实验室的常规检测方法。     

口腔科器械的不同消毒方式效果评价

目的:探讨不同消毒方式对口腔器械的消毒效果.方法:配制HBsAg悬液金黄色葡萄球菌液,将人工污染后的口腔器械完全浸入不同的消毒液中或放入高压蒸汽灭菌器中进行消毒处理,进行无菌检查.结果:高压蒸汽灭菌器6min可使人工污染过的口腔器械全部达到灭菌,对HBsAg抗原性灭活达100%,高压蒸汽灭菌器效果比化学消毒剂的消毒效果好.结论:高压蒸汽灭菌器是口腔科消毒器械的最佳选择.     

中药XJ复方全粉末缓释片体外释放度的研究

【目的】建立中药XJ复方(由制草乌、当归、地龙、乳香、没药等组成)全粉末缓释片混悬液的取样方法及其体外释放度的评价方法。【方法】取样采用注射器冲混悬液的方法,使其粉末均匀分布于混悬液中取得均匀的样品;释放度评价采用浆法,以水为溶出介质,100 r/min,以高效液相色谱法测定累积溶出百分率,绘制XJ的累积溶出曲线,并进行样品的释放度评价。【结果】以10 m L注射器冲混悬液5次并于液面以下2/3位置作为最佳取样方法;在溶出2、4、8 h取出片剂后的0~15 min,峰1、峰2、峰3的释放基本符合Ritger-Peppas释放模型;体外释放溶蚀为主,溶散的粉末、颗粒释放约15min,取出粉末前即片剂总释放2~6 h符合零级方程,除去溶散的粉末后片剂溶蚀释放符合Higuchi方程。片剂溶出8 h累计溶出百分率达97.47%。【结论】全粉末XJ复方缓释片的释放属于溶蚀—溶散过程,实现了均衡释放,建立的方法可用于XJ体外释放度的评价。     

两种装载方法垫料压力蒸汽灭菌的比较研究

目的测试两种装载方法实验动物垫料压力蒸汽灭菌的条件,并比较灭菌效果。方法分别用笼盒重叠法和袋装法装载刨花垫料,121℃、20min压力蒸汽灭菌,用化学指示卡测试灭菌条件。分别取两种装载方法灭菌前后的垫料10g放入灭菌生理盐水中充分摇匀,取1ml接种于血平板,37℃、48h培养,以血平板上是否生长菌落为灭菌合格与否的判定标准。结果与标准色比较,笼盒重叠法未能全部达到灭菌条件,其灭菌合格率为83．3％;袋装法各部位均达到灭菌条件,其灭菌合格率为100．O％。结论袋装法灭菌效果优于笼盒重叠法。     

4种中药口服液制剂流通蒸汽压力灭菌效果的探讨

目的探讨4种中药口服液制剂不同条件下流通蒸汽压力灭菌效果。方法采用流通蒸汽压力灭菌在不同条件下对广东省中医院常用4种口服液制剂进行灭菌,并检查微生物限度、灭菌后的澄明度变化。结果通过4种口服液制剂灭菌效果比较,采用流通蒸汽灭菌在105℃,10ml/支×3000支/次,压力为（0.15±0.01）Mpa的条件下灭菌40min效果最好。结论通过采用不同条件下对灭菌效果比较,为更好使用流通蒸汽压力灭菌中药制剂提供参考。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Analysis of CK-19,PDX-1,Nestin,Ngn3 in different donor islet purity in rats

Objective: To investigate if there are the CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells in the donor islets of different purity in rats. Methods: Thirty male adult SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Islets were isolated using digestion by ductal injection of collagenase. Group Ⅰ (n=10): Separating cell preparations were not purified, Group Ⅱ(n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% Ficoll400 ,Group Ⅲ (n=10): Islet sediment was purified with 25% and 11% Ficoll-400. The levels of protein of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin and Ngn3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and the mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 was amplified by RT-PCR. Results: After two different purification methods applied, three islet preparations of different purities were obtained. The difference of islet purity was significant among various groups (P＜0.05). Compared with group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ,the protein and mRNA of CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin,Ngn3 were both higher in group Ⅰ; group Ⅲ was poorly expressed. Conclusions: The three different islet purity donor islet have different CK-19, PDX-1, Nestin, Ngn3 positive cells within them, indicating that there are some islet stem cells in the purified donor islet.     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.