新型仙灵骨葆胶囊与仙灵骨葆胶囊溶出度对比研究

目的:对新型仙灵骨葆胶囊与仙灵骨葆胶囊中7种有效成分的溶出情况进行比较,研究仙灵骨葆胶囊中7种有效成分的体外溶出特点。方法:采用小杯法,转速100 r.min-1,以pH6.8的磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质。采用HPLC法测定仙灵骨葆胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、丹参酮ⅡA、丹酚酸B、淫羊藿苷、朝藿定C、川续断皂苷Ⅵ7种有效成分在不同溶出介质中的体外溶出度,计算有效成分的累积溶出百分率,采用相似因子(f2)进行释放曲线的相似性比较。对溶出曲线进行多种数学模型拟合,计算溶出参数。结果:新型仙灵骨葆胶囊与仙灵骨葆胶囊各有效成分的溶出曲线相似因子(f2)均小于50。结论:不同工艺制备的仙灵骨葆胶囊有效成分的溶出度差异较大。新型仙灵骨葆胶囊,各有效成分溶出速度快,累积溶出百分率高。     

复方丹参黏附微丸与普通微丸中隐丹参酮与丹参酮ⅡA体外溶出对比研究

[目的]建立复方丹参微丸中脂溶性成分隐丹参酮与丹参酮ⅡA含量测定方法,并对比不同工艺制备的3种复方丹参微丸（冰片包合复方丹参黏附微丸、冰片不包合复方丹参黏附微丸、普通微丸）中隐丹参酮与丹参酮ⅡA体外溶出度的差异。[方法]采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定3种复方丹参微丸中隐丹参酮与丹参酮ⅡA的含量,计算溶出度,并绘制溶出度曲线,采用相似因子对比不同微丸中这两种成分的体外溶出差异性。[结果]丹参类的脂溶性成分累积溶出度均较低。其中,两种黏附微丸隐丹参酮溶出行为较为相似,24 h的累积溶出度均在40%左右,普通微丸中隐丹参酮的溶出行为与黏附微丸具有明显的差异性,其累积溶出度为64.05%。两种黏附微丸的隐丹参酮溶出更符合Higuchi方程,普通微丸更符合Peppas模型,n<0.43,均符合Fickian扩散。3种制剂中丹参酮ⅡA的溶出过程均较缓慢,3个制剂的溶出行为比较相似,累积溶出曲线接近重合,3种制剂的累积溶出度基本一致,均在40%左右。3种微丸更符合Higuchi方程,同样属于Fickian扩散。[结论]黏附微丸具有一定的缓释效果,丹参类脂溶性成分中,由于溶出度的限制,体外溶出实验评价隐丹参酮缓释效果更为明显。     

桂枝茯苓胶囊中3种活性成分体外溶出度的比较研究

目的：研究桂枝茯苓胶囊3种活性成分体外溶出特点，为桂枝茯苓方的剂型改革提供依据。方法：通过对桂枝茯苓胶囊3种活性成分在不同溶出介质及体外溶出度考察，用HPLC法同时测定3种活性成分含量，计算活性成分累积溶出百分率，采用相似因子（正）进行释放曲线相似性比较。结果：桂枝茯苓胶囊3种活性成分的溶出具有同步性。结论：桂枝茯苓方在剂型改革时应考虑到各成分同步释放的溶出特点。     

丹参酮IIA的体外溶出与体内吸收的关系研究

目的:研究丹参酚酮片中丹参酮IIA在大鼠肠中吸收与体外溶出度的相关关系。方法:用丹参酚酮片对大鼠原位肠在体灌注和体外溶出度试验,以HPLC法测定其丹参酮IIA的变化量,探索其体内吸收与体外溶出的相关性。结果:丹参酮ⅡA的体外溶出曲线与大鼠肠循环灌流试验中丹参酮ⅡA的吸收曲线颇为平行,线性相关性系数r=0.996。结论:丹参酮IIA的体外溶出与体内吸收具有良好的一致性。     

茵栀黄分散片中3种活性成分的体外溶出度比较

目的:建立同时测定茵栀黄分散片中黄芩苷、绿原酸与栀子苷的体外溶出测定方法,并考察三者溶出特点.方法:以250 mL蒸馏水为溶出介质,采用桨法,转速50 r·min-1,通过HPLC测定茵栀黄分散片中绿原酸、栀子苷与黄芩苷的溶出度,计算累积溶出度,溶出曲线采用相似因子(f2)进行相似性比较.结果:以绿原酸为参比成分时,栀子苷与黄芩苷的f2分别为89.23,48.35;以栀子苷为参比成分,黄芩苷的f2=46.98.结论:以蒸馏水为溶出介质时,茵栀黄分散片中绿原酸与栀子苷具有相似的溶出特点,但与黄芩苷的溶出特点不同.     

不同血塞通胶囊的人参皂及三七皂苷溶出度对比研究

目的建立测定血塞通胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rd及三七皂苷R1溶出度的检测方法,并比较3种不同血塞通胶囊溶出度情况,为剂型改进提供依据。方法采用HPLC法检测5种皂苷的体外溶出度,计算并绘制累积溶出曲线,通过相似因子(f2)分别比较不同血塞通胶囊间5种皂苷溶出度的差异及每种胶囊中各皂苷间的溶出度差异,并采用质量权重系数法将血塞通胶囊中三七总皂苷组分的溶出曲线进行整合。结果维和硬胶囊和络泰软胶囊中5种皂苷在30分钟内累积溶出率均达到60%以上,12小时内均达到85%以上,而理洫王软胶囊各成分成分30分钟累积溶出率仅为3%,12小时内达到40%,3种血塞通胶囊间溶出曲线f2均小于50,各胶囊中5种皂苷间f2均大于50。3种血塞通胶囊的溶出过程存在显著性差异,以油相为内容物基质的理洫王软胶囊相对于维和硬胶囊及络泰软胶囊显示出缓释作用,5种皂苷间溶出行为无显著性差异,呈现出同步性,与整合结果趋势相同。结论胶囊壳及内容物基质的不同对胶囊的溶出过程存在一定的影响,油相基质具有缓释作用,血塞通胶囊中5种皂苷的溶出具有同步性。     

3种不同天舒固体剂型溶出度研究

目的:比较天舒制剂3种不同固体剂型的体外溶出度。方法:采用小杯法和HPLC法,以阿魏酸为指标,考察不同时间的累积溶出度,并以威布尔分布模型提取溶出参数,采用相似因子法对溶出度进行评价。结果:3种天舒固体制剂溶出度符合《中国药典》相关规定,天舒滴丸(A)、胶囊(B)、片剂(C)的Td值分别为6.15,11.30,18.66,B,C的相似因子f250,溶出度与A不等效。结论:3种天舒制剂的溶出度有显著差异,A的溶出度显著优于B和C,为改进生产工艺,评价和控制产品质量提供依据。     

基于多指标成分同时测定的十七味大活血胶囊溶出行为比较研究

目的建立HPLC同时测定十七味大活血胶囊中芍药苷、丹酚酸B、丹皮酚含量的方法,比较十七味大活血胶囊在不同溶出介质中的体外溶出情况。方法采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长230、286、274 nm,柱温20℃,测定十七味大活血胶囊中芍药苷、丹酚酸B、丹皮酚及多成分整合模型在纯化水、人工胃液、人工肠液中不同时间点的累积溶出量,绘制溶出曲线,采用相似因子法比较十七味大活血胶囊中不同成分的溶出度。结果十七味大活血胶囊中相同活性成分在人工胃液与人工肠液中的溶出曲线相似因子(f2)均大于60,且与纯化水中的溶出曲线比较,其f2均小于45,多成分整合模型的溶出曲线f2结果与此一致。结论十七味大活血胶囊在人工胃液和人工肠液中的溶出行为相似。本研究建立的多指标成分含量测定及溶出度测定方法专属性好、灵敏度高、定量准确,可为完善十七味大活血胶囊的质量评价提供依据。     

UPLC法同时测定三叶片中4种成分的溶出度

目的考察中药复方三叶片(桑叶、荷叶、山楂叶等)中4种药效活性成分的溶出情况,研究其体外溶出特点。方法溶出度测定采用桨法,转速120 r/min,溶出介质为纯水。UPLC法测定三叶片中芍药苷、荷叶碱、芦丁、金丝桃苷4种成分的含有量,计算其累积溶出百分率,以相似因子进行溶出曲线的相似性比较。结果 5 h内三叶片中上述4种成分的累积溶出百分率均达到70%以上,各成分溶出曲线相似因子均大于50。结论三叶片中4种成分的溶出具有一定的同步性,且与体内试验结果相一致。     

乐脉分散片中丹参素和芍药苷的溶出度比较研究

目的建立同时测定乐脉分散片中丹参素与芍药苷2种成分的体外溶出测定方法,并研究其溶出特点。方法以250 mL 0.1 mol/L HCl为溶出介质,采用桨法,50 r/min,采用HPLC法测定乐脉分散片中丹参素与芍药苷的溶出度,计算累积释放度,采用相似因子(f2)进行溶出度曲线的相似性比较。结果乐脉分散片中丹参素与芍药苷的相似因子为59.63。结论以0.1 mol/L HCl为溶出介质时,乐脉分散片中的丹参素与芍药苷具有相似的溶出特点。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。