影响金铁锁毛状根生长及皂苷积累的因素

目的优化金铁锁毛状根液体培养基、碳源、激素和培养条件,促进毛状根生长及皂苷的积累。方法将毛状根置于添加了碳源和植物生长调节剂的液体培养基中培养,观察其形态、色泽变化,测定其生物量和皂苷含量。结果金铁锁毛状根在含有30 g.L-1蔗糖的12MS中生长最快;6-BA、2,4-D均能促进皂苷的合成,但对毛状根的生长有抑制作用;添加少量的NAA、IAA、IBA都能促进毛状根的生长和皂苷产量的提高,当分别添加0.5 mg.L-1NAA、IAA、IBA时,皂苷产量较对照品提高53.42%,25.55%,79.60%。结论通过液体培养基、碳源、激素等因素的改变,可以提高金铁锁毛状根的生长速度和皂苷的含量。     

金铁锁毛状根诱导的初步研究

目的:建立金铁锁毛状根诱导体系。方法:用发根农杆菌A4和C58C1菌株分别诱导金铁锁外植体获得毛状根,并对毛状根诱导过程中的多个因素进行优化。结果:金铁锁毛状根诱导的最佳条件为选择幼嫩茎段和幼嫩叶片作为外植体,在培养基1/2MS+AS 100μmoL/L上预培养2 d,用OD600=0.6的农杆菌浓度侵染15 min,在培养基1/2MS+AS 100μmoL/L上共培养3 d,转接至抑菌培养基1/2MS+Cef 300 mg/L进行毛状根的诱导。结论:已建立起金铁锁毛状根诱导体系,为后续金铁锁有效成分的提高及金铁锁基因工程的研究积累材料。     

Ri质粒人参转化系统的建立及鉴定

目的 :建立人参毛状根转化体系。方法 :利用含有Ri质粒的发根农杆菌Agrobacterium rhizogenes感染人参Panax ginseng进行毛状根诱导 ,利用PCR技术及TLC分析方法对毛状根进行鉴定。 结果 :首次从人参带叶幼茎处诱导出毛状根 ,用激素和AS(乙酰丁香酮 )处理可提高转化率并缩短转化时间。毛状根在无激素B5培养基上生长并失去向地性 ,月增长倍数可达 50倍 (鲜重 )。PCR分析证实农杆菌Ri质粒含有rolC序列 (564bp)的T DNA已整合到人参转化株的染色体组中 ,TLC分析证明T DNA特异的表达产物冠瘿碱在转化细胞中合成。人参毛状根中人参总皂苷含量为 2.486% (干重 ) ,而人参原药材总皂苷含量为 1.403% (干重 )。结论 :人参毛状根生长迅速 ,皂苷含量高于原药材 ,该体系的建立为利用生物技术工业化生产人参活性成分奠定了基础。     

苗药金铁锁药材和植物细胞培养产生的总皂苷含量比较

目的 比较金铁锁药材和植物细胞培养产生的植物愈伤组织、毛状根中总皂苷含量.方法 采用紫外可见分光光度法,以齐墩果酸为对照品,在波长535 nm处测定样品中的总皂苷含量.结果 齐墩果酸在0.008 112～0.048 672 mg/ml范围内呈现良好的线形关系,该法平均加样回收率为100.77%,RSD=2.44%(n= 9).测得金铁锁药材,金铁锁植物愈伤组织1,金铁锁植物愈伤组织2和金铁锁毛状根中总皂苷的含量分别为0.217%,0.388%,0.221%和0.857%.结论 金铁锁悬浮培养毛状根中总皂苷含量较高,应用价值较大.     

桑遗传转化体系的建立及槲皮素合成的研究

目的:建立桑的遗传转化体系,并对其毛状根生长特性和次生代谢产物槲皮素含量进行探索。方法:利用卸甲型根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciensC58C1侵染桑的黄化无菌苗,建立毛状根的诱导与培养体系;优化毛状根的扩大培养条件并测定其生长曲线,对桑毛状根T-DNA转化结果进行PCR检测;利用RP-HPLC检测槲皮素的含量。结果:用C58C1侵染无菌苗外植体,侵染10 min、分别预培养、共培养2 d及添加质量浓度为100 mg.L-1的乙酰丁香酮(AS)可得最高转化率;PCR检测结果表明,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB,rolC基因片段已整合入桑的毛状根基因组中;C58C1侵染桑黄化无菌苗茎段10 d后,茎段伤口处陆续产生毛状根,30 d后幼茎上产生毛状根的外植体达92%;在1/2MS+0.05 mg.L-1IBA液体培养基中培养50 d后,由HPLC检测结果表明,毛状根中槲皮素含量相比于原植株增加了8.5倍。结论:成功建立桑科毛状根诱导与离体培养体系,为其他木本植物毛状根培养的研究提供了参考,并进一步为槲皮素等药用活性成分的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

甘草毛状根遗传转化体系的建立及甘草酸和总黄酮含量的测定

目的:拓展甘草毛状根诱导时的外植体来源,并分析毛状根中甘草酸和总黄酮含量,以期为甘草的生物技术开发奠定基础。方法:用不同浓度的发根农杆菌R1601菌侵染春天新生长的甘草茎段和叶片,用得到的毛状根继代培养,用高效液相色谱法检测甘草酸的含量,用紫外分光光度法检测总黄酮的含量。结果:不同浓度的发根农杆菌R1601对春天新生长的甘草茎和叶的诱导率不同,茎段诱导的最适OD_(600)值为1.5,诱导率为73.7%;叶片诱导的最适OD_(600)值为1.0,诱导率为71.4%;茎段诱导的毛状根条数多,健壮;甘草酸最高含量为2.76μg/g,总黄酮最高含量为9.62 mg/g。结论:春天新生长的甘草茎段和叶片适合用于建立发根农杆菌R1601介导的遗传转化体系;诱导的毛状根中含有甘草酸和黄酮类成分,为进一步探究甘草毛状根的利用奠定了基础。     

黄蜀葵毛状根培养体系的建立及次生代谢产物研究

目的 建立黄蜀葵毛状根培养体系,并对发根条件和总黄酮含量进行初步研究.方法 用发根农杆菌1025对不同类型的黄蜀葵外植体进行诱导,并在液体培养体系中添加YE与Ag+诱导子.结果 获得最佳诱导条件是:子叶与茎段(分别培养15 d和7 d),预培养2 d,菌液浓度OD600=0.6,浸染6～8 min,上表皮向上放置,建立了黄蜀葵毛状根的培养体系.结论 在黄蜀葵毛状根培养体系中添加适宜浓度的YE与Ag+诱导子能提高毛状根中总黄酮的含量.     

甘草毛状根诱导培养及其黄酮含量检测的研究

 目的 探讨影响甘草毛状根的诱导培养的因素及其总黄酮含量。方法 利用发根农杆菌的遗传和液体培养技术,研究了甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis毛状根的诱导和离体培养及其黄酮的产生情况。结果 不同发根农杆菌中,A4菌株侵染效果最好,约96%的子叶节外植体产生毛状根;不同外植体中,子叶节的转化效果最高,毛状根产生只需3~4 d;在毛状根的液体培养过程中,接种量为0.3 g,培养容积为500 mL时生长速率最快,毛状根湿重增长41倍;毛状根能产生药用成分甘草黄酮,根系中最高黄酮含量高于商品甘草,达干重的2.042%,约为未转化植株根的4.3倍;毛状根中的黄酮还分泌到培养液中,最高量为每100 mL培养液1.36 mg。结论 较为系统地研究了甘草毛状根的诱导培养条件和总黄酮量,为今后规模培养甘草毛状根生产药用甘草黄酮提供了可能性。     

粘毛黄芩毛状根培养体系的建立及其黄芩苷的动态合成

目的：建立粘毛黄芩毛状根培养体系，并对其生长特性和次生代谢产物的合成进行初步探索。方法：采用卸甲型根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumofaciens C58C1感染粘毛黄芩无菌苗的茎段，获得毛状根，并得到了优质株系；测定了毛状根的生长曲线；利用PCR对毛状根进行T-DNA转化的检测及利用HPLC进行黄芩苷含量检测。结果：PCR检测结果表明，发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolC基因已整合入粘毛黄芩毛状根基因组中。C58C1感染粘毛黄芩无菌苗茎段8 d后，毛状根陆续在其伤口处产生，28 d时幼茎产生毛状根的外植体达81%。1/2 MS液体培养32 d后毛状根干重增加了17.42倍，总黄酮和黄芩苷含量分别增加了21.60，25.56倍。结论：粘毛黄芩毛状根离体培养的建立为进一步进行药用活性成分的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

黄秋葵毛状根的诱导及培养

目的 利用4种发根农杆菌15834,R1601,1025,1000诱导黄秋葵产生毛状根,建立黄秋葵的毛状根培养体系.方法 利用共培养法研究不同外植体、菌株、预培养时间和侵染时间等对黄秋葵毛状根诱导率的影响和不同液体培养基对毛状根生长的影响筛选出最佳培养基,并研究了不同蔗糖浓度和外源激素对毛状根生长的影响.结果 利用发根农杆菌R1601,预培养48 h的叶片为转化材料,感染8 min的诱导率最高,最佳培养基为MS液体培养基.结论 黄秋葵毛状根离体培养体系的建立,为研究黄秋葵的有效药用成分的大规模生产奠定了基础.     

泽漆化学成分

目的:研究大戟属植物泽漆的化学成分。方法:采用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从石油醚层和乙酸乙酯层中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为大戟苷(Ⅰ)、大戟苷D(Ⅱ)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅳ)、柚皮素(Ⅴ)、木犀草素(Ⅵ)、木犀草苷(Ⅶ)、4,2’,4’-三羟基查尔酮(Ⅷ)、山柰酚(Ⅸ)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(Ⅹ)、咖啡酸(Ⅺ)和没食子酸乙酯(Ⅻ)。结论:化合物Ⅲ～Ⅶ为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中医药防治幽门螺杆菌相关性胃病的研究进展

查阅近几年国内外文献,对中医药抗幽门螺杆菌的实验研究相关文献进行整理并分析。检索万方医学数据库、中国知网(CNKI)和西文生物医学期刊数据库的38篇文献,将中药抗Heticobacter pylori的体外实验、体内实验的研究进展做一总结,并分析其机制。以往的研究从有效成分的筛选、抑菌浓度实验、抗菌机制研究和中医药对幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的疗效研究,逐步扩展到细胞分子水平的观察。在今后的实验中还应紧密结合中医理论指导,合理选择中药和复方,规范动物模型制作和辨证分型,并严谨实验设计,才能更好的说明问题,以期为中医药防治幽门螺杆菌相关性胃病的更深入研究及临床应用奠定基础。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

红药根的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、高效制备液相等方法,对红药根的甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过质谱（MS）、波谱数据分析（¹H,¹³C-NMR）进行结构鉴定。从红药根的甲醇提取物中分离7个化合物,分别鉴定为plantainoside A（1）,plantainoside B（2）,calcedarioside C（3）,calcedarioside D（4）,platyphylloside（5）,hirsutanonol（6）和hirsutanonol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）。化合物均5~7为首次从该科物中分离得到。     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。