Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Paediatric HIV Care and Treatment Monitoring: From Measuring Process to Impact and Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV

Progress towards achievement of global targets for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and paediatric HIV care and treatment is an integral part of global and national HIV and AIDS responses. This paper documents the development of the global and national monitoring and reporting systems for PMTCT and paediatric HIV care and treatment programmes, achievements and remaining challenges. A review of the development of the monitoring and reporting process since 2002–2016 was conducted using existing published literature and taking into account changes in WHO HIV treatment guidelines, global HIV goals and targets, programmatic and methodological developments, and increased need for interagency partnerships, coordination and harmonization of global monitoring and reporting mechanisms. The number and type of indicators reported increased and evolved from monitoring of existence of national policies and guidelines, service delivery sites and trained health workers and coverage of PMTCT and paediatric HIV interventions to measuring outcomes and impact in reducing new HIV infections and AIDS related deaths, including efforts to validate elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These changes were required to mirror changes in WHO and national PMTCT and HIV treatment guidelines. The number of countries reporting PMTCT coverage increased from 53 in 2003 to over 130 in 2015. National monitoring processes have also expanded in scope and the capacity to report on disaggregated data by type of ARV regimen and for paediatric HIV care and treatment has increased. Monitoring of PMTCT and paediatric HIV programmes has contributed a rich body of evidence that helped monitor how quickly countries were adopting and implementing the latest WHO HIV treatment guidelines for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children. The reported data and experiences were instrumental in shaping global policies, national programmes, and investment choices.     

Adherence to HIV and TB Care and Treatment,the Role of Food Security and Nutrition

Food security and nutrition play an important role in HIV and TB care and treatment, including for improving treatment outcomes, adherence and uptake of HIV and TB care. This AIDS and behaviour supplement on “Adherence to HIV and TB care and treatment, the role of food security and nutrition” provides an overview of the current evidence and knowledge about the barriers to uptake and retention in HIV and TB treatment and care and on whether and how food and nutrition assistance can help overcome these barriers. It contains nine papers on three topic areas discussing: (a) adherence and food and nutrition security in context of HIV and TB, their definitions, measurement tools and the current situation; (b) food and nutrition insecurity as barriers to uptake and retention; and (c) food and nutrition assistance to increase uptake and retention in care and treatment. Future interventions in the areas of food security, nutrition and social protection for increasing access and adherence should be from an HIV sensitive lens, linking the continuum of care with health systems, food systems and the community, complementing existing platforms through partnerships and integrated services.     

Racial and ethnic differences in hypertension

Hypertension is a major cause of disease burden in all racial and ethnic groups and in both developing and developed regions and countries. Much of the racial and ethnic disparity in cardiovascular outcomes can be attributed to the excess burden of hypertension. Racial and ethnic differences in blood pressure occur because of biology and sociology. Causes of racial differences in blood pressure likely begin early in life and reflect the complex relationship of these gene and environment interactions. Hypertension treatment and control remain less than optimal worldwide, and awareness is still a problem in many racial and ethnic groups. Instituting lifestyle changes for the primary prevention and treatment of hypertension among the general population would decrease prevalence and be effective in eliminating many racial and ethnic differences. This review highlights racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence and incidence of hypertension and identifies contributing factors associated with these differences.     

老年COPD患者钙磷调节激素与骨矿物质含量的关系

为探讨慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者骨质疏松的发生机理，本文对８８例ＣＯＰＤ患者及４４例正常人进行了研究。测定了患者及正常人的尺、桡骨平均骨密度（ｂｏｎｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ＢＭＤ）、骨钙素（ｏｓｔｅｏｃａｌｃｉｎ，ＢＧＰ）、甲状旁腺激素（ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ，ＰＴＨ）、降钙素（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎ，ＣＴ）及肺功能、血气等。结果发现：ＣＯＰＤ患者ＢＭＤ、血清ＢＧＰ均显著低于相应对照组，ＢＭＤ与ＢＧＰ呈显著正相关。ＣＯＰＤ患者血清ＰＴＨ、ＡＫＰ均显著高于对照组，ＣＴ无明显变化，ＢＭＤ与ＰＴＨ呈显著负相关，与ＡＫＰ无显著相关性。ＢＭＤ与病程、年龄呈显著负相关，与ＦＥＶ１、ＰａＯ２呈显著正相关，与身高、体重无显著相关性。     

类风湿关节炎中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其受体蛋白和基因的表达

目的　检测尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物 (uPA)及其受体 (uPAR)蛋白和mRNA在类风湿关节炎 (RA)的表达 ,探讨uPA、uPAR基因在RA细胞外基质降解中的作用。方法　采用免疫组化和cDNA mRNA原位分子杂交技术分别检测了 2 4例RA、18例骨关节炎 (OA)和 6例正常滑膜组织中uPA、uPAR蛋白和mRNA的分布及表达情况。结果　 2 4例RA滑膜组织均呈uPA、uPAR蛋白和mRNA的阳性表达 ,uPA、uPAR蛋白的强阳性率高于mRNA。uPA、uPAR蛋白和mRNA阳性信号主要分布在RA滑膜衬里细胞、滑膜下层单核细胞、巨噬细胞样细胞及血管内皮细胞 ;18例OA滑膜组织中 ,uPA、uPAR蛋白和mRNA的表达部位类似于RA ,但阳性率、阳性程度及分布范围均明显低于RA滑膜组织 ,两组之间蛋白和mRNA表达的差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 0 1)。 6例正常滑膜组织呈阴性反应。结论　RA滑膜组织存在高水平uPA、uPAR蛋白和mRNA的表达 ,提示在RA的发生发展过程中 ,uPA和uPAR基因起着重要作用 ;RA和OA中uPA、uPAR基因表达水平的差异 ,可能与这两种疾病软骨和骨基质降解的程度及进程等临床表现密切相关     

The emergence of spatial cyberinfrastructure

Cyberinfrastructure integrates advanced computer, information, and communication technologies to empower computation-based and data-driven scientific practice and improve the synthesis and analysis of scientific data in a collaborative and shared fashion. As such, it now represents a paradigm shift in scientific research that has facilitated easy access to computational utilities and streamlined collaboration across distance and disciplines, thereby enabling scientific breakthroughs to be reached more quickly and efficiently. Spatial cyberinfrastructure seeks to resolve longstanding complex problems of handling and analyzing massive and heterogeneous spatial datasets as well as the necessity and benefits of sharing spatial data flexibly and securely. This article provides an overview and potential future directions of spatial cyberinfrastructure. The remaining four articles of the special feature are introduced and situated in the context of providing empirical examples of how spatial cyberinfrastructure is extending and enhancing scientific practice for improved synthesis and analysis of both physical and social science data. The primary focus of the articles is spatial analyses using distributed and high-performance computing, sensor networks, and other advanced information technology capabilities to transform massive spatial datasets into insights and knowledge.     

Morphine induces c-fos and junB in striatum and nucleus accumbens via D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Morphine induced the c-fos and junB immediate early genes in neurons of the medial and ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens. Induction of c-fos and junB mRNA and Fos protein was blocked by naloxone, the D1 dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists SCH23390 and SCH39166, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist MK801. SCH23390 attenuated morphine induction of AP-1 binding in striatum, suggesting that c-fos and junB contribute to AP-1 binding. SCH23390 and MK801 did not block morphine induction of c-fos and junB in septum. Since the morphine induction of c-fos and junB in striatum and nucleus accumbens (NA) was similar to that observed with cocaine and amphetamine, these data support current concepts that limbic striatum and NA are among the brain regions that mediate drug abuse. Furthermore, since DA and NMDA receptors may mediate opiate reward and opiate induction of c-fos and junB, the DA/NMDA regulation of c-fos and junB and their target genes may produce long-term changes in the striatal and NA circuits that contribute to opiate drug abuse.     

Acute kidney injury in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Hantaan virus: comparative evaluation by RIFLE and AKIN criteria

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most prominent characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Hantaan virus. The present study evaluated the incidence and severity of AKI classified by both the RIFLE and AKIN criteria in 120 HFRS patients at 48 h and 1 week of the patient admission. The agreements between RIFLE and AKIN and RIFLE and AKIN defined by serum creatinine (AKINc and RIFLEc) were examined by Kappa statistics. AKI occurred in 79.2% and 82.5% at 48 h and in 84.2% and 89.2% at 1 week of admission by RIFLE and AKIN criteria, respectively. RIFLE and AKIN showed very good agreement in classifying AKI at 48 h and 1 week of admission (κ?>?0.900). RIFLE and RIFLEc and AKIN and AKINc at 48 h and 1 week of admission had almost perfect agreement (κ?>?0.900). The classifications of RIFLE and RIFLEc and AKIN and AKINc at 48 h and 1 week were in good agreement (κ?>?0.650). AKI classifications by RIFLE and AKIN were associated with mortality, occurrence of complications, and length of hospital stay. We conclude that AKI occurs in nearly 90% of HFRS patients during the disease course. RIFLE and AKIN classify AKI in HFRS with similar sensitivity. RIFLEc and AKINc may be used as alternatives of standard RIFLE and AKIN in the settings of general wards. The AKI classifications defined at 48 h of admission have predictive value for HFRS disease progression and severity.     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌快速检测研究进展

目的论述一套对鼠疫耶尔森氏菌特异性强、快速、灵敏度高的快速检测方法,对鼠疫做到早发现、早预防、早诊断、早治疗,预防和控制鼠疫的发生和流行。方法查阅和收集国内外相关鼠疫耶尔森氏菌快速检测的文献和资料。结果鼠疫耶尔森氏菌检测技术向着快速、敏感、特异的标准化和国际化方向发展,其检测技术更加先进、齐全、完备。结论鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的检测技术从细菌学、血清学及分子生物学等正向更快速、更先进的方向发展,这对鼠疫防治将发挥重要作用。     

Effects of sulfasalazine on biopsy mucosal pathologies and histological grading of patients with active ulcerative colitis

AIM: To investigate the mechanisms of sulfasalazine (SASP) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Changes of pathological signs and histological grading of 106 patients with active UC were observed before and after the treatment with SASP, 1 g, thrice daily for 6 wk. RESULTS: The effect of SASP on the vasculitis in lamina propria was 48.2% and 17.4% in the mild active UC (P<0.001) and 68% and 26.7% in the moderate active UC (P<0.001) before and after treatment. Fibroid necrosis of vessel wall was found in one case of mild UC and two cases of moderate UC before treatment and was not found after treatment. No thrombosis was found in mild UC before and after treatment, while thrombosis was found in one case of moderate UC before treatment. The effect on mucosal glandular abnormality was 30.4% and 13.0% in mild UC (P<0.05), and 42% and 40% in moderate UC (P>0.05) before and after treatment. The rate of eosinophil infiltration was 98.2% and 80.4% in mild UC (P<0.01), and 100% and 91.1% in moderate UC (P<0.05) before and after treatment. The effect on crypt abscess was 21.4% and 4.4% in mild UC (P<0.05), and 48% and 13.3% in moderate UC (P<0.001) before and after treatment. The effect on mucosal pathohistological grading was 2.00+/-0.84 and 0.91+/-0.46 in mild UC (P<0.001), and 2.49+/-0.84 and 1.31+/-0.75 in moderate UC (P<0.001) before and after treatment. CONCLUSION: SASP can improve small vessel lesions and crypt abscesses and reduce neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocyte infiltration in inflammatory mucosa of UC.     

The Role of Government in Precision Medicine,Precision Public Health and the Intersection With Healthy Living

This paper focuses on the significant role of government in promoting precision medicine and public health and the potential intersection with healthy living (HL) and population health. Recent research has highlighted the interplay between genes, environments and different exposures individuals and populations experience over a lifetime. These interactions between longitudinal behaviors, epigenetics, and expression of the human genome have the potential to transform health and well-being, even within a single generation. Precision medicine can elucidate these longitudinal interactions with a granularity that has not been previously possible across the exposome. Understanding the interactions between genes, epigenetics, proteins, metabolites, and the exposome may inform more evidence-based, effective policy, system, and environmental change to optimize individual and population health. Government has an important role in helping to fund primary research in precision medicine and precision public health, as well as creating and enforcing standards related to food systems, air quality, and access to health care, defining and optimizing measures of health care quality and safety, and ensuring data privacy standards and protections, interoperability, and integration with surveillance systems. Government partnership and collaboration with the non-profit and private sectors can optimize precision medicine and precision public health for the benefit of the United States and global population.     

Action of Nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite in labile and essential hypertension: hemodynamic differences.

Seventeen patients with labile hypertension received nitroglycerin and 18 received amyl nitrite. Twelve patients with established essential hypertension received nitroglycerin and 12 received amyl nitrite. Nitroglycerin reduced the systolic and mean arterial pressures and cardiac output in both groups, but had no effect on diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance. Amyl nitrite decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and peripheral vascular resistance and increased heart rate and cardiac output in labile hypertensives. In established hypertensive patients, amyl nitrite decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and cardiac output, and had little effect on peripheral vascular resistance. Nitroglycerin reduced arterial pressure in labile and established hypertensives through venodilation and peripheral venous pooling. Amyl nitrite and effects similar to nitroglycerin in established hypertensives; in labile hypertensives it reduced arterial pressure through arterial dilation and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.     

2型糖尿病血小板活化物质表达与脑梗死的关系

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病患者血小板活化物质表达与脑梗死的关系。　 方法 　采用流式细胞仪对 76例 2型糖尿病和 3 2例糖耐量减退患者测定血小板活化、血小板与白细胞粘附的表达。　 结果　无论 2型糖尿病组还是糖耐量减退组发生急性脑梗死患者血小板活化、血小板与白细胞粘附水平高于腔隙性脑梗死患者 (P <0 0 5 ) ,后者又高于未发生脑梗死患者 (P <0 0 5 ) ;2组中发生急性脑梗死和腔隙性脑梗死患者血小板活化、血小板与白细胞粘附水平与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。　 结论 　 2型糖尿病和糖耐量减退患者测定血小板活化、血小板与白细胞粘附表达对缺血性脑卒中的早期诊断和病情监测有一定的临床价值     

A rapid immunochromatographic assay for hepatitis B virus screening

Summary. Simple, rapid and accurate assays for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) are helpful for clinical diagnosis and field epidemiological surveys. A commercially developed, rapid immunochromatographic test for simultaneous detection of HBsAg and HBeAg was evaluated using a total of 2463 selected samples (827 frozen sera, 1011 fresh sera, and 625 whole blood samples). Results of the rapid test were compared with standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods for HBsAg and HBeAg detection. The accuracy of the rapid test was excellent and was similar for frozen sera, fresh sera and whole blood. The overall sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HBsAg were 95 and 100%, and the corresponding positive and negative predictive values were 100 and 99.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HBeAg were slightly less than that for HBsAg, and were 80 and 98%, with positive and negative predictive values of 91 and 94%, respectively. Thus, compared with the EIA method, the rapid test was highly sensitive and accurate for the detection of HBsAg although somewhat less sensitive and specific for detection of HBeAg. Because of its speed, simplicity and flexibility, the rapid test is ideally suited for HBsAg and HBeAg screening in population-based epidemiological studies and in low risk populations, particularly in regions of the world where hepatitis B is endemic.     

鸟苷酸环化酶C和尾型同源盒转录因子2在胃癌及癌前病变组织中的表达及意义

目的 研究鸟苷酸环化酶C(GC-C)和尾型同源盒转录因子2(CDX2)基因与蛋白在胃癌及癌前病变组织中的表达并探讨其临床意义.方法 收集30例手术切除的胃癌及相应癌旁5 cm胃黏膜组织,另32例非胃癌患者胃镜下取活检标本,其中23例肠上皮化生、9例异型增生.应用逆转录(RT)-PCR检测GC-C和CDX2 mRNA在胃癌及癌旁组织中的表达,Western印迹和间接免疫荧光组化技术检测GC-C和CDX2蛋白的表达,同时检测两者在肠上皮化生和异型增生中的表达.结果 RT-PCR显示GC-C和CDX2 mRNA在胃癌中的表达率分别为20/30和19/30,显著高于癌旁组织(0/30和0/30,P值均=0.000).Western印迹检测GC-C和CDX2蛋白在胃癌组织中表达率分别为19/30和17/30,显著高于癌旁组织(0/30和0/30,P值均=0.000).免疫荧光检测GC-C和CDX2在癌旁组织中不表达,在肠上皮化生组织中表达率为39.1 %和39.1%、异型增生组织为55.6%和55.6%、胃癌组织为56.7%和60.0%,与癌旁组织间差异有统计学意义(P值均=0.000).但在肠上皮化生、异型增生和胃癌间阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).两者在肠型胃癌中的表达高于弥漫型(P值分别=0.009和0.024),但与年龄、性别、病灶大小、临床病理分期、分化程度和淋巴结转移等因素无关(P值均＞0.05).在肠上皮化生和胃癌中GC-C与CDX2的表达呈正相关(r分别=0.4524和0.3845,P分别=0.0371和0.0408).结论 GC-C和CDX2的异常表达与胃黏膜癌变的发生有关,可能参与人胃腺癌致癌过程的调节,检测GC-C与CDX2有助于早期胃癌和胃癌前病变诊断.     

JUN和FOS在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其与STAT关系的研究进展

原癌基因JUN及FOS的高表达为肺癌频发早期事件,主要系细胞外增殖信号作用的结果.信号转导和转录激活因子蛋白家族是一类具有信号转导和转录调节功能的蛋白质,被认为是细胞增殖促进因子和凋亡抑制因子,参与多种细胞因子、激素和生长因子的信号转导和转录调控,参与细胞的增殖和分化.其主要通过磷酸化活化后,引起JUN和FOS癌基因激活和表达,激活后其蛋白以JUN和FOS异源二聚体或JUN同源二聚体的形式结合到转录激活蛋白1启动子结合位点,诱导癌基因表达,参与细胞恶性转化.     

Metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma

Periportal and perivenous hepatocytes differ in their content of enzymes and subcellular structures and thus in their metabolic capacities. Therefore, the model of metabolic zonation proposes that: (1) periportal hepatocytes catalyze predominantly oxidative energy metabolism with beta-oxidation and amino acid catabolism as well as ureagenesis for glycogen synthesis and glucose release, bile formation with cholesterol synthesis and protective metabolism; and (2) perivenous hepatocytes mediate preferentially glucose uptake for glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and liponeogenesis as well as ketogenesis, glutamine formation, and xenobiotic metabolism. Periportal and perivenous hepatocytes are under the control of a different input of humoral and nervous signals, because concentration gradients of oxygen, substrates, and hormones are established during passage of blood through the liver and because gradients of nerve densities seem to exist. In periportal and perivenous hepatocytes gene expression can be different due to the zonal gradients in oxygen and hormone concentrations as well as nerve densities. The functional specialization of periportal and perivenous hepatocytes has been demonstrated especially well for carbohydrate, amino acid and ammonia, and xenobiotic metabolism as well as for bile formation by different techniques: Calculation of metabolic rates based on the zonal distributions of enzymes and metabolites, measurements of rates in periportal-like and perivenous-like hepatocytes in cell culture and in hepatocyte populations enriched in periportal and perivenous cells as well as in perfused livers during orthograde and retrograde flow using standard methods and noninvasive techniques with surface microlight guides and miniature oxygen electrodes.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in spondyloarthritis--how to quantify findings and measure response

Sensitive and reliable tools for monitoring disease activity and damage, and for prognostication, are essential in the management of patients with spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows direct visualisation of inflammation in peripheral and axial joints, and peripheral and axial entheses, and has dramatically improved the possibilities for early diagnosis and objective monitoring of the disease process in spondyloarthritis. Truthful, discriminative and feasible scoring systems are available for the assessment of inflammatory activity in the spine and sacroiliac joints in axial spondyloarthritis and in the hands of patients with peripheral psoriatic arthritis. Various systems for assessment of damage in axial and peripheral joints are available, but further studies are needed to document their value in clinical trials and clinical practice. The present article reviews key aspects of the status and recent important advances in MRI in spondyloarthritis, focussing on available MRI tools for assessing activity and damage in peripheral and, particularly, axial joints.     

传染病相关知识数据库的研究与建立

目的研究和建立传染病相关知识数据库,以利于国内突发公共卫生事件处置工作的开展.方法收集与整理有关传染病的文献、专著、专业数据库等信息和数据,采用SQL server 2005作为后台数据库,并基于JAVA语言开发具有友好用户查询界面的传染病数据库系统.结果构建了系统的传染病基础数据库,它包含了343种传染病症状和体征、传染病病理和媒介生物学数据、273种用于传染病治疗和预防的药物和67种疫苗、国家和地方各类突发疫情应急预案,以及监测方案、典型案例、标准和法规等.结论传染病相关知识数据库的建立可极大地增强传染病疫情判断的准确性和及时性,提高国家和军队的公共卫生事件防控能力.     

Foot and ankle characteristics associated with impaired balance and functional ability in older people

BACKGROUND: Ageing is associated with changes to the structure and function of the foot and ankle, and there is preliminary evidence that foot problems impair balance and increase the risk of falls. To explore this in more detail, we conducted a study to determine the relative contribution of several foot and ankle characteristics to performance on a range of balance and functional tests. METHODS: One hundred seventy-six people (56 men and 120 women, mean age 80.1 years, standard deviation 6.4 years) residing in a retirement village underwent tests of foot and ankle characteristics (including foot posture, range of motion, strength, and deformity), sensorimotor function (including vision, sensation, strength, and reaction time), and balance and functional ability (including tests of standing balance, leaning balance, stepping, sit-to-stand, and walking speed). RESULTS: Many foot and ankle characteristics and sensorimotor measures were associated with performance on the balance and functional tests in univariate analyses. Multiple regression analysis consistently revealed that ankle flexibility, plantar tactile sensitivity, and toe plantarflexor strength were significant and independent predictors of balance and functional test performance, explaining up to 59% of the variance in these test scores. CONCLUSIONS: Foot and ankle characteristics, particularly ankle flexibility, plantar tactile sensation, and strength of toe plantarflexor muscles, are significant independent predictors of balance and functional ability in older people. Programs to improve the strength and flexibility of the foot and interventions to augment plantar sensation may be beneficial in improving mobility and reducing the risk of falls.