活动平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高的临床意义

为探讨活动平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高的临床意义 ,分析了 9例无心肌梗死 (简称心梗 )而运动诱发ST段抬高的静息心电图、运动试验及冠状动脉 (简称冠脉 )造影检查结果。结果 :5 0 5 5例行平板运动试验者中 ,有 11例未患心肌梗死而运动诱发心绞痛伴ST段抬高 ,发生率 0 .2 2 %。其中 ,8例患者作了进一步检查 ,冠脉造影显示均有程度不等的血管病变 ,缺血相关血管的狭窄达到 5 0 %～ 10 0 %。ST段抬高导联与缺血相关血管有良好对应关系。另有 1例患者于运动试验 1周后死于心脏性猝死。结论 :无心梗患者运动诱发心电图ST段抬高是冠脉痉挛或冠脉严重狭窄所致心肌局部缺血的标志。     

运动诱发ST段抬高的意义

目的观察运动诱发心电图ST段抬高的无心肌梗死（MI）者6例,探讨其冠状动脉（冠脉）病变特点。方法对无MI而运动诱发心电图ST段抬高的患者进行静息心电图、运动试验及冠脉造影检查,运动试验采用Bruce方案。结果在3002例行运动试验检查者中,有6例未患MI而运动诱发心绞痛伴心电图ST段抬高,发生率为0．2％。相应导联ST段抬高0．1～0．6mV,停止运动后心绞痛症状消失,ST段恢复正常。6例中,1例冠状动脉正常;余5例冠脉均有严重狭窄（70％～95％）,ST段抬高导联与缺血相关血管有良好的对应关系,近期内行冠脉介入治疗效果良好,术后症状消失。多次复查运动试验,结果均阴性。结论无MI者运动诱发心电图ST段抬高多提示心肌透壁缺血,冠脉病变重,应采取积极的治疗措施。     

运动诱发ST段抬高者的冠状动脉病变特点及治疗探讨

目的 :观察无心肌梗死 (MI)运动诱发心电图ST段抬高者 6例 ,探讨其冠状动脉 (冠脉 )病变特点及治疗方法。方法 :对无MI而运动诱发心电图ST段抬高的患者进行静息心电图、运动试验及冠脉造影检查 ,运动试验采用Bruce方案。结果 :在 2 86 4例行运动试验检查者中 ,有 6例未患MI而运动诱发心绞痛伴心电图ST段抬高 ,发生率为 0 .2 1%。相应导联ST段抬高 0 .1～ 1.0mV ,停止运动后心绞痛症状消失 ,ST段恢复正常。 6例中 ,1例冠脉病变轻 (狭窄 <35 % ) ,但于冠脉造影后 4周发生急性MI ,梗死部位与ST段抬高导联所对应的部位一致 ;余 5例冠脉均有严重狭窄 (90 %～ 10 0 % ) ,ST段抬高导联与缺血相关血管有良好的对应关系 ,近期内行冠脉腔内球囊成形术效果良好 ,术后症状消失 ,多次复查运动试验 ,结果均阴性。结论 :无MI患者运动诱发心电图ST段抬高多提示心肌透壁缺血 ,冠脉病变重 ,预后差 ,应采取积极的治疗措施。     

平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠状动脉病变部位定位诊断的意义

目的探讨平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠心病的诊断价值及对冠状动脉病变部位定位诊断的意义。方法分析8例无心肌梗死而运动诱发ST段抬高的运动心电图及冠状动脉造影检查结果。结果8例患者冠脉造影均显示有程度不等的血管狭窄(50%￣100%);ST段抬高导联与缺血相关血管有良好对应关系。结论无心梗患者运动诱发心电图ST段抬高是冠脉痉挛或冠脉严重狭窄所致心肌局部缺血的标志,且对预测冠状动脉病变部位有一定意义。     

运动诱发无心肌梗死者ST段抬高的临床意义

目的　报道无心肌梗死运动诱发心电图ST段抬高者 10例 ,探讨其冠状动脉 (冠脉 )病变特点及治疗方法。方法　对无心肌梗死而运动诱发心电图ST段抬高的患者进行静息心电图、运动试验及冠脉造影、左心室造影检查 ,运动试验采用Bruce方案。结果　在 35 6 4例行运动试验检查者中 ,有 10例未患心肌梗死而运动诱发其心电图ST段抬高 ,发生率为 0 2 8%。相应导联ST段抬高 0 1～ 1 0mV ,停止运动后心绞痛症状消失 ,ST段恢复正常。 10例中 ,1例冠状动脉病变轻 (狭窄 <35 % ) ,但于冠状动脉造影后 4周发生急性心肌梗死 ,梗死部位与ST段抬高导联所对应的部位一致 ;余9例冠状动脉均有严重狭窄 (90 %～ 10 0 % ) ,ST段抬高导联与缺血相关血管有良好的对应关系 ,近期内行冠状动脉腔内球囊成形术 (PTCA)效果良好 ,术后症状消失。随访 2 8个月 (8～ 4 8个月 ) ,有 2例分别与出院后 11个月和 2 9个月再次行介入治疗 ,至今无症状生存。结论　无心肌梗死患者运动诱发心电图ST段抬高多提示心肌透壁缺血 ,冠状动脉病变重。少数病人冠状动脉虽无严重病变 ,但预后差 ,应采取积极有效的治疗措施。     

急性心肌梗塞住院患者踏车运动试验的初步分析

我们对１８例急性心肌梗塞住院患者进行次极量踏车运动试验，梗塞距运动试验的时间平均３４天（１８～６０天）。结果表明，运动诱发ＳＴ段压低者７例；ＳＴ段抬高者３例；心绞痛者２例，其中１例伴有ＳＴ段抬高，另１例ＳＴ段无改变；心律失常者３例；ＱＴｃ延长者（≥０．４４ｍｉｎ）１６例；血压异常者２例。运动试验中无一例发生心脏意外。３例随访中，心源性死亡者１例；再梗塞者２例；不稳定心绞痛者２例。     

缺血预适应在经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术中的应用

对２６例冠心病患者随机分为预适应组（１４例）和对照组（１２例），分别观察经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中心绞痛及心电图变化和术后心绞痛及运动心电图。结果显示：预适应组术中心绞痛积分和ＳＴ段抬高幅度均显著低于对照组（均Ｐ＜０．０５），心绞痛及ＳＴ段抬高出现时间均显著迟于对照组（均Ｐ＜０．０５）。术后随访６个月，预适应组心绞痛及运动心电图阳性例数显著低于对照组（均Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明缺血预适应不但可以减轻ＰＴＣＡ中心肌缺血的程度，而且也能降低术后心肌缺血的复发。     

平板运动试验致ST段抬高的临床意义

目的平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高的临床意义。方法比较平板运动试验中ST段抬高组与ST段压低组患者的冠状动脉造影结果。结果ST段抬高组和ST段压低组患者冠状动脉造影显示的血管狭窄程度及血管受累支数有显著差异(p<0.05)。结论平板运动试验诱发的ST段抬高是冠状动脉严重狭窄和痉挛所致心肌严重缺血损伤的表现。     

动态心电图检出的老年人缺血性ST段压低的临床病理意义

对４７例老年人尸检中冠状动脉病变情况与动态心电图检查时的缺血性ＳＴ段压低结果进行了对比分析。结果：动态心电图检出的缺血性ＳＴ段压低诊断老年人冠心病的敏感性为８０．９％，特异性为８４．６％，准确性为８２．９％。对单支血管病变诊断的敏感性为６６．７％，对双支或三支血管病变为８６．７％。２１例冠状动脉明显狭窄（达Ⅲ级或Ⅲ级以上）患者中，１７例动态心电图检查时有缺血性ＳＴ段压低，其中１１例（６４．７％）无心绞痛或相关症状，说明日常活动情况下，动态心电图检出的缺血性ＳＴ段压低，不论有无心绞痛均明显提示冠心病的存在。     

运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠心病诊断的临床意义

目的 探讨平板运动试验诱发ST段抬高对冠心病诊断的临床意义.方法 比较平板运动试验中ST段抬高组与ST段压低组患者的冠状动脉造影结果.结果 ST段抬高组与ST段压低组冠状动脉造影结果显示,阳性率、血管狭窄程度以及受累支数均有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论 平板运动试验诱发的ST段抬高是冠状动脉严重狭窄或痉挛所致心肌局部...     

Comparison of silent and symptomatic ischemia during exercise testing in men

OBJECTIVE: To compare angina and ST-segment depression during exercise testing, as markers for coronary artery disease. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of exercise test responses and cardiac catheterization results. SETTING: A U.S. Veterans Affairs medical center. PATIENTS: Four hundred and sixteen men who were referred for the evaluation of symptoms, postmyocardial infarction testing, or both. Two hundred patients had no clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of previous myocardial infarction, whereas 216 were survivors of a previous myocardial infarction. INTERVENTIONS: All patients did a standard exercise test and had diagnostic coronary angiography with ventriculography within an average of 32 days (range, 0 to 90 days) of their exercise test. RESULTS: Two hundred patients without a previous myocardial infarction were divided into four groups: the no ischemia group had 80 patients; the angina pectoris only group had 23 patients; the silent ischemia group had 40 patients; and the ST-segment depression and angina pectoris group had 57 patients. In patients without a previous myocardial infarction, exercise-induced ST-segment depression was a better marker than exercise-induced angina for the presence of any coronary artery disease (P less than 0.005). Patients with symptomatic exercise-induced ischemia had a higher prevalence of severe coronary artery disease than did those with only silent ischemia (30% compared with 20%; 95% CI, - 7.3% to 27.0%; P = 0.005). For the 216 survivors of a myocardial infarction, divided into the same four groups, ST-segment depression again was a better marker for the presence of severe coronary artery disease compared with angina alone (P = 0.08). The prevalence rates of severe coronary artery disease in the no ischemia plus myocardial infarction group, the angina pectoris only plus myocardial infarction group, the silent ischemia plus myocardial infarction group, and the ST-segment depression and angina pectoris plus myocardial infarction group were 10%, 9%, 23%, and 32%, respectively (P less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-induced ST-segment depression is a better marker for coronary artery disease than is exercise-induced angina. Symptomatic ischemia during the exercise test is a better marker for severe coronary artery disease than is silent ischemia.     

Pathogenesis of unstable angina with 0- or 1-vessel disease. Important role of coronary artery spasm.

In order to examine the possible role of coronary artery spasm in the pathogenesis of unstable angina, provocative testing for coronary spasm was performed in 43 patients with unstable angina who had 0- or 1-vessel disease. Coronary spasm was induced in 20 (65%) of 31 patients by hyperventilation testing (ST increases in 18, ST decreases in 2). Anginal attacks with either ST-segment elevation or ST-segment depression in patients without a significant organic stenosis were induced in 23 (55%) of 42 patients during treadmill exercise testing. Coronary artery spasm, showing severe (> or = 90%) vasoconstriction with angina and/or ischemic electrocardiographic ST-segment deviation, was also documented angiographically in 42 (98%) of 43 patients following intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. We conclude that dynamic coronary obstruction plays an important role in the genesis of attacks in patients with unstable angina who had 0- or 1-vessel organic coronary artery disease.     

Usefulness of Holter monitoring to improve the sensitivity of exercise testing in determining the degree of myocardial revascularization after coronary artery bypass grafting for stable angina pectoris

To assess whether Holter monitoring improves the sensitivity of exercise testing in identifying incomplete myocardial revascularization, both tests were performed in 45 patients from 3 to 5 months after elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for stable angina pectoris. Coronary angiography revealed incomplete revascularization in 26 patients. Six of these 26 had 52 episodes of ST-segment depression during Holter monitoring and myocardial ischemia during exercise testing. Their exercise capacity was significantly lower than that of 10 other patients in whom the results of exercise testing only were positive (heart rate at 0.1 mV ST-segment depression 112 +/- 9 vs 123 +/- 15 beats/min, p less than 0.001). In the other 10 patients with incomplete myocardial revascularization the results of both investigations were negative. The graft patency rate was lower in patients with a positive response to exercise testing than in those with a negative response (52% vs 71%, p less than 0.005). Myocardial revascularization was angiographically complete in 19 patients. In 18 of these 19 patients the findings of both investigations were negative; in 1 patient Holter monitoring revealed episodes of ST-segment elevation suggestive of variant angina. Thus, after CABG for stable angina pectoris the results of Holter monitoring do not improve the sensitivity of exercise testing in identifying patients with angiographically incomplete myocardial revascularization because findings are positive only in patients with low exercise capacity. Both tests fail to show evidence of myocardial ischemia in most patients with angiographically complete myocardial revascularization.     

Precordial ST-segment elevation caused by right coronary artery occlusion

Among 57 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of the right coronary artery, eight patients showed precordial ST-segment elevation in leads V1-3 during the procedure. The mechanism of this ST elevation was investigated reviewing the coronary angiographic findings. All patients had angina pectoris, but none had evidence of myocardial infarction. The balloon inflation time was limited to 60 sec, and 12 lead electrocardiograms were recorded every 15 sec. In the eight patients who had precordial ST-segment elevation, six had the anatomically dominant right coronary artery, and two had proportioned (balanced) left and right coronary arteries. Six patients, however, had functionally dominant left coronary arteries because of good collaterals supplying the right coronary artery from the left coronary artery. Thus, functionally, six had the dominant left coronary artery, one had proportioned coronary supply, and only one had the dominant right coronary artery. In all eight patients, the most proximal portion of the right coronary artery was occluded during PTCA, obstructing both the conus branches and the right ventricular branches. This often induced precordial ST-segment elevation in cases with the functionally dominant left or proportioned coronary artery. This ST-segment elevation seemed to represent right ventricular ischemia, as the inferior wall was protected from ischemia by good collaterals. However, precordial ST-segment elevation was rare in the functionally dominant right coronary artery even when the most proximal portion of the right coronary artery was occluded. This fact seemed due to masking of electrocardiographic manifestations of right ventricular ischemia by the dominant electrical forces of inferior wall ischemia.     

Different susceptibility to myocardial ischemia provoked by hyperventilation and cold pressor test in exertional and variant angina pectoris

Coronary constriction at the site of atherosclerotic stenoses has been suggested to play an important role in modulating the frequency of symptoms in patients with exertional angina. To investigate whether stimuli triggering coronary constriction have similar effects in patients with exertional and variant angina, responses to hyperventilation (HV) and cold pressor test (CPT) were evaluated. Twenty patients with chronic exertional angina, positive exercise test results and coronary heart disease were compared with 14 patients with variant angina and ST-segment elevation during an ergonovine test. In patients with exertional angina, the CPT produced diagnostic ST-segment depression in 6 of 20 patients (30%) at levels of rate-pressure product much lower than those during the exercise test; all patients had low effort tolerance and severe coronary artery disease. HV produced diagnostic ST-segment depression in only 1 of 20 patients (5%) (p less than 0.05 compared to that with CPT). Conversely, in patients with variant angina, HV produced ST-segment elevation in 11 of 14 patients (78%) and CPT produced elevation in only 2 of 14 (14%) (p less than 0.01). Thus, coronary constriction can provoke myocardial ischemia not only in patients with variant angina but also in some patients with exertional angina. Furthermore, the 2 groups of patients have a different susceptibility to stimuli known to produce coronary constriction.     

ST-segment elevation during recovery from exercise. A new manifestation of Prinzmetal's variant angina

Four patients underwent exercise testing because of a history of pain in the chest; all four developed marked elevation of the S-T segment only during recovery after exercise. Three of the four patients showed ST-segment depression during exercise, but ST-segment elevation was absent until two or more minutes after cessation of exercise. ST-segment elevation after exercise was accompanied by hypotension in three patients and by ventricular arrhythmias in one. Subsequent coronary angiographic studies revealed normal or minimally diseased coronary arteries in two patients and significant coronary lesions in the other two. Review of the literature shows that contrary to the prevailing belief, over half of the patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina have electrocardiographic changes diagnostic of ischemia during exercise testing. Over half of the patients with abnormal findings on tests during exercise display ST-segment elevation as a manifestation of ischemia; however, delayed ST-segment elevation of the type seen in these four patients is distinctly uncommon, having previously been described in only three individual case reports. The pathophysiology of this response is uncertain but may relate to rapid alterations in the autonomic balance during recovery after exercise.     

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with postinfarction angina caused by coronary artery spasm

Clinical features and the course of 15 patients with postinfarction angina caused by coronary artery spasm are described. Episodes of postinfarction angina in the patients recurred at rest in the early recovery phase and were accompanied by transient ST-segment elevation. The area where ST-segment elevations were demonstrated on a 12-lead ECG always included the leads with newly developed abnormal Q waves. Pain resolved spontaneously or after sublingual nitroglycerin in several minutes. Holter ECGs during a 24-h period demonstrated frequent episodes of ST-segment elevation that were not always associated with chest pain. Treatment with calcium antagonist and/or nitrates effectively suppressed angina, and only one patient developed reinfarction. The patient's subjective symptoms were abolished by diltiazem and isosorbide dinitrate. A Holter ECG of the patient revealed silent ST-segment elevations before and after the reinfarction and an increase of the drugs completely suppressed the recurrence of silent ischemic ECG changes. Coronary arteriograms were obtained from 8 patients, which demonstrated more than 75% segmental stenosis on one coronary artery in 5 patients and no significant obstruction in the remaining 3. All patients performed a treadmill exercise stress test before discharge and most demonstrated excellent tolerance. All patients experienced no form of chest pain for an average of 25 months follow-up under medication. We conclude that among patients with postinfarction angina, those cases caused by coronary artery spasm have a relatively good prognosis.     

Significance of silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease

To evaluate the significance of ischemic ST-segment depression without associated chest pain during exercise testing, data were analyzed from 2,982 patients from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry who underwent coronary arteriography and exercise testing and were followed up for 7 years. Patients with proved coronary artery disease (CAD) (at least 70% diameter narrowing) were grouped according to whether they had at least 1 mm of ST-segment depression or anginal chest pain during exercise testing. Four hundred twenty-four had ischemic ST depression without angina (group 1); 232 had angina but no ischemic ST depression (group 2); 456 had both ischemic ST depression and angina (group 3); and 471 had neither ischemic ST depression nor angina (group 4). Sixty-three percent of patients in group 1 and 55% in group 2 had multivessel CAD (difference not significant). The 7-year survival rates were similar for patients in groups 1 (76%), 2 (77%), and 3 (78%), but were significantly better for patients in group 4 (88%, p less than 0.001). Among group 1 patients, survival was related to severity of CAD (p less than 0.001). The 7-year survival rate in group 1 was significantly worse than that in a separate group of 282 patients with ischemic ST depression without angina during exercise testing who had no CAD (95% survival, p less than 0.001). Thus, in patients with silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing, the extent of CAD and the 7-year survival rate are similar to those of patients with angina during exercise testing. Prognosis is determined primarily by the severity of CAD. In patients without CAD, the survival rate is excellent.     

Prognostic value of electrocardiographic exercise testing and noninvasive assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction soon after acute myocardial infarction

To determine the relative value of clinical findings, results of low-level treadmill electrocardiographic (ECG) exercise testing and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) for predicting cardiac events in the year after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 72 patients who had had an uncomplicated AMI were studied with either radionuclide angiography or 2-dimensional echocardiography to assess LVEF and a low-level treadmill exercise test before hospital discharge. All patients were followed for 1 year. Nineteen patients (26%) had at least 1 cardiac event: coronary artery bypass grafting (11 patients), recurrent AMI (6 patients) or cardiac death (6 patients). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that total cardiac events were predicted by exercise ECG ST-segment depression or angina, prior AMI, ventricular ectopic activity during exercise and digoxin therapy (cumulative r = 0.58, p less than 0.001). Coronary artery bypass grafting was predicted by exercise ECG ST-segment depression or angina (r = 0.29, p = 0.01). Recurrent AMI was predicted by exercise ECG ST-segment depression or angina, prior AMI and ventricular ectopic activity during exercise (cumulative r = 0.49, p less than 0.001). Cardiac death was predicted by an LVEF of 40% or less (r = 0.38, p = 0.01). The presence of both an LVEF of 40% or less and ECG ST-segment depression on treadmill exercise testing defined a subgroup of patients with a high incidence of early cardiac death (33%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prognostic significance of silent ischemia in the exercise test in patients with coronary disease

To evaluate the prognostic significance of silent ischemia during exercise testing, 152 consecutive patients (143 males, 9 females) with a mean SD of 55 +/- 7 years (age range 32-73) who underwent exercise testing and coronary arteriography within 3 months were studied. All patients had the following characteristics: 1) a positive electrocardiographic exercise test response; 2) significant coronary artery disease on the arteriography; 3) uninterrupted clinical follow-up for a minimum of 6 months. The 152 patients were divided in 2 groups: group I: 56 patients (37%) with ischemic ST-segment depression during exercise testing without angina (silent ischemia); group II: 96 patients (63%) with ischemic ST-segment depression and angina (symptomatic ischemia). Patients in group I and group II showed similar time to ST-segment depression (3.6 +/- 1.5 min vs 3.2 +/- 1.4 min; p = NS), maximal ST-segment depression and peak heart rate-systolic pressure product (21,151 +/- 7,124 vs 20,456 +/- 6,024; p = NS). Exercise duration was longer in group I than in group II (5.6 +/- 2.1 min vs 4.8 +/- 1.5 min; p less than 0.001). The extent of coronary artery disease defined by the number of significant narrowed coronary vessels, left ventricular end diastolic pressure and ejection fraction were similar in the 2 groups. Sixty six patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery were not included in the analysis. The remaining 86 patients (40 in group I and 46 in group II) were medically treated. The mean follow-up period was 43,5 +/- 25 months (range 6-101).2+ myocardial ischemia during exercise testing.