静脉血栓形成并发肺栓塞8例临床分析

目的：探讨静脉血栓形成并发肺栓塞的临床特征以提高认识。方法：对1996年4月－2000的10月间诊断的静脉血栓形成并发肺栓塞患者进行回顾性分析。结果：下肢深静脉血栓形成7例，左锁骨下静脉血栓形成1例，并发肺栓塞时均有胸痛，咯血，呼吸困难，紫绀；7例经溶栓、抗凝治疗后痊愈，死亡1例，结论：下肢深静脉血栓形成常并发肺栓塞，二者在内科患者中并不罕见；临床医生应提高对静脉血栓形成及肺栓塞的诊断意识，减少漏诊及误诊，使患者得到及时有效治疗。     

老年肺栓塞的危险因素及临床特点

目的探讨60岁以上老年肺栓塞的危险因素及临床特点。方法回顾分析我院1999年1月～2004年5月收治的急性肺栓塞患者,按年龄及病因分组。结果5年共计收住院病人31984例,诊断肺栓塞51例,≥60岁20789例,诊断肺栓塞41例,占0.20%,<60岁11195例,诊断肺栓塞10例,占0.09%。老年肺栓塞患者的危险因素主要是心血管病,非老年患者主要是下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)。结论60岁以上老年肺栓塞发病率显著高于非老年组,且老年危险因素以心血管病最多见,其次为深静脉血栓形成和肿瘤。另外,老年肺栓塞临床表现复杂多样不典型,易误诊。     

疑诊肺栓塞患者337例中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率

目的 评价疑诊肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率.方法 顺序收集2004年1月至2006年6月在北京首都医科大学附属朝阳医院和宁夏医学院附属医院内疑诊肺栓塞的患者,进行CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)联合下肢CT静脉造影检查(CTV)或CTPA联合下肢静脉超声检查.分析肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率以及下肢深静脉血栓的发生部位有无不同.采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行数据分析,描述性结果采用频数分析法,组间比较采用卡方检验.结果 共337例患者纳入研究,男189例,女148例,中位年龄62岁,范围19～84岁.CTPA诊断肺栓塞者144例,CTV和下肢超声检查诊断下肢深静脉血栓患者100例.肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率为44%(63/144),其中76%(48/63)发生于近端深静脉内;而下肢深静脉血栓形成患者中合并肺栓塞的发生率为63%(63/100).结论 无论肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓,还是下肢深静脉血栓患者合并肺栓塞的发生率均很高,有必要同时进行肺动脉和下肢深静脉检查.     

肺动脉血栓栓塞与肿瘤的关系

对我院 1986年至 2 0 0 2年确诊的 310例肺动脉血栓栓塞患者与肿瘤的关系作简要分析 ,对疑难病例作介绍。临床资料　 1986年至 2 0 0 2年确诊的 310例肺动脉血栓栓塞患者中有 8例合并恶性肿瘤 ,男 3例 ,女 5例。年龄 4 4～ 6 9岁 ,平均 5 2岁。肾癌 1例 ,乳腺癌 1例 ,子宫内膜癌 2例 ,肝脏恶性肿瘤 1例 ,食管恶性肿瘤 1例 ,肺癌 1例 ,脑继发性乳头状腺癌 1例。 5例患者行外科手术 ,3例外科手术后卧床 1～ 2周发生肺栓塞。 7例是在恶性肿瘤确诊后发现深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞 ,1例以深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞为首发症状 ,3个月后发现恶性肿瘤。 …     

滤器植入结合溶栓/抗凝预防肺动脉栓塞的长期随访结果

目的分析应用静脉滤器结合栓和抗凝治疗在深静脉血栓患者治疗及预防肺动脉栓塞的长期随访结果.方法24例急性或亚急性深静脉血栓患者,其中男13例,女11例;年龄14～86岁,平均52.4岁.24例患者经皮经股静脉植入静脉滤器.2例在术中辅以深静脉导管尿激酶溶栓治疗,20例在术后进行尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗.同时皮下注射低分子肝素10 d.口服华法林6个月.结果全部病例介入操作成功.对全部病例临床平均随访15个月(10～48个月).术后一周内18例患者的下肢水肿及疼痛迅速消失,其余6例患侧肢体肿胀、无力症状均有不同程度减轻.本组没有发生滤器移位及腔静脉血栓阻塞和肺栓塞病例,也没有发生出血性并发症.结论静脉滤器植入结合溶栓和抗凝是治疗急性或亚急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的一种安全、有效的方法,并能有效地预防肺栓塞的发生.     

30例肺血栓栓塞症的临床特征分析

目的:总结肺血栓栓塞症病例的特征.方法:回顾分析30例肺血栓栓塞症病例的科室分布、临床表现及治疗转归.结果:肺栓塞病例分布于9个科室,外科系占36.7%,内科系占63.3%;56.7%的肺栓塞患者有下肢深静脉血栓,其它常见原因有手术、外伤、骨折;多数肺栓塞病例缺乏特异性症状和体征,仅13.3%有呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血典型三联征;13.3%心电图呈典型SⅠ QⅢ TⅢ,30%有肺动脉高压;CTPA的诊断敏感性为77.3%.病死率为10%.结论:下肢深静脉血栓形成是肺栓塞最多见诱因;综合临床表现及时诊治,可降低肺栓塞病死率.     

下肢深静脉血栓发病情况及治疗探讨

随着对肺栓塞威胁患者生命,或造成血栓后综合征,影响患者生存质量,因此早期诊断和治疗日益受到重视。临床对肺栓塞及下肢深静脉血栓的发病及预防更为重视。近年来,我们针对我院下肢深静脉血栓发病情况加以严格筛查,及时发现下肢深静脉血栓病人,加以认真防治,防止肺栓塞的发     

如何预防深部静脉血栓形成

预防胜于治疗,对于深静脉血栓形成尤其如此。因为静脉血栓一旦形成。难以消除不说．还有血栓脱落引发肺栓塞、脑栓塞的可能。美国每年新增的深静脉血栓形成的病例就有60万。这里我们介绍一些预防深部静脉血栓形成的建议。     

红细胞与静脉血栓栓塞症研究进展

<正>静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)包括深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞，是严重威胁人类生命健康的疾病。有报道显示，全球每年约有1000万人罹患VTE,其中肺栓塞患者1年死亡率高达25%,30%的深静脉血栓形成患者会出现中至重度血栓后综合征，严重影响生活质量^[1]。VTE是遗传性和获得性危险因素共同作用的全身性疾病，其发病机制十分复杂，经典的理论包括静脉内皮损伤、血流减慢和凝血激活三大要素。     

孕产期颅内静脉窦血栓形成二例报告

颅内静脉窦血栓形成是一种少见但严重的脑血管病,血栓累及静脉窦系统及脑皮质或深静脉.最常见的病因是妊娠、产褥期和口服避孕药,约占已知发病原因的2/3,本文将2例孕产期颅内静脉窦血栓形成的病例报告如下: 1病例简介     

深静脉血栓形成103例临床分析

目的 提高对深静脉血栓形成（ＤＶＴ）和肺栓塞（ＰＥ）的认识,了解二者的关系。方法 对１０４３例ＤＶＴ病例做一回顾性分析。结果 ＤＶＴ与ＰＥ关系密切,ＤＶＴ病例中ＰＥ的发生率为４４．７％。有危险因素者占８８．３％,最常见的危险因素为长期卧床（２ ６．２％）     

Tracking the uptake of evidence: two decades of hospital practice trends for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

BACKGROUND: Advances in clinical research methods have led to prospective randomized controlled (level 1) clinical studies evaluating diagnostic modalities resulting in a paradigm shift in the literature for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). To assess whether these advances correlate with clinical practice, we analyzed 21-year trends in diagnostic testing for patients with venous thromboembolism. METHODS: We used discharge data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (1979-1999) to determine DVT and PE cases annually. Procedure fields were screened to determine patients who had DVT or PE or who underwent venography, arteriography of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary scintigraphy, or DVT ultrasonic scanning. Searching EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the American Thoracic Society guidelines, a literature-based time line of level 1 studies was derived and juxtaposed against trends and procedure use. RESULTS: Improved diagnostic tests resulted in diagnostic changes in patients with suspected venous thromboembolism. These observed changes correlated over time in subsequent years with level 1 studies. Diagnostic DVT approaches showed an initial marked increased use of venography followed by a rapid decline that coincided with increased use of Doppler ultrasonography. Diagnostic approaches to PE were characterized by initial marked increases in lung scanning followed by a rapid decline as use of ultrasonography considerably increased and pulmonary angiography modestly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic approaches to DVT and PE have changed markedly during the past 2 decades, in temporal harmony with the evolving literature. Change in clinical practice occurs over years, and long-term follow-up is required to capture this change.     

Venous thromboembolic disease: comparison of the diagnostic process in blacks and whites

BACKGROUND: There has been concern that a disproportionate use of some health services exists among races. Whether this applies to patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To assess if there is a racial disparity in the application of diagnostic tests for PE or DVT, or in reaching a diagnosis or using medical facilities. DESIGN: A study of cross-sectional samples of hospitalizations during 21 years using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. SETTING: Noninstitutional hospitals in 50 states and the District of Columbia from January 1, 1979, through December 31, 1999. PATIENTS: The National Hospital Discharge Survey abstracts demographic and medical information from the medical records of inpatients. For 1979 through 1999, the number of patients sampled ranged annually from 181 000 to 307 000.Measurements The number of sampled patients with DVT and with PE and the number of diagnostic tests performed were determined from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes at discharge. A multistage estimation procedure gave an estimate of values for the entire United States. RESULTS: The age-adjusted rates of diagnosis of PE and of DVT per 100 000 population were not lower in blacks than in whites. Rates of use of radioisotopic lung scans, venous ultrasonography of the lower extremities, and contrast venography were comparable between races. The durations of hospitalization for patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of PE and of DVT were also comparable. CONCLUSIONS: There is nothing to suggest that diagnostic tests are being withheld, and there is no evidence of a failure to reach a diagnosis in blacks with thromboembolic disease.     

Risk factors and short-term mortality of venous thromboembolism diagnosed in the primary care setting in the United Kingdom

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) manifesting as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a common vascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. Our aim was to study the clinical spectrum of VTE, assess its incidence in the general population, and evaluate potential risk factors. METHODS: Prospective cohort study with nested case-control analysis using the General Practice Research Database (1994-2000). Venous thromboembolism was newly diagnosed in 6550 patients. Cases were compared with a random sample of 10,000 controls and frequency-matched by age, sex, and year. RESULTS: The incidence rate of VTE was 74.5 per 100,000 person-years. Overweight, varicose veins, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and oral corticosteroid use were associated with a greater risk of VTE. Ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cerebrovascular diseases were associated with an increased risk of PE but not with DVT. Venous thromboembolism was strongly associated with fractures (odds ratio [OR], 21.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.7-28.9) and surgery (OR, 25.0; 95% CI, 14.4-43.5). In women, the risk of VTE was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.3) among those receiving opposed hormone therapy (in which the woman takes estrogen throughout the month and progesterone for 10-14 days later in the month) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4-2.5) among those taking oral contraceptives. Cancer and cerebrovascular diseases presented a greater relative risk of fatal PE compared with nonfatal PE. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight, varicose veins, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, fractures, surgery, and use of oral corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, and opposed hormone therapy were independent risk factors for both DVT and PE. The magnitude of the association with some risk factors varied between DVT and PE, as well as between fatal and nonfatal PE.     

Twenty-one-year trends in the use of inferior vena cava filters

BACKGROUND: Improved inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have led to liberalization of the indications for insertion. Increased use, however, has been followed with a potential for unwarranted insertion. There are only sparse data on trends in the use of IVC filters in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) alone, and patients at high risk. We analyzed the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) database for such trends. METHODS: We used data from the NHDS, which is based on a national probability sample of discharges from short-stay nonfederal hospitals in 50 states and the District of Columbia. The numbers of sampled patients with DVT, PE, and IVC filters were determined from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes at discharge. RESULTS: The number of patients who had IVC filters increased from 2000 in 1979 to 49 000 in 1999. In 1999, 45% of IVC filter insertions were in patients with DVT alone, 36% were in patients with PE, and 19% were in patients who presumably were at high risk but did not have DVT or PE listed as a discharge code. The use of IVC filters was more frequent in northeastern states than in western states (P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: The use of IVC filters increased markedly during the last 2 decades in patients with PE, patients with DVT alone, and patients at risk who had neither PE nor DVT. Randomized controlled trials may lead to improved risk stratification and limit the number of unnecessary filter insertions.     

Prevalence of heart diseases in patients with pulmonary embolism with and without peripheral venous thrombosis: Findings from a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundIn up to 80% of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) no peripheral symptomatic thrombosis can be identified. Whether the heart may represent a source of PE is unknown.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of patients who were 60 years or older and were discharged from the hospitals of Veneto region, Italy between 2000 and 2006 with the diagnosis of PE. We compared the prevalence of several acute and chronic heart diseases in patients discharged with the diagnosis of PE alone with that of patients with co-occurring symptomatic peripheral deep venous thrombosis (PE/DVT).ResultsOut of 11,236 eligible patients, 9079 (81%) were discharged with the diagnosis of PE alone, and 2157 with that of PE/DVT. 3239 of the 9079 (35.7%) patients with isolated PE, and 666 of the 2157 (30.9%) with PE/DVT had at least one heart disease. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having at least one heart disease in patients with isolated PE as compared to those with PE/DVT was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.13–1.40). The heart diseases that significantly contributed to the study results were all-cause cardiomyopathies (adjusted OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.37–3.89), all-cause heart failure (1.82; 1.45–2.27), coronary heart disease (1.28; 1.08–1.52), and atrial fibrillation or flutter (1.28; 1.08–1.51).ConclusionsThere is an association between isolated PE and a number of heart diseases. The results of our survey generate the hypothesis that in older patients several heart diseases may directly account for the development of PE. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.     

Subcutaneous fat accumulation and BMI associated with risk for pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: a population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies

Objective. Although deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are manifestations of the same disease, far from all patients develop PE. Our objective was to investigate risk-modifying factors. Setting, subjects and design. Between 1970 and 1982, 23 796 autopsies, representing 84% of all in-hospital deaths in the Malmö City population, were performed, using a standardized procedure. In a case–control study nested in a population-based cohort of patients with proximal DVT, the relationship between PE and body mass index (BMI), thoracic and abdominal subcutaneous (SC) fat thickness was evaluated. Results. Proximal DVT was found in 15%, of which 58% were women. Mean age in men was 4.5 years lower than in women (P < 0.001). Fifty per cent of the patients had PE, half of which were fatal. Similar age- and gender distribution was found in cases and controls. Patients in the upper tertile of BMI, abdominal and thoracic SC fat thickness had, in comparison with mid-tertile, and independent of age, gender and death from cancer disease, an increased odds (95% CI) for PE of 1.24 (1.04–1.47) (P = 0.014), 1.28 (1.07–1.53) (P = 0.006) and 1.35 (1.13–1.61) (P = 0.001), respectively, whereas in patients of the lower tertiles, a negative association was found. Conclusions. We found no differences in age- and gender distribution between PE cases and controls. BMI and SC fat thickness were markers of disease progression from proximal DVT to PE. The highly significant and independent association indicates that SC obesity may be of greater importance in venous thromboembolism as compared with cardiovascular diseases related to visceral (abdominal) obesity with lipid- and glucose metabolic disturbances.     

Clinical risk factors and timing of recurrent venous thromboembolism during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy

BACKGROUND: In patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), identifying clinical risk factors for recurrence during the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy and knowledge of the time course of recurrence may help clinicians decide about the frequency of clinical surveillance and the appropriateness of outpatient treatment. METHODS: Analysis of a randomized controlled trial database involving 1021 patients with VTE (750 with deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and 271 with pulmonary embolism [PE]) who were followed up for 3 months after the start of anticoagulant therapy. All patients received initial treatment with unfractionated heparin or a low-molecular-weight heparin (reviparin) and a coumarin derivative starting the first or second day of treatment, with a target international normalized ratio of 2.0 to 3.0. RESULTS: Four independent clinical risk factors for recurrent VTE were identified: (1) cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1. 39-5.32), (2) chronic cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1. 08-4.97), (3) chronic respiratory disease (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.85-4. 26), and (4) other clinically significant medical disease (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.00-3.21). Older age was associated with a decreased risk for recurrent VTE (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.92). Previous VTE, sex, and idiopathic VTE were not risk factors for recurrence. In patients with DVT or PE, there was no significant difference in the rates of recurrent nonfatal VTE (4.8% vs 4.1%; P =.62), major bleeding (2.9% vs 2.2%; P =.53), and non-VTE death (6.4% vs 7.8%; P =.45), but recurrent fatal PE was more frequent in patients with PE than DVT (2. 2% vs 0%; P<.01). There was a clustering of recurrent VTE episodes during the initial 2 to 3 weeks after the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: During the initial 3 months of anticoagulant therapy, recurrent VTE is more likely to occur in patients with cancer, chronic cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, or other clinically significant medical disease. Patients with PE are as likely to develop recurrent VTE as those with DVT; however, recurrence is more likely to be fatal in patients who initially present with PE. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3431-3436.     

Predictors of survival after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based, cohort study

BACKGROUND: Because reported survival after venous thromboembolism (VTE) varies widely, we performed a population-based retrospective cohort study to estimate survival, compare observed with expected survival, and determine predictors of short-term (< or =7 days) and long-term survival (>7 days) after VTE. METHODS: We followed the 25-year (1966-1990) inception cohort (n = 2218) of Olmsted County, Minnesota, patients with deep vein thrombosis alone (DVT) or pulmonary embolism with or without deep vein thrombosis (PE+/-DVT) forward in time until death or the last clinical contact. RESULTS: During 14 629 person-years of follow-up, 1333 patients died. Seven-day, 30-day, and 1-year VTE survival rates were 74.8% (DVT, 96.2%; PE+/-DVT, 59.1%), 72.0% (DVT, 94.5%; PE+/-DVT, 55.6%), and 63.6% (DVT, 85.4%; PE+/-DVT, 47.7%), respectively. Observed survival after DVT, PE+/-DVT, and overall was significantly worse than expected for Minnesota whites of similar age and sex (P<.001). More than one third of deaths occurred on the date of onset or after VTE that was unrecognized during life. Short-term survival improved during the 25-year study period, while long-term survival was unchanged. After adjusting for comorbid conditions, PE+/-DVT was an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset compared with DVT alone. Other independent predictors of both short- and long-term survival included age, body mass index, patient location at onset, malignancy, congestive heart failure, neurologic disease, chronic lung disease, recent surgery, and hormone therapy. Additional independent predictors of long-term survival included tobacco smoking, other cardiac disease, and chronic renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Survival after VTE, and especially after PE+/-DVT, is much worse than reported, and significantly less than expected survival. Compared with DVT alone, symptomatic PE+/-DVT is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset, implying that treatment for the 2 disorders should be different.     

Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data.

Although the association between malignancy and thromboembolic disease is well established, the relative risk of developing initial and recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy has not been clearly defined. The Medicare Provider Analysis and Review Record (MEDPAR) database was used for this analysis. Patients hospitalized during 1988-1990 with DVT/PE alone, DVT/PE and malignancy, malignancy alone, or 1 of several nonmalignant diseases (other than DVT/PE) were studied. The association of malignancy and nonmalignant disease with an initial episode of DVT/PE, recurrent DVT/PE, and mortality were analyzed. The percentage of patients with DVT/PE at the initial hospitalization was higher for those with malignancy compared with those with nonmalignant disease (0.6% versus 0.57%, p = 0.001). The probability of readmission within 183 days of initial hospitalization with recurrent thromboembolic disease was 0.22 for patients with prior DVT/PE and malignancy compared with 0.065 for patients with prior DVT/PE and no malignancy (p = 0.001). Among those patients with DVT/PE and malignant disease, the probability of death within 183 days of initial hospitalization was 0.94 versus 0.29 among those with DVT/PE and no malignancy (p = 0.001). The relative risk of DVT/PE among patients with specific types of malignancy is described. This study demonstrates that patients with concurrent DVT/PE and malignancy have a more than threefold higher risk of recurrent thromboembolic disease and death (from and cause) than patients with DVT/PE without malignancy. An alternative management strategy may be indicated for such patients.