aVR导联ST段回落对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征患者短期预后的评估价值

目的探讨aVR导联ST段抬高回落在非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征（NSTE-ACS）患者短期预后中的评估价值。方法纳入NSTE-ACS aVR导联抬高的患者45例;根据入院6h后aVR导联ST段是否回落分为ST段回落组（n=20）与非ST段回落组（n=25）;分析入选患者一般临床资料、心电图、冠状动脉造影结果,并对不良心脏事件的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果 aVR导联ST段无回落组左主干＋三支血管病变率、30d内再发心肌梗死率、急诊PCI及冠脉旁路移植术比例均高于ST段回落组患者,具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,aVR导联ST段无回落是入院后30d内不良心脏事件（死亡、心肌梗死及行血运重建术）独立预测因子（OR=18.54,95%CI：3.57～96.1,P〈0.001）。结论 aVR导联ST段抬高无回落的NSTE-ACS患者其预后差于ST段抬高回落者,aVR导联ST段无回落是NSTE-ACS不良心血管事件的独立预测因子。     

aVR导联S T段抬高预测非S T段抬高型急性心肌梗死的临床价值

目的：探讨aVR导联ST段抬高对非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的预测价值。方法选取27例心电图改变为ST段压低≥0．1 mV伴aVR导联ST段抬高者作为观察组,另选50例ST段压低≥0．1 mV但不伴aVR导联ST段抬高者作为对照组,追踪观察2组非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的发生率。结果临床确诊为非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死者观察组为7例（25．9％）,对照组为1例（2％）;2组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论 aVR导联ST段抬高对非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死具有一定的预测价值,临床应给予重视。     

aVR导联ST抬高对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死者左主干或三支血管病变的预测

目的研究急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTE-AMI)者aVR导联抬高幅度,与冠状动脉造影(CAG)对比,判断其对左主干/三支病变(LM/3VD)诊断的指导作用。方法对比106例aVR导联ST段抬高程度,结合CAG结果,研讨诊断LM/3VD的敏感性、特异性及相关性。结果 aVR导联ST段抬高是LM/3VD的独立预测因子(P<0.01),aVR导联ST段抬高≥0.5mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为76%、86%。ST段抬高≥1.0mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为43%、96%,ST段抬高≥1.5mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为18%、99%。结论 aVR导联ST段抬高是NSTE-AMI者LM/3VD非常有用的预测因子,特异性好。     

肌钙蛋白Ⅰ结合心电图aVR导联ST段变化对非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征临床预后的评估

目的结合实验室检测肌钙蛋白Ⅰ与心电图aVR导联ST段抬高情况,探讨二者在非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者的预后评估中的价值。方法入选非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者255例,采血检验肌钙蛋白Ⅰ,并详细测量心电图AVR导联ST段抬高情况,均行冠脉造影,根据具体情况分别行冠脉介入治疗、冠脉搭桥手术及药物保守治疗,随访6个月,观察终点为不良心血管事件,包括心肌梗死(包括再梗)、心血管死亡和血运重建。结果在随访的6个月内,肌钙蛋白Ⅰ值(OR=7.01,95%CI=1.22～12.63,P=0.02)和aVR导联ST段抬高值(OR=1.38,95%CI=1.084～1.751,P=0.009)是患者发生死亡和心肌梗死(包括再梗)的独立危险因素;同时,肌钙蛋白Ⅰ值(OR=1.249,95%CI=1.114～1.501,P0.01)和aVR导联ST段抬高值(OR=2.03,95%CI=1.20～4.29,P=0.04)亦是患者不良心血管事件(包括死亡、心肌梗死及血运重建术)发生的独立危险因素。在NSTE-ACS患者中,肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的升高的同时aVR导联ST段抬高者,其左主干病变或三支冠状动脉血管病变发生,以及不良心血管事件(包括死亡、心肌梗死、再梗、血运重建)的发生均是最高的。结论在临床中结合肌钙蛋白Ⅰ和心电图aVR导联ST段变化,可以早期应用于非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者预后的判断。     

急性心肌梗死aVR导联ST段抬高的临床意义

目的 探讨体表心电图aVR导联ST段抬高对急性心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管(IRA)诊断及临床预后的意义.方法 收集2010年10月至2012年12月因急性心肌梗死入住我院的患者共240例,根据患者入院时心电图aVR导联ST段有无抬高,分为A组(AVR导联ST段抬高)80例和B组(aVR导联ST段无抬高)160例,对两组患者临床资料、冠状动脉造影结果及主要不良心血管事件进行对比.结果 ①两组患者性别、糖尿病病史、PCI病史等一般临床资料对比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②两组冠状动脉造影结果比较:IRA为左主干(LM),A组9例,B组3例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);IRA左主干和(或)三支血管(LM/3VD),A组46例,B组15例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).③aVR导联ST抬高对IRA为左主干的敏感性及特异性分别为75％和69％,对IRA为左主干和(或)三支病变的敏感度及特异度分别为73％和81％.④住院期间主要不良心血管事件(MACE),A组36例,B组25例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).⑤在住院期间,aVR导联ST段抬高(OR=10.03,95％CI=5.36～18.77,P＜0.01)是急性心肌梗死患者发生不良心血管事件的独立危险因素.结论 aVR导联ST段抬高提示急性心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管为左主干和(或)三支血管病变及住院期间不良心血管事件发生率增高.aVR导联ST段抬高对急性心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管判断及临床预后具有一定的临床指导意义.     

aVR导联ST段抬高对非急性冠脉综合征的预测价值

目的　研究aVR导联对急性冠脉综合征是否有预测意义。方法　分析了 1998～ 2 0 0 3年间在青岛大学医学院附属医院因首次非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征入院的 5 71例病人的aVR导联抬高情况。将这些病人按aVR导联有无ST段抬高分为aVR导联无ST段抬高 ,ST段抬高 0 0 5～ 0 10mV及 >0 10mV三组。结果　在aVR导联无ST段抬高、ST段抬高 0 0 5～ 0 1mV及 >0 10mV 3组的病人中其病死率分别为 2 0 %、11 0 %及2 2 0 %。三支及主干病变分别为 2 5 0 %、4 4 1%及 6 0 0 %。三者间的CK -MB变化差异无显著性。结论　aVR导联ST段抬高的急性冠脉综合征 ,血管病变往往较重 ,预后亦较差 ,尽早冠脉介入治疗是有必要的。     

心电图aVR导联ST段抬高对急性冠脉综合征患者长期预后的评估价值研究

目的探讨心电图a VR导联ST段抬高对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者长期预后的评估价值,为提高ACS的诊治水平提供参考依据。方法选取2011年10月—2012年12月解放军第一零五医院收治的ACS患者185例,根据心电图a VR导联ST段变化分为ST段抬高组(n=112)和非ST段抬高组(n=73)。收集入选ACS患者的临床资料和随访资料,主要包括年龄、性别、既往史、吸烟史、心率、收缩压、心功能分级、生化指标〔超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、血肌酐及心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)阳性率〕、冠状动脉病变情况、治疗情况〔经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗〕及心血管事件发生情况、随访时间、3年无心血管事件生存率,并采用多元Cox比例风险回归模型筛选影响ACS患者长期预后的相关因素。结果两组患者年龄、心率、收缩压、血肌酐、男性所占比例、既往史(高血压、糖尿病、心肌梗死)阳性率、吸烟史阳性率、心功能分级Ⅱ～Ⅳ级者所占比例、三支病变发生率、PCI治疗率和CABG治疗率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者hs-CRP水平、CK-MB水平、全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分、cTnT阳性率、左主干病变发生率和左主干+三支病变发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ST段抬高组患者再发心肌梗死、新发心力衰竭、心源性猝死发生率均高于非ST段抬高组(P0.05)。ST段抬高组患者中82例发生心血管事件,随访时间为0～36个月,3年无心血管事件生存率为26.8%;非ST段抬高组患者中26例发生心血管事件,随访时间为2～36个月,3年无心血管事件生存率为64.3%。非ST段抬高组患者3年无心血管事件生存率高于ST段抬高组(log-rankχ~2=25.711,P0.001)。多元Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示,aVR导联ST段抬高〔HR=3.79,95%CI(1.81,7.90)〕是ACS患者长期预后的独立危险因素。结论心电图aVR导联ST段抬高的ACS患者长期预后劣于非ST段抬高的ACS患者;心电图aVR导联ST段抬高是ACS患者长期预后的独立预测因子。     

急性脑卒中老年患者心电图ST段抬高的临床意义

目的探讨老年急性脑卒中患者心电图ST段抬高是否具有急性心肌梗死的临床意义。方法选择急性脑卒中合并心电图上相邻两个以上导联ST段抬高、且于脑卒中后3个月～6个月内接受了冠状动脉造影的老年患者46例为研究对象,根据心电图演变、心肌血清标记物检测及冠状动脉造影结果,将患者分为急性脑卒中合并急性心肌梗死的ST段抬高组和非急性心肌梗死的ST段抬高组,进行组间临床特征的分析比较。结果46例急性脑卒中伴ST段抬高的患者中,合并急性心肌梗死者12例,心肌梗死组合并心房颤动、糖尿病、既往冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)史、纤维蛋白原水平、心肌型肌钙蛋白I和肌酸激酶同工酶阳性率均显著高于非心肌梗死组(P<0.05或0.01)。心肌梗死组多为ST段弓背向上抬高,幅度多≥0.2 mV,多呈动态演变且伴R波的进行性降低。而非心肌梗死组的ST段抬高多不具有上述特点。结论急性脑卒中所伴发的心电图ST段抬高患者中约30%合并急性心肌梗死,严密观察心电图演变及血清心肌标记物水平可资早期鉴别。     

急性冠状动脉综合征——ST段抬高急性心肌梗死的药物治疗

目前，将急性心肌梗死(AMI)分为两大类，即ST段抬高AMI和非ST段抬高AMI，由于二者在病理上不同，故应采用不同的治疗方法。本文重点讨论ST段抬高AMI的药物治疗进展。ST段抬高AMI的定义是指患者具有AMI的临床症状，并且伴有ST段抬高在V1～V3导联≥0．2mV，或在其他导联≥0．1mV。     

aVL导联ST段压低在诊断右室梗死中的价值

目的评价aVL导联ST段压低(STaVL↓)在下壁心肌梗死患者右室梗死诊断中的价值。方法130例急性下壁心肌梗死住院患者,分别以aVL导联ST段压低≥0.1mV或V4R导联ST段抬高≥0.1mV为判断标准分析其诊断右室梗死的敏感性、特异性和准确性,并进行比较。结果明确诊断右室梗死54例(42%),STaVL↓诊断右室梗死的敏感性高于STV4R↑(93%与85%,p=0.221),特异性低于STV4R↑(87%与93%,p=0.174),但差异无统计学显著性。结论以aVL导联ST段压低≥0.1mV为判断标准,可有效识别急性下壁心梗患者的右室梗死。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.