血尿酸及血清胱抑素C水平与冠状动脉病变的关系研究

目的探讨血尿酸(BUA)及血清胱抑素C(CysC)水平与冠状动脉病变的关系。方法选取2014年1月—2016年4月因胸痛、心悸入住常州市金坛区人民医院并行冠状动脉造影检查的患者352例,根据冠状动脉造影检查结果分为冠状动脉病变组241例和非冠状动脉病变组111例;根据冠状动脉狭窄程度分为无狭窄组111例、轻度狭窄组95例、中度狭窄组61例和重度狭窄组85例;根据冠状动脉病变支数分为无病变组111例、单支病变组51例、双支病变组84例和多支病变组106例。采用乳胶颗粒免疫比浊法检测BUA及血清CysC水平,比较不同冠状动脉病变情况患者BUA及血清CysC水平。结果冠状动脉病变组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于非冠状动脉病变组(P0.05)。重度狭窄组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于中度狭窄组,中度狭窄组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于轻度狭窄组,轻度狭窄组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于无狭窄组(P0.05)。多支病变组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于双支病变组,双支病变组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于单支病变组,单支病变组患者BUA及血清CysC水平高于无病变组(P0.05)。结论 BUA及血清CysC水平可预测冠状动脉病变的发生,且BUA及血清CysC水平升高的冠状动脉病变患者冠状动脉狭窄程度较重。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉病变与心脏功能的相关性

目的: 探讨冠状动脉病变范围及狭窄程度与心脏功能的关系。方法: 选择性冠状动脉造影387例,冠状动脉造影证实冠心病患者252例,按病变范围、狭窄程度分组,术前行心脏超声检查,对比分析冠状动脉病变范围及狭窄程度与功能的关系。结果: 冠状动脉轻、中度狭窄、1支病变时,左室收缩功能改变不明显,舒张功能出现减退(P<0.05或P<0.01)。冠状动脉重度狭窄、完全闭塞时,舒张功能明显减退(P<0.01),收缩功能与受累血管数量、病变程度有明显相关性。结论: 冠状动脉病变对心脏的功能有一定影响,冠心病患者心脏舒张功能减退先于收缩功能。     

右冠状动脉病变对左冠状动脉狭窄患者左心室功能的影响

目的　探讨右冠状动脉病变对左冠状动脉狭窄患者左心室功能的影响及其机制。方法　对比分析左冠状动脉狭窄患者在合并与不合并右冠状动脉病变时的左心室射血分数。结果　与相应部位单纯左冠状动脉狭窄患者相比 ,合并右冠状动脉病变患者左心室射血分数均呈不同程度地下降 ,其中在左前降支、左前降支 +左回旋支狭窄基础上合并右冠状动脉病变时左心室射血分数下降有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ,左主干合并右冠状动脉狭窄患者下降幅度最大 ,但无统计学意义。结论　右冠状动脉病变可在单纯左冠状动脉狭窄的基础上使左心室收缩功能进一步恶化 ;当左冠状动脉狭窄部位为左前降支、左主干或左前降支 +左回旋支时 ,对左心室收缩功能影响更为严重     

经胸多普勒超声在冠状动脉病变诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨经胸多普勒超声在冠状动脉病变诊断中的应用价值。方法 172例冠状动脉病变患者,采用经胸多普勒超声心动图和冠状动脉造影检查。以冠状动脉造影结果为金标准,评估经胸多普勒超声对冠状动脉病变的诊断准确性及对病变严重程度评估的效果。结果经胸彩色多普勒超声对左主干狭窄、左前降支狭窄、左主干闭塞、右冠状动脉狭窄、回旋支狭窄检出率分别为93.4%、95.5%、100%、88.1%、86.1%。狭窄血管可见管壁回声增强、不连续,管壁偏心性不规则增厚或向心性增厚、血管内低回声团块,血管闭塞者远端可见蓝色逆向血流。彩色多普勒超声对血管病变严重程度评估与冠状动脉造影无显著差异。结论经胸彩色多普勒超声对冠脉病变具有较高的检出率并能够对病变程度进行评估,适宜于对可疑冠状动脉病变的初步筛选检查。     

冠脉内血流动力学检测基础及临床应用研究进展

近年来,冠状动脉造影（CAG）作为评价冠状动脉狭窄病变“金标准”的价值逐渐受到质疑,主要原因是冠状动脉造影不能准确评价狭窄病变与心肌缺血之间的关系,对直径狭窄为40％～70％的临界病变更是如此。许多研究表明冠心病患者的预后主要取决于是否存在心肌缺血,     

脉压与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度的相关性研究

目的探讨脉压与冠状动脉病变狭窄严重程度的相关性。方法对拟诊冠心病或确诊冠心病的住院患者405例,行冠状动脉造影术。根据病变累及左前降支、左回旋支和右冠状动脉支数分为4组:冠状动脉正常组(102例)、单支病变组(77例)、双支病变组(102例)和3支病变病(124例)。冠状动脉病变狭窄的严重程度用病变的血管支数及Gensini积分表示。所有患者在术中测量主动脉血压及外周桡动脉血压。结果3支病变组主动脉、外周桡动脉收缩压和脉压均显著高于冠状动脉正常组(P<0.05),双支病变组主动脉收缩压、外周桡动脉收缩压和脉压显著高于冠状动脉正常组,单支病变组与冠状动脉正常组差异无统计学意义。收缩压与脉压随着狭窄支数的增加而增加。多因素分析结果显示,主动脉脉压、桡动脉脉压、年龄与冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系最为密切。结论脉压是冠心病冠状动脉狭窄发生发展的独立危险因素,且主动脉脉压的预测价值更大。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度检测在老年冠心病患者冠状动脉病变中的预测价值

目的 采用彩色多普勒超声检测老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度（intima-media thickness,IMT）,探讨其在老年患者冠状动脉病变中的预测价值.方法 选择拟诊为冠心病的老年患者121例,按冠状动脉造影结果分组.按冠状动脉狭窄程度分组：阴性对照组（冠状动脉狭窄＜50％）;50％≤冠状动脉狭窄＜70％组;冠状动脉狭窄≥70％组.按累及冠状动脉病变支数分组：阴性对照组（冠状动脉狭窄＜50％）;单支病变组（仅1支冠状动脉狭窄≥50％）;2支病变组（2支冠状动脉狭窄≥50％）;多支病变组（3支及以上的冠状动脉狭窄≥50％）.彩色多普勒超声仪测量颈动脉IMT,对不同冠状动脉病变组的颈动脉IMT、斑块发生率进行比较分析.结果 阴性对照组、50％≤冠状动脉狭窄＜70％组和冠状动脉狭窄≥70％组IMT分别为（0.80±0.22） mm、（0.98±0.17）mm和（1.01±0.25）mm;颈动脉斑块检出率分别为35.0％、94.8％和83.7％.不同冠状动脉狭窄程度组的颈动脉IMT、斑块发生率均显著高于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;但不同冠状动脉狭窄程度组各组之间颈动脉IMT、斑块发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.阴性对照组、单支病变组、二支病变组和三支病变组颈动脉IMT分别为（0.80±0.22）mm、（0.96±0.15）mm、（0.98±0.17）mm和（1.00±0.15）mm;颈动脉斑块检出率分别为35.0％、84.0％、86.7％和83.9％.不同冠状动脉病变支数组的颈动脉IMT、斑块发生率均显著高于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;但不同冠状动脉病变支数各组之间颈动脉IMT、斑块发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 彩色多普勒超声测量颈动脉IMT对冠心病有着重要的预测作用,可望为老年冠心病高危人群筛选提供新的临床手段.     

高频心电图与冠状动脉病变严重度的相关研究

检测68例选择性冠状动脉造影病人高频心电图,研究高频切迹与冠状动脉病变严重度之间的关系。结果显示:冠状动脉狭窄组高频切迹数显著多于无狭窄组（P<0.01）;狭窄组各组间比较,高频切迹数重度狭窄组>中度狭窄组>轻度狭窄组（P<0.01或0.05）;高频切迹数与冠状动脉病变严重度显著正相关（P<0.01）,提示:高频心电图能反映冠状动脉病变严重度。     

对氧磷酶1基因Gln/Arg192多态性与冠状动脉病变的相关性

对64例冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者，采用聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性检测对氧磷酶1（PONI）基因Gin／Arg192多态性。比较不同冠状动脉病变支数、不同狭窄程度冠心病患者PONl基因型及等位基因频率分布。结果不同冠状动脉病变支数及不同冠状动脉的狭窄程度冠心病患者PONl基因型及等位基因频率分布无统计学差异。认为冠状动脉病变支数、冠状动脉狭窄程度与PON1 A、B等位基因频率无关。     

心肌血流储备分数和血管内超声联合评价冠状动脉临界性病变：附二例报告

心肌血流储备分数（fractional flow reserve, FFRmyo）是指存在狭窄病变的冠状动脉所供心肌区域能获得的最大血流与同一区域无狭窄情况下的最大血流之比,其提示狭窄病变对血流影响的程度．多层螺旋CT、冠状动脉造影和山管内超声是影像学手段,提供病变的解剖学信息。但影像学手段可能低估或高估病变的严重程度。我们联合应用血管内超声和FFRmyo,对2例冠状动脉造影表现为临界性狭窄的病变进行评价。     

Comparison of transesophageal coronary sinus and left anterior descending coronary artery doppler measurements for the assessment of coronary row reserve

Background: Currently used methods for assessment of coronary flow reserve are invasive and require extensive laboratory equipment. Recently, noninvasive assessment of coronary flow reserve by transesophageal Doppler evaluation of coronary sinus (CS) or left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) flow has been proposed. Direct comparison between these two techniques is lacking. Methods: Doppler recordings of CS and LAD flow velocity were obtained before and after 0.6 mg/kg/5 min dipyridamole in 16 patients with significant stenosis of the LAD (Group A) and in 14 control patients (Group B). Flow recordings and all measurements were performed in a blinded manner. For assessment of coronary flow reserve, Doppler measurements after dipyridamole were divided by the respective baseline values. Results: Doppler studies of the CS and LAD were feasible in 30 of 30 (100%) and 23 of 30 (71%) patients, respectively. Analyzing the maximum flow velocities, coronary flow reserve in Groups A and B was 1.18 ± 0.28 and 1.68 ± 0.53 with CS recordings and 1.78 ± 0.83 and 2.51 ± 0.76 with LAD recordings, respectively. Analyzing the velocity time integrals, coronary flow reserve in Groups A and B was 1.53 ± 0.68 and 2.59 ± 0.74 with CS recordings and 1.77 ± 0.38 and 2.68 ± 0.93 with LAD recordings, respectively. Correlation between LAD and CS recordings was 0.69 (p<0.001), when coronary flow reserve was calculated from the velocity time integral and 0.68 (p<0.001) when the maximum flow velocities were used. Conclusion: Both transesophageal Doppler techniques might be useful for noninvasive assessment of coronary flow reserve.     

Digital subtraction angiographic assessment of the coronary arteries and coronary flow reserve

Although intravenous digital subtraction angiography was originally intended as a means of performing lessinvasive peripheral angiography, this less invasive approach has not proven feasible for coronary artery studies. Digital imaging has, however, proven helpful for the immediate replay, enhancement and quantification of coronary arteriography and enables the performance of regional blood flow (coronary flow reserve) analysis. Flow analysis is clinically helpful in determining the hemodynamic significance of individual coronary stenoses, which cannot always be assessed even using quantitative stenosis measurements. One method of assessing flow reserve by digital means uses parametric images to display the timing (color coded) and density (intensity coded) of the contrast bolus as it transverses the regional myocardial circulation. Analysis of baseline and hyperemic condition parametric images provides quantitative regional flow reserve information.     

Fallacy of thoracic side-branch steal from the internal mammary artery: analysis of left internal mammary artery coronary flow during thoracic side-branch occlusion with pharmacologic and exercise-induced hyperemia.

In some patients, myocardial ischemia after coronary artery bypass graft surgery has been attributed to a coronary steal phenomenon through a thoracic side branch originating from the left internal mammary artery (LIMA), even in the absence of subclavian or LIMA stenosis. To demonstrate that coronary flow through the LIMA is unchanged by occlusion of a LIMA side branch, we examined LIMA coronary flow velocity measurements (0.014" Doppler flow wire) in three patients at rest, during adenosine hyperemia, and again during hyperemia induced by left arm exercise before and again after the balloon occlusion of the thoracic side branch. For the three patients, no significant changes in resting or hyperemic flow were noted due to side-branch occlusion. Before side-branch occlusion, pharmacologic intra-arterial (adenosine) coronary flow reserve (hyperemic-to-basal flow velocity ratio) was 2.6, 1.5, and 3.2 and exercise flow reserve was 2.1, 1.3, and 1.2, respectively. After side-branch occlusion, pharmacologic coronary flow reserve was 2.5, 1.8, and 2.7 with exercise flow reserve of 1.8, 1.1, and 1.3, respectively. Under most ordinary circumstances, thoracic side-branch steal does not exist and that side-branch occlusion does not alter LIMA flow at rest or during pharmacologic or exercise-induced hyperemia. These data further suggest that a demonstration of the physiologic value of side-branch occlusion should precede surgical or percutaneous interruption of the thoracic artery in such patients.     

The immediate and long-term effect of optimal balloon angioplasty on the absolute coronary blood flow velocity reserve. A subanalysis of the DEBATE study. Doppler Endpoints Balloon Angioplasty Trial Europe.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding the immediate and long-term effect of balloon angioplasty on the coronary flow reserve evaluated in a multicentre setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 86 patients with one-vessel disease and normal left ventricular function were analysed before and after optimal balloon angioplasty (diameter stenosis <35%) and at 6-month follow-up. Coronary flow reserve was assessed with a Doppler guide wire. A low coronary flow reserve (2.5 (46% vs 23% and 36% vs 16%, respectively; P<0.05) due to a trend towards restenosis (29% vs 16%; P=0.15) or a low coronary flow reserve at follow-up due to persistent elevated baseline blood flow velocity. Patients without restenosis showed a decrease or increase of coronary flow reserve during follow-up, determined by alterations of hyperaemic blood flow velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with an impaired coronary flow reserve directly after optimal balloon angioplasty showed a higher target lesion revascularization rate compared to patients with a coronary flow reserve >2.5. This patient group consists of patients prone to develop restenosis, while other patients are characterized by a persistently low coronary flow reserve, probably secondary to disturbed autoregulation and/or diffuse mild coronary atherosclerosis. Coronary flow reserve alterations in patients without restenosis were related to changes in hyperaemic blood flow velocity, suggesting that this phenomenon relates to epicardial remodelling.     

Coronary revascularization directed by results of coronary doppler flow measurements

We present a case where Doppler coronary flow velocity and Doppler reserve measurement directed the decision to proceed with coronary artery revascularization. Measurement of coronary Doppler flow velocity and flow reserve can be useful to help evaluate angiographic “intermediate lesions.” The following case involves an indeterminate lesion. A patient was felt likely to have a high-grade stenosis which could not be adequately visualized angiographically because of overlapping vessels. Largely based on the flow velocity and reserve data, the patient was referred for coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Assessing coronary blood flow dynamics with the TIMI frame count method: comparison with simultaneous intracoronary Doppler and ultrasound.

This study compared the TIMI frame count (TFC), which has been proposed as a method for quantifying coronary blood flow, with coronary flow and microvascular function measured with intracoronary Doppler and intracoronary ultrasound. Coronary blood flow volume was calculated from coronary blood velocity (by intracoronary Doppler) and lumen area (by intracoronary ultrasound) in the LAD in 46 post-heart transplant patients at baseline and after intracoronary adenosine. TFC correlated significantly with average peak coronary blood velocity (r = -0.42; P = 0.004) and coronary lumen area (r = 0.39; P = 0.008), but not with coronary blood flow volume (r = -0.01; P = 0.96) or the coronary flow reserve response to adenosine (r = 0.09; P = 0.58). In conclusion, TFC is a simple method of assessing coronary blood velocity but not volumetric flow. While TFC does not predict coronary flow reserve, as a measure of velocity it does provide an assessment of basal microvascular tone, information that is complementary to that afforded by flow reserve measurements.     

Echocardiographic evaluation and clinical implications of aortic stiffness and coronary flow reserve and their relation

The normal human aorta is not a stiff tube but is characterized by elastic properties with a buffering Windkessel function. Aortic stiffening may cause an increase in aortic pulse pressure, left ventricular load, and ultimately left ventricular hypertrophy. This, together with the decreased diastolic transmyocardial pressure gradient interacts with coronary flow and flow reserve. In recent studies, significant correlations between coronary flow reserve and aortic stiffness have been demonstrated in different patient populations. The aim of the present review is to describe the current echocardiographic modalities to measure aortic stiffness and coronary flow reserve and to overview our knowledge about the relationship between aortic stiffness and coronary flow reserve.     

How Can Coronary Flow Reserve Be Altered by Severe Aortic Stenosis?

The coronary flow reserve, a well-known characteristic of the distensibility of the coronary arteries, can be measured by means of dipyridamole stress transesophageal echocardiography. This study compared the coronary flow reserve in patients with normal coronary arteries with aortic stenosis (Group 1), in patients with normal coronary arteries without aortic stenosis (Group 2), and in patients with significant left anterior descending coronary artery disease (Group 3). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Groups 1 and 2 were comprised of 21 patients each, while Group 3 was comprised of 37 patients. Transesophageal stress echocardiography was carried out according to a standard protocol, with a vasodilator stimulus of dipyridamole in a dose of 0.56 mg/kg over 4 minutes. The coronary flow reserve was calculated as the ratio of posthyperemic to basal peak (CFR) and mean (mean CFR) diastolic flow velocities. RESULTS: The left ventricular mass and left ventricular mass index were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Groups 2 and 3. The coronary flow reserve and the posthyperemic mean diastolic flow velocities were significantly lower, while the resting mean diastolic flow velocities were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 3 than in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with aortic stenosis and a normal coronary angiogram, the coronary flow reserve is significantly lower, similarly as in the case of significant left anterior descending coronary artery disease. In severe aortic stenosis with left ventricular hypertrophy, stress transesophageal echocardiography is unable to distinguish between the drop in coronary flow reserve caused by a vascular or a myocardial component, and therefore, not suitable for the selection of patients with significant coronary artery disease, even in cases of left anterior descending coronary artery disease.     

Comparison between regional myocardial perfusion reserve and coronary flow reserve in the canine heart

Diameter stenosis and flow reserve are indices of morphologicaland functional severity of coronary artery stenosis. Flow reservecan be determined at coronary arterial or at myocardial level.In the presence of functional collateral circulation, coronaryflow reserve and myocardial perfusion reserve may differ. We studied coronary flow, coronary flow reserve and myocardialperfusion reserve in an open chest dog model with intact collateralcirculation, before and after induction of coronary artery stenosis.Coronary flow was determined with perivascular ultrasonic flowprobes and myocardial perfusion reserve from digital angiographicimages, in the stenotic as well as the adjacent non-stenoticcoronary arteries. Before induction of a stenosis, a significant correlation existedbetween coronary flow reserve and myocardial perfusion reserveof the left anterior descending (r=0.59; P<0.005) and theleft circumflex arteries (r=0.84, P<0.005). In stenotic arteries,coronary flow reserve and myocardial perfusion reserve decreasedsignificantly (P<0.005), but in the adjacent non-stenoticarteries coronary flow reserve was not affected Myocardial perfusionreserve in the non-stenotic adjacent left anterior descendingartery decreased significantly (P<0.05) and no correlationwas found between coronary flow reserve and myocardial perfusionreserve, whereas in the adjacent non-stenotic left circumflexartery there was no statistically significant decrease (4.1± 1.6 3.5 ± 1.4) but there was a good correlationbetween coronary flow reserve and myocardial perfusion reserve(r=0.85; P<0.005). This study demonstrates that, in the presence of a stenosisand functioning collateral circulation, coronary flow reserveis not a reliable predictor of myocardial perfusion reserve;both parameters provide mutually complementary information.     

Impact of final coronary flow velocity reserve on late outcome following stent implantation.

Aims To assess whether coronary flow velocity reserve following stent implantation is predictive of the subsequent need of target lesion revascularization.Methods and Results The outcome was examined of 417 patients enrolled in a multicentre prospective randomized study (DESTINI), who received a successful single vessel stent implantation in native coronary arteries and in whom coronary flow velocity reserve was measured. Logistic regression analysis and the receiver operator characteristic curve were used. When compared with 358 patients not requiring target lesion revascularization, 59 patients (14%) who underwent target lesion revascularization had a lower final coronary flow velocity reserve (2.33 +/- 0.87 vs 2.48+/- 0.80, P= 0.20) and smaller final minimal lumen diameter (2.62 +/- 0.66 mm vs 2.73+/- 0.60, P= 0.19); however, those differences were not statistically significant. Patients with a coronary flow velocity reserve of < 2.0 (n=109, 26%) exhibited a significantly higher target lesion revascularization rate than patients with a coronary flow velocity reserve of > or = 2.0 (22% vs 11%, P= 0.010). This difference remained significant (odds ratio=2.01, 95% CI=1.11 to 3.66) after adjustment for other variables that were also correlated with the incidence of target lesion revascularization.Conclusion The presence of a final coronary flow velocity reserve of < 2.0 is an independent predictor of the need for target lesion revascularization after stent implantation in native coronary artery lesions.