杀虫丁室内和现场杀螺效果观察

目的评价杀虫丁实验室和现场杀螺效果,探索有效灭螺剂量及影响灭螺效果的有关因素.方法以杀虫丁为实验组、氯硝柳胺为实验对照组和清水为空白对照组,捕捉野外钉螺在室内进行浸杀和喷洒实验,并选择有螺滩地进行现场浸杀和喷洒实验,观察比较不同浓度、作用时间和温度下钉螺校正死亡率.结果室内浸杀,杀虫丁1.0mg/L浓度组浸杀72h后钉螺校正死亡率为54.55%,显著低于同浓度的氯硝柳胺组(P＜0.01);室内喷洒,杀虫丁1.0g/m2浓度组喷洒72h后钉螺校正死亡率为80.0%,杀螺效果也不及氯硝柳胺(P＜0.05);现场浸杀,杀虫丁杀螺效果与室内相似,但现场喷洒1.0g/m2浓度组15d后钉螺校正死亡率达77.10%,与氯硝柳胺组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而1.25g/m2浓度组钉螺校正死亡率高于相应的氯硝柳胺组.杀虫丁杀螺效果受温度和作用时间影响较明显,但杀虫丁具有较强抑制钉螺爬动作用.结论杀虫丁适合现场喷洒灭螺,浓度以1.00～1.25g/m2、气温在25C为宜.     

杀虫丁室内和现场杀螺效果观察

目的 评价杀虫丁实验室和现场杀螺效果，探索有效灭螺剂量及影响灭螺效果的有关因素。方法 以杀虫丁为实验组、氯硝柳胺为实验对照组和清水为空白对照组，捕捉野外钉螺在室内进行浸杀和喷洒实验，并选择有螺滩地进行现场浸杀和喷洒实验，观察比较不同浓度、作用时间和温度下钉螺校正死亡率。结果 室内浸杀，杀虫丁1．0mg/L。浓度组浸杀72h后钉螺校正死亡率为54．55％，显著低于同浓度的氯硝柳胺组（P＜0．01）；室内喷洒，杀虫丁1．0g/m^2浓度组喷洒72h后钉螺校正死亡率为80．0％，杀螺效果也不及氯硝柳胺（P＜0．05）；现场浸杀、杀虫丁杀螺效果与室内相似，但现场喷洒1．0g/m^2浓度组15d后钉螺校正死亡率达77．10％，与氯硝柳胺组相比差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05），而1．25g/m^2浓度组钉螺校正死亡率高于相应的氯硝柳胺组。杀虫 丁杀螺受温度和作用时间影响较明显，但杀虫丁具有较强抑制钉螺爬动作用。结论 杀虫丁适合现场喷洒灭螺，浓度以1．00－1．25g/m^2、气温在25℃为宜。     

杀虫丁与氯硝柳胺现场灭螺效果的对比实验观察

目的比较杀虫丁和氯硝柳胺现场杀螺效果,探索有效灭螺剂量及影响灭螺效果的有关因素。方法以杀虫丁为实验组、氯硝柳胺为实验对照组、清水为空白对照组,在不同类型的有螺地区进行现场浸杀和喷洒灭螺实验,观察比较不同浓度、作用时间和温度下钉螺校正死亡率。结果现场浸杀,杀虫丁1.0mg/L浓度组浸杀48h后肋壳钉螺校正死亡率为82.8%,光钉螺校正死亡率为34.3%,显著低于同浓度的氯硝柳胺组(P<0.01)。现场喷洒,杀虫丁1.0g/m2、1.5g/m2、2.0g/m23个浓度组喷洒灭螺后7-30d,洲滩和河滩肋壳钉螺校正死亡率均<50.0%,杀螺效果显著低于同浓度的氯硝柳胺组(P<0.01)。结论在本次实验条件下,氯硝柳胺现场浸杀和喷洒灭螺效果均明显优于杀虫丁。     

杀虫丁与氯硝柳胺室内杀螺效果的观察

目的观察杀虫丁对山丘地区残存钉螺的杀螺效果。方法采用室内浸杀和喷洒方法,与氯硝柳胺灭螺效果进行比较,并设清水对照组,观察不同浓度的钉螺死亡率。结果室內浸杀杀虫丁2.0mg/L48h钉螺死亡率为99％,氯硝柳胺2h 1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L和48h各浓度组钉螺死亡率均达99％以上,两种药物浸杀灭螺效果除2.0mg/L组浸杀48h差异无显著性(x~2=0.00005,P>0.25)外,其余差异有高度显著性(P<0.01);室内喷洒杀虫丁和氯硝柳胺24h和48h各浓度组钉螺死亡率均达99％以上,两种药物的喷洒灭螺效果差异无显著性(P>0.05);杀虫丁具有较好的抑制钉螺爬动作用。结论杀虫丁的灭螺效果喷洒优于浸杀。建议浸杀灭螺浓度应大于2.0mg/L,喷洒剂量为2g/m~2。     

四种灭螺药物杀螺效果的平行观察

溴乙酰胺、浸螺杀、杀虫丁、氯硝柳胺控释剂杀灭钉螺的平行单盲试验表明:四种药物现场喷洒灭螺效果以溴乙酰胺较好。3g/m~2剂量喷药后第3d、7d、15d及30d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为82.0％、81.6％、89.3％及92.3％,室内浸杀溴乙酰胺、浸螺杀、杀虫丁三种药物5d、7d的杀螺效果除杀虫丁0.5mg/L组钉螺校正死亡率为71.4％外,其余均在92.8％以上。溴乙酰胺对鱼无毒性,不能抑制钉螺上爬;浸螺杀各浓度对鱼有毒性,能抑制钉螺上爬;杀虫丁对鱼亦有毒性,不能完全抑制钉螺上爬。     

荣宝和氯硝柳胺灭螺效果比较及成本分析

目的 评价新型灭螺药物荣宝杀灭钉螺的效果,探讨其推广应用价值.方法 按目前推荐的荣宝灭螺剂量,喷洒法为30 g/m2,浸杀法为50 g/m3;氯硝柳胺喷洒法和浸杀法分别采用2 g/m2和2 g/m3杀螺剂量,分别在室内和现场进行灭螺试验,观察两种药物的灭螺效果并初步分析评估其成本.结果 在现场气温22～30℃条件下,荣宝50 g/m3浸杀3、5、7 d后,螺袋内钉螺校正死亡率均达到100.0%,与氯硝柳胺2 g/m3灭螺效果相似;荣宝30 g/m2剂量喷洒3、5、7、15 d后,钉螺校正死亡率分别为54.5%、58.0%、69.0%、79.1%,氯硝柳胺喷洒组钉螺校正死亡率分别为61.0%、69.4%、76.7%、77.9%.在室温18℃条件下,荣宝以30 g/m2喷洒3、5、7、15 d后,钉螺校正死亡率分别为72.9%、87.2%、91.5%、76.1%;而相应2 g/m2氯硝柳胺喷洒后的钉螺校正死亡率分别为81.3%、95.7%、97.9%、80.4%.同样完成1000 m2的喷洒灭螺任务,荣宝所需灭螺药物和人力资费成本比氯硝柳胺多支出0.114元/m2;完成72 m3的浸杀灭螺任务,荣宝所需灭螺药物和人力资费成本比氯硝柳胺多支出0.127元/m3.50 g/m3荣宝浸杀灭螺剂量,对成鱼(＞250 g)的活力不会造成影响,但对鱼类幼苗仍具较强毒性.结论 荣宝与氯硝柳胺灭螺效果相似,由于其成本较高,氯硝柳胺仍然是目前首选灭螺药物,但荣宝的鱼类毒性低,可作为氯硝柳胺之外有益的补充灭螺药物.     

烟氯复合物和硼镁石粉现场灭螺试验

目的　通过扩大现场试验 ,掌握烟氯复合物和硼镁石粉的现场灭螺效果。方法　采用浸杀法、喷洒法和撒粉法进行现场灭螺试验。结果　采用烟氯复合物 0 .8m g/ L 和氯硝柳胺 2 m g/ L 平行比较灭螺 ,浸杀法 30 d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为 91.5 7%和 92 .38% ;喷洒法 30 d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为 90 .0 2 %和 90 .5 6 %。采用硼镁石粉 80 g/ m2撒粉 ,雨天和晴天撒粉 ,30 d的钉螺校正死亡率分别为 76 .10 %和 93.0 0 %。结论　采用烟氯复合物 0 .8m g/ L 以及氯硝柳胺 2 mg/ L 进行浸杀和喷洒灭螺 ,其灭螺效果基本一致 ,但烟氯复合物灭螺的用量比氯硝柳胺减少了 6 0 .0 0 %。硼镁石粉具有杀灭钉螺的作用。晴天撒粉比雨天撒粉灭螺效果要好 ,半年后灭螺效果开始下降     

氯硝柳胺杀虫丁和四聚乙醛杀螺效果比较研究

目的：筛选一种合适的杀螺锴物。方法：采用室内浸杀,喷洒,喷粉,上爬,毒性试验及现场浸杀,喷洒,喷粉,沿边浸杀试验,对氯硝柳胺与杀虫丁,四聚乙醛等进行平行比较试验,结果：在室内23－25℃气温条件下,氯硝柳胺杀螺作用优于杀虫丁和四聚乙醛,抑制钉螺上爬作用不及杀虫丁,鱼毒大于杀虫丁,在现场28－35℃气温条件下,氯硝柳胺和杀虫丁杀螺作用相仿。沿边浸杀氯硝柳胺优于四聚乙醛,喷粉杀螺氯硝柳胺与四聚乙醛相仿,结论：在现阶段氯硝柳胺仍是一种较好的杀螺药物。     

50%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐悬浮剂灭螺效果评价

目的评价50%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐悬浮剂的实验室和现场杀螺效果。方法在实验室和现场采用50%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐悬浮剂浸杀、喷洒法灭螺,并与50%氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂进行效果比较。结果室内浸杀,50%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐悬浮剂24、48 h和72 h LC_(50)值分别为0.092 6、0.062 9 mg/L和0.054 9 mg/L;室内0.25 mg/L浸杀24、48 h和72h,钉螺死亡率均为100%;室内喷洒,0.25 g/m~2 3 d后钉螺死亡率即可达100%。江陵现场,除0.5 g/m~3浸杀24 h钉螺死亡率为96.67%外,其余浓度组钉螺死亡率均为100%。公安现场,0.5 g/m~3及以上浓度组浸杀钉螺2 d后,钉螺死亡率可达100%;江陵现场,0.5 g/m~2喷洒1、3 d和7 d后钉螺死亡率分别为87.5%、92.82%和97.40%。公安现场,0.5 g/m~2喷洒1、3 d和7 d后钉螺死亡率分别为85.94%、86.78%和94.21%,且1.0 g/m~2组钉螺死亡率均高于实验对照组WPN。结论 50%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐悬浮剂具有较好的实验室和现场杀螺效果,为新型高效、使用方便的灭螺药物剂型。     

杀虫丁杀灭钉螺的室内和现场实验研究

目的 研究杀虫丁室内和现场的杀螺。方法 采用室内喷洒、浸杀和现场喷洒试验,研究杀虫丁的杀螺效果。浸泡钉螺观察钉螺逃逸情况。结果 25℃室内杀虫丁2mg/L浸泡钉螺48和1mg/L浸泡钉螺72h以上杀螺率在96.67以上,LC50为0.3970和0.2127mg/L。实验室喷洒杀螺率在78％以上,现场 洒杀螺率在86％以上。逃逸试验显示杀虫丁有抑制钉螺上爬作用。结论 杀虫丁杀螺效果好,可用于现场杀灭钉螺。但尚需研究其影响杀螺效果的影响因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.