EGCG联合不同剂量放疗对人肝癌细胞系HepG2中hTERT表达的影响

目的:研究相同剂量表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)联合不同剂量放疗对HepG2中hTERT基因表达的影响, 探讨EGCG成为放疗增敏剂的作用.方法:用MTT比色法检测EGCG对HepG2细胞增殖的影响, 用荧光显微镜检测EGCG诱导HepG2的细胞凋亡, 从而找到合适的EGCG(25μmol/L)剂量用于观察其放射效果的实验; 采用实时荧光定量PCR检测不同剂量放疗(0、2、4、6 Gy)联合EGCG和不联合EGCG治疗后, HepG2中hTERT基因的表达. 放疗用直线加速器6MVX线.结果:EGCG具有抑制HepG2细胞增殖并诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的作用. 同时, 不同剂量放疗联合EGCG和不联合EGCG治疗后HepG2中hTERT基因的表达比较, 空白组无显著差异; 2Gy组、4 Gy组、6 Gy组均有显著差异(hTERT基因表达的扩增倍数: 0.477±0.025 vs 0.973±0.024; 1.110±0.083 vs 1.382±0.051; 1.174±0.128 vs 1.452±0.109, P <0.01或0.05), 并以2 Gy组最为显著.结论:EGCG具有抑制HepG2细胞增殖并诱导其凋亡的作用; EGCG联合不同剂量放疗可能下调HepG2中hTERT基因水平, 从而抑制端粒酶活性, 以放射剂量为2 Gy时显著, 因此,EGCG有可能成为放疗增敏剂.     

Effects of dapagliflozin compared with glimepiride on body composition in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: The BEYOND study

Aims

To evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin on body composition such as total body fat (BF) mass, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas compared with glimepiride in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

This was a 52-week, multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, open-label, Phase IV (NCT02564926) study. Patients with inadequate glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin ≥7.0% and <10.0%) on metformin monotherapy (≥1000 mg/day) were randomized 1:1 to receive dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or glimepiride 1-2 mg/day for 12 months as an add-on to metformin. Baseline and end of study body composition evaluations included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computed tomography scans.

Results

Of 124 enrolled patients from 14 centres, 121 received study treatment (dapagliflozin: 60; glimepiride: 61) and 106 (85.5%) completed the study. Over 52 weeks, the dapagliflozin group showed the following differences versus the glimepiride group: −2.59 kg BF mass, −1.94% BF%, −17.55 cm² VAT area, −18.39 cm² SAT area, −0.46% glycated haemoglobin, −18.25 mg/dl fasting blood glucose, −3.7 kg weight, −2.21 cm waist circumference, −1.37 kg/m² body mass index, −6.81 mmHg systolic blood pressure and +657.71 ng/ml in adiponectin; all were statistically significant. Both groups had similar incidences of adverse events; however, hypoglycaemic events were mainly (12 of 15) reported in the glimepiride group.

Conclusion

Dapagliflozin reduced total BF mass, abdominal VAT and SAT areas, and showed better glycaemic control than glimepiride. Being safe and well-tolerated, dapagliflozin appears to be a more favourable alternative to sulphonylureas as add-on therapy after metformin monotherapy failure in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Impact of empagliflozin in patients with diabetes and heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is a common disease with increased risk for mortality and morbidity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Optimal glycemic control in this patient population is challenging as many available therapies can potentially exacerbate symptoms of HF. Empagliflozin is one in a novel class of agents, the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, that lowers blood glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion and improves glycemic control and lowers body weight and blood pressure. In the recent EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, empagliflozin was shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM and established cardiovascular risk where it reduced HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular death, with a consistent benefit among patients both with and without baseline HF. Here, we review the empagliflozin data on HF outcomes and discuss potential mechanisms for its benefits in HF with a focus on the potentially significant impact that empagliflozin may have on the care of patients with T2DM and HF in the future.     

Higher levels of circulating ANGPTL2 are associated with macular edema in patients with type 2 diabetes

Macular edema (ME) is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased microvascular permeability. Here, we proposed that plasma angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) level may be related to the severity of ME patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this cross-sectional study, 172 T2DM patients were recruited and divided into clinically significant macular edema (CSME), non-CSME (nCSME), and control groups. Serum ANGPTL2 level was quantified by ELISA and best corrected vision acuity (BCVA) was detected. After adjust age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and duration of diabetes variables, ANGPTL2 performed statistics difference among CSME-, nCSME-groups, and control group (4.46 [3.97, 4.96, 95%CI] ng/mL in CSME group, 3.80 [3.42, 4.18, 95%CI] ng/mL in nCSME-group, 3.33 [3.03, 3.63, 95%CI] ng/mL in control, P < .01). After adjustment of confounding factors, high levels of circulating ANGPTL2 were related with the diagnosis of ME, BCVA, and C reactive protein (CRP) through univariate regression analysis (P < .05). Meanwhile, in the multiple regression model, ANGPTL2 took the mainly effect proportion for the diagnosis of diabetic macular edema (DME), with a LogWorth value 3.559 (P < .001). Our study suggested that elevated circulating ANGPTL2 may be associated with the development of DME and the severity of visual impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Baseline factors associated with glycaemic response to treatment with once‐weekly dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes

Dulaglutide glycaemic efficacy has been demonstrated in the AWARD clinical trial programme. The objective of the present analysis was to determine the major baseline factors associated with the reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in response to dulaglutide. Baseline covariates from patients receiving dulaglutide in six phase III studies (n = 2806) were analysed using a gradient‐boosting method to assess their relative influence on the change in HbA1c after 26 weeks of treatment. Influential variables (relative influence >5%) were further evaluated in univariate and multivariable modelling. The gradient‐boosting analysis showed that the top influential baseline factors associated with HbA1c reduction were: HbA1c (48.8%), age (9.1%), fasting serum glucose (FSG; 8.2%), fasting serum insulin (FSI; 6.7%) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; 5.4%). Multivariable regression showed that higher baseline HbA1c was the major factor associated with greater HbA1c reduction [coefficient estimates: ?0.6% (?6.6 mmol/mol); p < 0.0001]. Age ≤65 years, lower FSG level, FSI level ≤55 pmol/L and eGFR ≤100 mL/min/1.73 m² were associated with greater decreases in HbA1c, but the effect was very small [coefficient estimates: ?0.05% to ?0.2% (?0.6 to ?2.2 mmol/mol)]. These data indicate that higher baseline HbA1c, reflecting poor glycaemic status, is the major factor associated with greater reduction in HbA1c in response to dulaglutide treatment.     

Defective immunological functions associated with abnormal lymphokine-activated killer activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

The in vitro lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 36 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was investigated. The activity was greatly diminished in 13 patients and enhanced in seven patients. A flow cytometric study showed that the percentage of OKM1+, Leu-7+-11b+, and Leu-7-11b+ fractions in PBMC was decreased and the percentage of OKT8+ and Leu7+11- fractions was increased significantly in the 13 patients with lower LAK activity, compared with the values of the seven higher LAK activity patients. Furthermore, the response of PBMC to interleukin-2 (IL-2) was deficient in the lower activity group. However, there was no significant difference in IL-2 production by PBMC, IL-2 receptor (p55) expression of PBMC and mitogen (Con-A, PHA) response of PBMC between the two groups. These findings indicate the possibility that diminished LAK activity in hepatoma patients is due to a decreased number of LAK precursor cells and a defective response of LAK precursor cells to IL-2.     

Long‐term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in combination with insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin as add‐on therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had inadequate glycaemic control with insulin.

Materials and methods

The study comprised a 16‐week, double‐blind period in which patients were randomized to either placebo (P; N = 70) or canagliflozin (100 mg, CAN; N = 76), followed by a 36‐week open‐label period in which all patients received canagliflozin. The efficacy endpoints included the change in HbA1c from baseline to end of treatment. The safety endpoints were adverse events, hypoglycaemic events, and laboratory test values.

Results

The changes from baseline (mean ± standard deviation, last observation carried forward) in the P/CAN and CAN/CAN groups, respectively, were ?1.09% ± 0.85% and ?0.88% ± 0.86% for HbA1c, ?1.40% ± 2.54% and ?2.14% ± 2.75% for body weight, and 7.84% ± 14.37% and 8.91% ± 10.80% for HOMA2‐%B (all, P < .001). Adverse events occurred in 85.1% of the P/CAN group and 92.0% of the CAN/CAN group. Hypoglycaemic events occurred in 43.3% and 54.7%, respectively. All hypoglycaemic events were mild in severity and insulin dose reduction decreased the incidence rate of hypoglycaemic events. Post‐hoc ordinal logistic modelling/logistic modelling showed that lower serum C‐peptide at Week 0 was a risk factor for hypoglycaemia in both the P and CAN groups in the double‐blind period as well as in the canagliflozin all‐treatment period.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the long‐term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin combined with insulin in Japanese patients.     

茶多酚对H_2O_2诱导HL-60细胞癌基因表达的影响

目的　观察茶多酚对 H2 O2 诱导 HL- 60细胞癌基因表达的影响 ,同时观察细胞 DNA片段化程度的变化。方法　用二苯胺法对小片段 DNA进行分析 ,流式细胞仪观察癌基因表达变化。结果　 H2 O2 打断 DNA的能力与其作用浓度及时间有关 ,H2 O2 可使细胞 c- fos,c- jun,c- myc,bcl- 2 ,p53表达发生变化 ,茶多酚可以影响 H2 O2 诱导的 DNA损伤及癌基因表达。结论　茶多酚在一定浓度下 ,可以抑制 H2 O2 诱导的 DNA氧化损伤 ,并抑制癌基因表达的变化。高浓度茶多酚可以增强 H2 O2 的效应     

First insulinization with basal insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes in a real-world setting in Asia

Background: The First Basal Insulin Evaluation (FINE) Asia study is a multinational, prospective, observational study of insulin‐naïve Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Asia, uncontrolled (A1c ≥ 8%) on oral hypoglycemic agents, designed to evaluate the impact of basal insulin initiation. Methods: Basal insulin was initiated with or without concomitant oral therapy and doses were adjusted individually. All treatment choices, including the decision to initiate insulin, were at the physician’s discretion to reflect real‐life practice. Results: Patients (n = 2679) from 11 Asian countries were enrolled (mean [±SD] duration of diabetes 9.3 ± 6.5 years; weight 68.1 ± 12.7 kg; A1c 9.8 ± 1.6%). After 6 months of basal insulin (NPH insulin, insulin glargine, or insulin detemir), A1c decreased to 7.7 ± 1.4%; 33.7% patients reached A1c <7%. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) decreased from 11.7 ± 3.6 to 7.2 ± 2.5 mmol/L and 36.8% of patients reached FBG <6.1 mmol/L. The mean daily insulin dose prescribed increased marginally from 0.18 to 0.23 U/kg per day at baseline to 0.22–0.24 U/kg per day at Month 6. Mean changes in body weight and reported rates of hypoglycemia were low over the duration of the study. Conclusions: Initiation of insulin therapy is still being delayed by approximately 9 years, resulting in many Asian patients developing severe hyperglycemia. Initiating insulin treatment with basal insulin was effective and safe in Asian T2DM patients in a real‐world setting, but insulin needs may differ from those in Western countries.     

环氧化酶-2在急性胰腺炎大鼠肺组织中的表达

目的探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)在大鼠急性胰腺炎肺损伤中的作用.方法大鼠胰胆管逆行注射3.5%牛磺胆酸钠,制作大鼠重症急性胰腺炎并发肺损伤模型.将实验大鼠分为正常对照组、胰腺炎1、4、8、12、24小时组.分别对胰腺损伤、肺损伤程度进行病理评分,酶显色法测定血清脂肪酶水平,并测定肺组织湿/干比;逆转录聚合酶链反应技术检测各组鼠肺组织COX-2的表达.结果造模后1小时,大鼠即出现较明显的胰腺损伤,伴有血清脂肪酶升高,随着时间的延长,胰腺损伤逐渐加重,以12小时为重.造模后1小时,肺损伤评分即有升高,但肺组织湿/于比无明显变化,此后,肺损伤程度逐渐增加,以24小时为重,光镜下主要表现为肺组织炎性细胞浸润、肺泡间隔增宽、肺泡腔内渗出液、肺泡腔塌陷等.正常大鼠肺组织内COX-2 mRNA呈低水平表达,造模4小时后,大鼠肺组织内COX-2 mRNA表达明显增加,至24小时达最高水平;大鼠肺组织内COX-2 mRNA表达与胰腺损伤程度、肺损伤程度成正相关.结论大鼠肺组织内COX-2参与了胰腺炎肺损伤的过程,抑制肺组织内COX-2的表达可能有助于胰腺炎和胰腺炎肺损伤的治疗.     

老年2型糖尿病肾功能异常的相关影响因素分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）肾功能异常的相关影响因素及临床意义。方法回顾性分析1997-2006年在解放军总医院住院治疗的老年T2DM患者临床资料,根据其肾小球滤过率（GFR）水平分为：GFR≥90（A组）、60～90（B组）、〈60（C组,肾功能异常组）ml/（min.1.73m^2）。对各组临床及实验室指标进行比较。结果共收集老年T2DM病例525例,A组159例（30.3%）,B组239例（45.5%）,C组127例（24.2%）。临床诊断糖尿病肾病（DN）者占13.7%,合并高血压者占71.05%;肾功能异常组中,DN仅占29.9%。在老年T2DM中,高血压病程、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、血清总胆固醇（TC）、血尿酸（BUa）为肾功能异常的独立相关影响因素,且高血压对其肾功能的影响更为显著。随血压水平增高、DM病程延长、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（Alb/Cr）增加,GFR下降,肾功能异常发生率增加。血压〈130/80mmHg、≥130/80mmHg者,肾功能异常发生率分别为4.09%、41.72%;DM病程〈5年、5～10年、〉10年者,肾功能异常发生率依次为18.64%、26.09%和28.90%;尿Alb/Cr〈30、30～299、≥300mg/g者,肾功能异常发生率分别为10.53%、40.38%和75%。结论老年T2DM肾功能异常的影响因素较多,高血压病程、SBP、DBP、2hPBG、TC、BUa与之独立相关,高血压对其影响更为显著。血压、血糖控制良好为保护因素,针对上述影响因素的综合治疗对预防及延缓肾功能异常的发生、发展有重要的临床意义。     

血管生成素及其Tie-2受体与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性研究

2型糖尿病增殖性视网膜病变(PDR)组血清血管生成素(Ang)2水平明显高于非增殖性视网膜病变组(NPDR)和2型糖尿病无视网膜病变组[分别为5.80(3.83～8.00)、4.42(2.56～5.55)和2.75(1.40～4.64)ng/m1,P＜0.01],NPDR组高于2型糖尿病无视网膜病变组(P＜0.01);Ang-1在NPDR组高于2型糖尿病无视网膜病变组[10.57(8.99～12.05)对9.21(7.71～11.2)ng/m1,P＜0.05];Tie-2受体在3组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).提示血清Ang-2水平可能与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度相关.

Abstract：

Angiopoietin-2 levels were 5. 80 ( 3. 83-8. 00 ) , 4. 42 ( 2. 56-5. 55 ) , and 2. 75 ( l. 40-4. 64 )ng/ml in type 2 diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy, patients with non-proliferative retinopathy, and patients without retinopathy, respectively. Statistical significances existed between any two groups (all P ＜0. 01 ). Angiopoietin-1 level in patients with non-proliferative retinopathy was higher than that in patients without retinopathy [10. 57 ( 8. 99-12. 05 ) vs 9. 21 (7. 71-11.2 ) ng/ml, P＜0. 05]. No difference in receptor Tie-2 was found among the 3 groups (P＞0. 05 ). The results suggested that serum angiopoietin-2 level might be associated with the severity of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients.     

Insulin insensitivity in offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Measurements were made of the plasma glucose and insulin responses to a 75 g oral glucose challenge in 50 Chinese born in Taiwan, divided into two groups on the basis of family history of Type 2 diabetes. Twenty-five individuals (age 29 +/- 5 (+/- SD) years) had 2 parents with normal oral glucose tolerance, whereas at least 1 parent had Type 2 diabetes in the other 25 subjects (age 30 +/- 6 years). In addition, in vivo insulin action was estimated by determining the steady-state plasma glucose concentration during a 3-h continuous infusion of glucose, insulin, and somatostatin. Steady-state plasma glucose concentration was used as a measure of insulin-induced glucose disposal. The 50 subjects were non-obese, and of comparable gender distribution and body mass index. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in response to oral glucose were similar in the two groups. However, the steady-state plasma glucose concentration was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in offspring with a family history of Type 2 diabetes when compared by two-way analysis of variance (mean +/- SE was 5.87 +/- 0.27 vs 5.12 +/- 0.32 mmol l-1). This difference was found despite a significantly (p less than 0.01) higher steady-state plasma insulin concentration during the infusion studies (0.705 +/- 0.027 vs 0.643 +/- 0.025 nmol l-1) in offspring of people with diabetes. The results support the view that resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is present in offspring of diabetic parents.     

法洛四联征患者血小板功能状态的研究

目的 :观察法洛四联征 ( TOF)患者血小板功能状态。方法 :采用放射免疫分析法测定 2 6例 TOF患者血浆及尿液中血栓素 A2 ( TXA2 )的代谢产物尿液中血栓素 B2 ( TXB2 )和前列环素( FGI2 )的代谢产物 6-酮 -前列腺素 1α( 6- keto- PGF1α)的含量 ,以及血浆α-颗粒膜蛋白 ( GMP- 14 0 )的含量 ,并与 14例年龄相匹配的正常健康者作对照。结果 :TOF组患者血浆及尿液中 TXB2 的水平显著高于对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ;TXB2 与 6- keto- PGF1α的比值明显大于对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ;TOF组血浆GMP- 14 0水平亦显著高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 1)。结论 :TOF患者体内 TXA2 与 PGI2 代谢失衡 ,GMP- 14 0释放增加 ,血小板呈激活状态 ,有利于血小板的粘附、聚集 ,参与血栓性疾病的发生。     

Slow weight gain is associated with increased periodic breathing in healthy infants

To investigate the hypothesis that weight gain can influence periodic breathing in healthy infants, we prospectively studied, by nocturnal pneumogram technique, respiration and heart rate in 99 full-term infants during the first month of life. Eighty-eight infants had a repeat study at about 2 months of age. Pneumograms were analyzed visually for percent periodic breathing (%PB), and by computer for mean respiratory rate and mean heart rate. We found a median %PB of 0.9 initially and of 0.3 at about 2 months of age. The 95th percentile was 13.5 at 2 weeks and 7.3 at 2 months, higher than previously reported. Between the two ages tested, %PB was inversely correlated with weight gain (P < 0.001, (0.03, respectively). Infants with greater weight gain had a greater fall in %PB (P < 0.03). We conclude that in the first 2 months of life, slow weight gain is associated with increased periodic breathing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:22–25. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Intra‐ and inter‐subject variability for increases in serum ketone bodies in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with the sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin

Sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been associated with increased serum ketone body levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present analysis we evaluated serum ketone body levels and variability in 1278 Japanese patients with T2DM treated with canagliflozin 100 or 200 mg. Similar mean increases in ketone body concentrations of ~2‐fold were seen with both canagliflozin doses. The median (interquartile range) percent change from baseline was 62% (0;180) for acetoacetate and 78% (2;236) for β‐hydroxybutyrate. Approximately two‐thirds of the variability in each ketone measure was attributed to intra‐subject variability. Intra‐subject variability was higher for serum ketones than other metabolites. Patients in the lowest response tertile exhibited no increase in ketones. Those in the highest response tertile tended to be male and have higher fasting plasma glucose levels, lower insulin levels, and longer T2DM duration at baseline. Moreover, changes in serum ketones were not fully explained by changes in plasma fatty acids, suggesting downstream effects of SGLT2 inhibition on hepatic metabolism that favour ketogenesis. In summary, increases in serum ketone bodies with canagliflozin were greater and more variable than changes in other metabolic measures in Japanese patients with T2DM.