子宫颈癌手术治疗质量控制标准中国专家共识之QM-C2型广泛性子宫切除篇北大核心CSCD

手术是早期子宫颈癌的主要治疗方式,根据国际指南,开腹广泛性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结切除术±腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术是子宫颈癌手术的标准术式^([1-3])。中国子宫颈癌临床诊疗大数据项目数据库研究显示^([4]),数据库内47家医疗机构2004—2018年连续住院的63926例各期子宫颈癌患者中,接受手术治疗者为48727例,非手术病例15199例;其中早期子宫颈癌接受手术治疗的比例更高。     

子宫颈癌C1型术式的规范化

广泛子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴结切除术是早期子宫颈浸润癌的常用术式,术后尿潴留是其最常见的并发症。子宫颈癌C1型手术,是Q-M子宫颈癌分型手术中的重要组成部分。实施C1型手术,可以明显减少广泛子宫切除术后的泌尿系统功能障碍。文章对子宫颈癌C1型手术存在的争议、与C1型手术相关的解剖、以及实施C1型手术的关键步骤进行讨论。     

根治性子宫颈切除术和腹腔镜下淋巴结切除术在早期子宫颈癌治疗中的应用

目的 探讨根治性子宫颈切除术和腹腔镜下淋巴结切除术,在早期子宫颈癌治疗中的可行性和效果。方法2001年8月至2003年5月,对12例Ⅰ a期至Ⅰ b2期的子宫颈癌患者,施行腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除术,切除的盆腔淋巴结经病理学检查证实无淋巴结转移者,随即行根治性子宫颈切除术,保留子宫体。结果 12例患者均在腹腔镜下完成盆腔淋巴结切除术,淋巴结检查均为阴性;根治性子宫颈切除术均经阴道完成,平均手术时间142 min(115—178 min),术中出血量约180 ml(120—230 ml)。术后无感染及出血,平均住院时间6.7 d。经随访3—28个月,1例患者妊娠,无一例肿瘤复发。结论 对于未生育且强烈要求保留生育功能的早期子宫颈癌患者,行腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除术和根治性子宫颈切除术是可行的;手术创伤小,术后患者恢复快。     

子宫颈癌腹腔镜技术诊治指南（2023年版）

<正>1背景子宫颈癌是我国女性生殖道最常见的恶性肿瘤，广泛性子宫切除术是子宫颈癌治疗的主要方式之一。1989年，Querleu等完成了世界上首例腹腔镜经阴道广泛性子宫切除术。1992年，Nezhat等^[1]报道首例完全腹腔镜广泛性子宫切除术和盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术，至此子宫颈癌腹腔镜手术逐渐得以推广。保留盆腔神经的广泛性子宫切除术最早由日本学者OKabayashi提出，     

改良腹腔镜根治性子宫颈切除术在早期子宫颈癌保留生育功能中的应用

目的 探讨改良腹腔镜根治性子宫颈切除术在早期子宫颈癌保留生育功能中的安全性和可行性.方法 回顾性分析2017年6月至2020年10月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院妇科肿瘤科接受传统腹腔镜(13例)和改良腹腔镜(12例)根治性子宫颈切除术+盆腔淋巴结切除术的早期子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,比较两组临床病理特征、手术情况、术后并发症...     

子宫颈癌患者腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术联合淋巴结切除术的临床效果评估

目的 评估腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术联合盆腹腔淋巴结切除术用于治疗子宫颈癌的临床效果。方法 对57例Ⅰa～Ⅱb期的子宫颈癌患者,施行腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术联合盆腔及腹主动脉周围淋巴结切除术。其中子宫颈鳞状细胞癌48例,腺癌7例,腺鳞癌2例。结果 除2例外,所有患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术,平均手术时间为186min(150～320min),术中平均出血168ml(120～700ml),切除盆腔和腹主动脉周围淋巴结数量平均为18．6个和8．2个;8例患者淋巴结为阳性。所有切除组织边缘大体检查均为阴性。术中2例膀胱损伤、1例静脉损伤,均于镜下修补成功;2例中转开腹。术后肛门排气时间平均为2．3d,恢复自主排尿时间平均为10．2d。手术后每3个月随访1次,发现轻度输尿管狭窄1例,尿潴留2例,阴道残端复发3例,病情未控1例。结论 腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术联合盆腹腔淋巴结切除术j治疗子宫颈癌手术创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快,是一种治疗子宫颈癌的理想方法。     

宫颈癌淋巴结切除的相关问题

手术是早期宫颈浸润癌首要的治疗手段之一,也是处理某些晚期子宫颈癌不可缺少的一种综合治疗手段。1898年,Wertheim进行了世界上第1例宫颈癌经腹根治性子宫切除术及部分盆腔淋巴结切除术,直到1911年,共完成了500例经腹根治性子宫切除术及选择性盆腔淋巴结切除术,手术死亡率约10%,其手术范围相当于现今的Piver RutledgeⅡ型子宫切除术。1930年,Meigs对Wertheim术式进行了改良,     

从妇科肿瘤医生角度看子宫颈癌腹腔镜手术

广泛性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术是早期子宫颈癌的标准治疗方式。由于腹腔镜手术在围手术期结局上的优势，且肿瘤治疗结局与开腹手术相似，逐渐成为早期子宫颈癌的主要手术方式之一。直到2018年11月，《新英格兰医学杂志》发表了2项临床研究结果显示，与开腹手术相比，微创手术的复发率更高、生存期更短。这使得子宫颈癌的微创手术受到了前所未有的打击。而2019年12月《妇科肿瘤学杂志》发表的一项大数据回顾性分析研究结果无疑对于子宫颈癌微创手术是雪上加霜的考验，该研究结果显示，与开腹组相比，腹腔镜组的手术相关并发症发生率更高。文章将从妇科肿瘤医生视角就无瘤原则、无瘤技术及腹腔镜操作细节等方面进行分析及建议。     

腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤85例临床分析

目的　分析腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除术加盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤的实用价值。方法　回顾分析 1999年 8月至 2 0 0 3年 12月 5 1例子宫颈癌和 34例子宫内膜癌的手术情况 ,总结其手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数目及预后情况。结果　盆腔淋巴结切除术成功率 10 0 % ,广泛全子宫切除术成功率 98 82 % ,手术时间 (2 86 4 3± 75 6 7)min ,术中出血量 (331 0 8± 2 94 32 )mL ,淋巴结切除 (2 2 73± 5 79)个 ,术中重要脏器损伤发生率 8 2 4 % ,术后并发症发生率 30 5 9% ,子宫颈癌术后复发率 7 80 % ,子宫内膜癌术后复发率 2 94 %。结论　腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结切除术可以作为早期子宫恶性肿瘤手术治疗的方法之一 ,短期效果良好 ,远期疗效有待观察     

前哨淋巴结活检术在子宫颈癌治疗中的应用及研究进展

前哨淋巴结活检术在乳腺癌、外阴癌中的研究较为深入,并已纳入早期外阴癌的治疗标准。由于早期子宫颈癌淋巴结转移率较低,而传统的盆腔淋巴结切除可能会造成血管神经损伤、淋巴囊肿、泌尿系统损伤等并发症,前哨淋巴结活检术在子宫颈癌手术中也被广泛应用。前哨淋巴结活检及连续切片可以进行更精确的组织病理学诊断,有望成为预测子宫颈癌患者淋巴结是否发生转移的可靠方法。本文针对国内外最新研究进展,对不同的前哨淋巴结示踪剂的使用方法及在子宫颈癌中的应用价值进行回顾性分析,并讨论了对检出淋巴结的病理分析方法。     

Pattern analysis of regional spread and therapeutic lymph node dissection in cervical cancer based on ontogenetic anatomy

Objective

In cervical cancer lymph node dissection is applied for regional tumor staging. Up to now, the use of (chemo)radiation in the nodal positive patient has prevented the exact pattern analysis of regional tumor spread and the evaluation of the therapeutic role of lymph node dissection. New surgical techniques founded on ontogenetic instead of functional anatomy for the treatment of cervical cancer dispensing with adjuvant radiotherapy offer the possibility to accurately determine the topography of regional lymph node metastases which is the prerequisite for optimized diagnostic and therapeutic lymph node dissection.

Methods

Patients with cervical cancer FIGO stages IB-IIB were treated with total mesometrial resection (TMMR) and lymph node dissection after exposing the ontogenetic visceroparietal compartments of the female pelvis. Resected lymph nodes were allocated to regions topographically defined by the embryonic development of the iliac, lumbar and mesenteric lymph systems prior to histopathological assessment.

Results

71 of 305 treated patients had lymph node metastases. Topographic distribution of these metastases at primary surgery and analysis of pelvic failures showed a spatial pattern related to the ontogenesis of the abdominopelvic lymphatic system. Five-year locoregional tumor control probability was 96% (95% CI: 94-98) for the whole group and 87% (95% CI: 77-97) for nodal positive patients.

Conclusions

The pattern of regional spread in cervical cancer can be comprehended and predicted from ontogenetic lymphatic compartments. In patients with early cervical cancer lymph node dissection based on ontogenetic anatomy achieves high regional tumor control without adjuvant radiation.     

Operative management of cervical cancer

Radical abdominal hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection remains the treatment of choice for most patients with early-stage cervical cancer. The radicality and extent of lymph node dissection and parametrial resection should be tailored to tumour- and patient-related risk factors. Adjuvant therapy after radical surgery improves local control in high-risk patients and some intermediate-risk patients. The absolute indications for adjuvant therapy include multiple or macroscopically involved nodes, parametrial invasion and positive surgical margins. Adjuvant therapy may be given as chemoradiation or as radiotherapy alone, depending on risk assessment and expected morbidity. Primary chemoradiation is an equally effective alternative, but adjuvant surgery or finishing hysterectomy after pelvic radiation is not beneficial. Promising new developments include neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery for bulky early-stage disease, tailoring radicality to reduce therapeutic morbidity and integrating minimal access surgical techniques into current treatment protocols.     

根治性同步放化疗前淋巴结清扫在局部晚期宫颈癌诊疗中的意义

宫颈癌是威胁女性健康的第四大肿瘤,分期主要基于临床检查。2018年10月国际妇产科联盟(FIGO对宫颈癌分期进行了修改,强调了盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结的转移情况。对于根治性同步放化疗的患者,淋巴结转移与放疗肿瘤控制率密切相关。由于腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的情况决定了是否扩大放疗照射野,放疗对于较大的淋巴结控制效果不理想,因此在根治性放化疗前手术评估淋巴结情况、切除增大的淋巴结,有助于分期及减瘤,进行个体化的治疗。但手术分期为有创操作,存在相关风险,可能推迟放疗起始时间,缺乏前瞻性的随机对照研究,此治疗方式并未被广泛认可。综述根治性放化疗前手术清扫淋巴结分期的相关文献。     

Chylous ascites following operation for para-aortic lymph node dissection in a patient with cervical cancer

Abstract.   Takeuchi S, Kinoshita H, Terasawa K, Minami S. Chylous ascites following operation for para-aortic lymph node dissection in patient with cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16(Suppl. 1): 418–422.
This is a case report of chylous ascites caused by performing para-aortic lymph node dissection for a patient with cervical cancer. Postoperative chylous ascites is a rare condition that usually develops as a result of operative trauma to the thoracic duct, cisterna chyli, or their major tributaries. It has mainly occurred in thoracic operations, and chylous ascites has rarely been reported in gynecologic surgery. It is associated with serious nutritional and immunologic consequences due to the constant loss of protein and lymphocytes. Treatment that comprises conservative and surgical procedures is selected based on disease severity. We experienced massive chylous ascites after para-aortic surgery and successfully managed it conservatively with dietary intervention and parenteral nutrition.     

Laparoscopic detection of sentinel lymph nodes followed by lymph node dissection in patients with early stage cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of sentinel node detection through laparoscopy in patients with early cervical cancer. Furthermore, the results of laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection were studied, validated by subsequent laparotomy. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with early stage cervical cancer who planned to undergo a radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection received an intracervical injection of technetium-99m colloidal albumin as well as blue dye. With a laparoscopic gamma probe and with visual detection of blue nodes, the sentinel nodes were identified and separately removed via laparoscopy. If frozen sections of the sentinel nodes were negative, a laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by radical hysterectomy via laparotomy, was performed. If the sentinel nodes showed malignant cells on frozen section, only a laparoscopic lymph node dissection was performed. RESULTS: One or more sentinel nodes could be detected via laparoscopy in 25/25 patients (100%). A sentinel node was found bilaterally in 22/25 patients (88%). Histological positive nodes were detected in 10/25 patients (40%). One patient (11%) had two false negative sentinel nodes in the obturator fossa, whereas a positive lymph node was found in the parametrium removed together with the primary tumor. In seven patients (28%), the planned laparotomy and radical hysterectomy were abandoned because of a positive sentinel node. Bulky lymph nodes were removed through laparotomy in one patient, and in six patients only laparoscopic lymph node dissection and transposition of the ovaries were performed. These patients were treated with chemoradiation. In two patients, a micrometastasis in the sentinel node was demonstrated after surgery. Ninety-two percent of all lymph nodes was retrieved via laparoscopy, confirmed by laparotomy. Detection and removal of the sentinel nodes took 55 +/- 17 min. Together with the complete pelvic lymph node dissection, the procedure lasted 200 +/- 53 min. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic removal of sentinel nodes in cervical cancer is a feasible technique. If radical hysterectomy is aborted in the case of positive lymph nodes, sentinel node detection via laparoscopy, followed by laparoscopic lymph node dissection, prevents potentially harmful and unnecessary surgery.     

机器人手术在妇科恶性肿瘤手术治疗中的应用

机器人技术的出现使外科微创手术进入新的发展阶段。在妇科恶性肿瘤手术治疗中机器人也逐步得到应用,其主要应用于宫颈癌的广泛性全子宫切除和盆腔淋巴清扫术,此外机器人根治性宫颈切除术、晚期宫颈癌分期手术及复发性宫颈癌的盆腔脏器切除术也有相关报道;子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌的机器人分期手术也日趋增多。目前,机器人手术多是回顾性病例报告,缺乏随机对照、大样本比较性研究,其适应证和手术效果还需要大量临床探索,以作出全面的评价。     

宫颈癌淋巴结切除适应证和争议

NCCN和FIGO指南对淋巴结切除适应证做出推荐,但就宫颈癌淋巴结切除仍存在争议点。对于局部晚期宫颈癌行手术分期是安全可行的。前哨淋巴结切除术目前尚不能替代系统性淋巴结切除术。对于ⅠA2~ⅡA2期宫颈癌,建议行腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样术,上界达肠系膜下动脉水平足够。有转移肿大的淋巴结建议手术切除。     

Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node dissection in cervical uterine cancer

Regional lymph node involvement is the most important prognostic indicator in patients with solid tumors. Conventional lymph node dissection has not been shown to affect survical and is often associated with considerable morbidity. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node dissection were therefore designed as a minimally invesive alternative to routine elective lymph node dissection in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. This study examined whether intraoperative lympatic mapping and sentinel lymph node dissection were accurate in staging patients with cervical cancer.     

Invasive cervical cancer complicating intrauterine pregnancy: treatment with radical hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection have become the mainstay of treatment for early-stage cervical cancer because of both a high success rate and acceptable morbidity. However, those cervical lesions that occur concomitant with an intrauterine pregnancy have historically been treated with irradiation. We report the morbidity and results of radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer complicating intrauterine pregnancy. METHODS: Between 1955-1991, 13 patients were treated with radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection with the fetus in situ, and eight others with cesarean delivery followed by radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Charts were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 281 minutes. The mean blood loss was 777 mL with radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection alone, and 1750 mL with cesarean delivery, radical hysterectomy, and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (P less than .01). Intraoperative morbidity included a single accidental cystotomy that was complicated in the postoperative period by a vesicovaginal fistula. Fever was the most common postoperative cause of morbidity (29%), while two patients (10%) had wound seromas and a single patient (5%) each had a pulmonary embolism, cystitis, and transfusion-related hepatitis. No perioperative deaths occurred. After documentation of maturity, seven healthy infants were delivered with no major morbidity. Twenty patients (95%) are alive and free of disease with a mean follow-up of 40 months. CONCLUSION: Radical surgery offers immediate treatment for early-stage cervical cancer during intrauterine pregnancy, with low associated morbidity, acceptable survival, and preservation of ovarian function.     

Sentinel node detection in cervical cancer

BACKGROUND: For superficial tumors such as melanoma, breast, and vulvar cancer, sentinel node detection prevents unnecessary extensive lymph node dissections. Sentinel node detection has not yet proved feasible in tumors, such as cervical cancer, that drain to deep pelvic lymph nodes. TECHNIQUE: We injected technetium-99m colloidal albumin around the tumor allowing preoperative lymphscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe detection of sentinel nodes. For visual detection, blue dye was injected at the start of surgery. EXPERIENCE: In six of 10 eligible women who had Wertheim-Meigs operations for cervical cancer stage Ib, one or more sentinel nodes could be detected by scintigraphy. Intraoperative gamma probe detection was successful in eight of ten women, whereas visual detection found sentinel nodes in only four. They were found as far as the common iliac level. One woman had positive lymph nodes, of which one was a sentinel node. CONCLUSION: Identification of sentinel nodes using radionuclide is possible in women with cervical cancer and potentially identifies women in whom lymph node dissection can be avoided.