GFP共表达的重构型Caspase-3基因对人成骨肉瘤细胞的凋亡诱导作用

目的探讨GFP共表达的Caspase-3基因的表达对人成骨肉瘤细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法应用DNA重组技术将重构型Caspase-3基因亚克隆至带有GFP报告基因的真核表选载体pEGFP-C1中，脂质体介导转染人成骨肉瘤细胞SOSP-9901，通过RT-PCR方法检测转染后Caspase-3基因的表达；荧光显微镜、电镜观察细胞形态学变化；MTT法检测转染Caspase-3基因SOSP-9901细胞生长的影响。结果RT-PGR方法证实重构型Caspase-3基因可在SOSP-9901细胞内表达，形态学观察显示转染组细胞较对照组出现明显细胞凋亡特征，MTT法结果表明Caspase-3对SSOP-9901的细胞生长有押制作用。结论重构型Caspase-3对成骨肉瘤细胞SOSP-9901的生长有抑制作用，并可诱导成骨肉瘸细胞凋亡。     

Caspase-6诱导肾癌细胞株GRC-1细胞凋亡的研究

目的　探讨 Caspase- 6在肾癌细胞株 GRC- 1中的表达及其对肾癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法　应用 RT- PCR方法检测了肾癌细胞株 GRC- 1中 Caspase- 6基因的表达水平 ;以腺病毒 adv5作载体 ,构建了含 Caspase- 6基因的转基因载体 ,用脂质体包裹法转染 GRC- 1细胞株 ,用 RT-PCR方法检测转染后 GRC- 1细胞中 Caspase- 6基因的表达。 MTT法检测转染 Caspase- 6对GRC- 1细胞株生长的影响。结果　肾癌细胞株 GRC- 1中未检出 Caspase- 6表达。 RT- PCR法证实转染 Caspase- 6后 GRC- 1中 Caspase- 6表达明显 ,MTT检测显示对 GRC- 1细胞的生长有抑制作用 ,通过形态学观察及 DNA电泳证实这种作用主要是通过促进细胞凋亡而实现的。结论　 Cas-pase- 6对肾癌细胞的生长有抑制作用 ,并可诱导肾癌细胞凋亡。     

穿心莲内酯诱导宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的作用及其机制

目的:明确穿心莲内酯诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的作用及其机制.方法:体外培养人宫颈癌HeLa细胞株,经穿心莲内酯处理后MTS法检测细胞的增殖情况,荧光显微镜观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平变化,蛋白印迹(Western blot)方法检测内质网应激相关蛋白CHOP、凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3和Caspase-9的表达变化.结果:穿心莲内酯可以剂量依赖地抑制HeLa细胞的增殖(P＜0.05),引起细胞凋亡相关的形态学变化,诱导细胞凋亡(P＜0.05),引起CHOP蛋白的表达上调,活化Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白.结论:穿心莲内酯可以通过内质网应激途径诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡.     

缺血性脑损伤的最新研究进展

脑缺血后的神经元损伤是个复杂的病理过程,随着研究的不断深入,提出了许多新的机制,本文就细胞凋亡、细胞粘附分子、内皮素、一氧化氮、白细胞介素—1与缺血性脑损伤的关系综述如下。1 细胞凋亡与缺血性脑损伤 1972年Kerr等人详尽描述了一种不同于坏死表现的细胞死亡形式,称之为“apoptosis”,并将其与病理情况联系起来。细胞凋亡是以细胞和胞核皱缩、染色质密度增加,膜芽出为特征的一种主动的细胞死亡,与坏死不同。Islam的实验发现。不完全性短暂性脑缺血时,缺血细胞的早期形态学变化与凋亡的形态学特征一致,说明凋亡过程至少在早期起作     

Caspase—6诱导肾癌细胞株GRC—1细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨Caspase-6在肾癌细胞株GRC－1中的表达及其对肾癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法 应用RT－PCR方法检测了肾癌细胞株GRC－1中Caspase-6基因的表达水平；以腺病毒adv5作载体，构建了含Caspase-6基因的转基因载体，用脂质体包裹法转染GRC－1细胞株，用RT－PCR方法检测转染后GRC－1细胞中Caspase-6基因的表达。MTT法检测转染Caspase-6对GRC－1细胞株生长的影响。结果 肾癌细胞株GRC－1中未检出Caspase-6表达。RT－PCR法证实转染Caspase-6后GRC－1中Caspase-6表达明显，MTT检测显示对GRC－1细胞的生长有抑制作用，通过形态学观察及DNA电泳证实这种作用主要是通过促进细胞凋亡而实现的。结论 Caspase-6对肾癌细胞的生长有抑制作用，并可诱导肾癌细胞凋亡。     

程序性坏死阻断剂对铝致神经细胞凋亡的影响及其机制

目的 了解程序性坏死阻断剂necrostatin(Nee-1)对铝诱导的神经细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨Nec-1对Caspases凋亡通路的作用机制.方法 用4 mmol/L铝染毒神经母细胞瘤细胞株(SH-SYSY)制备铝致神经细胞死亡模型,在不同浓度铝和(或)Nec-1作用下检测细胞活力的变化,用Heochst 33342/碘丙啶(PI)双染法观察细胞的凋亡和坏死现象,Annexin V/PI双染法定量细胞的凋亡率和坏死率.用Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9酶活力的变化检测凋亡通路,用免疫细胞化学法检测核转录因子(NF-κB)和细胞色素c(Cyt-c)蛋白表达的变化.结果 随着铝染毒剂量的加大,细胞活力明显下降;但加入60 μmol/L Nec-1后,细胞活力明显增强.差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). Nec-1浓度的提高使细胞活力明显上升,表现了明显的促进神经细胞生长、抑制细胞死亡的作用.凋亡和坏死的荧光显微镜观察及流式细胞术定量检测结果 表明,随着铝染毒剂量的增加,神经细胞的凋亡率与坏死率明显上升,但在0～90μmol/L Nec-1作用下,Nec-1浓度越高,细胞的坏死率降低越明显,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).同时,虽然Nec-1是程序性坏死的阻断剂,但其对凋亡率也有明显的影响,可以使染铝细胞的凋亡率明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).对Nec-1作用后细胞的凋亡相关酶Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9活力变化检测结果 表明,Nec-1对Caspase-9活力的影响不明显,且对线粒体通路的凋亡诱导分子Cry-c的作用也不明显;但对Caspase-8活力的影响明显,表现在可以明显降低各染铝细胞的Caspase-8活力,提高NF-κB蛋白表达量和在高剂量染铝细胞中降低Caspase-3的活力.结论 Nec-1可以降低铝诱导的神经细胞凋亡,并通过死亡受体通路Caspase-8上调NF-κB表达,降低细胞凋亡率.     

二甲基乙酰胺对人胚肺细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达的影响

目的探讨二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF凋亡)的可能机制。方法用MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率,用Hoechst染色法检测细胞凋亡,用Western blot法检测Bcl-2、Caspase-3蛋白表达。结果DMAC处理HELF细胞24 h均可诱导细胞发生凋亡,并呈现明显的剂量-效应关系;DMAC诱导HELF细胞凋亡过程中伴随着Bcl-2蛋白表达下降、Caspase-3蛋白表达增加。结论 DMAC可诱导HELF细胞凋亡,其机制可能与Bcl-2蛋白表达下降从而激活Caspase-3的表达有关。     

1型糖尿病胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响因素

细胞凋亡(apoptosis)又称程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death，PCD)，是指局部环境生理或病理性变化引起的、由自身内部机制调节的一种主动的、按一定程序进行的细胞自发性死亡方式。其形态学特点包括染色体浓集、胞膜皱缩和凋亡小体的形成。其生化特征是核酸内切酶活化，使染色质在核小体间断裂，从而在DNA电泳时形成特征性的梯形带。     

细胞凋亡的相关基因调控

细胞凋亡(apoptosis),也称程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD),是指一连串连续性细胞变化最终导致细胞死亡,而不引起炎症反应(与细胞坏死不同),是调节细胞数目及生命活动的一个积极主动过程[1]。细胞凋亡的形态学特征     

白藜芦醇对绒癌细胞JEG-3的杀伤效应

目的:研究白藜芦醇(RES)对绒癌细胞JEG-3的凋亡作用及其机制.方法:不同浓度RES药物作用于JEG-3细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法、流式细胞术、Western blot法,检测RES对细胞增殖、周期分布、凋亡、及相关蛋白表达的影响.结果:RES以时间和浓度依赖方式抑制JEG-3细胞的增殖(P<0.01),同时诱导JEG-3细胞发生凋亡和G0/G1期阻滞(P<0.01).Western blot法检测显示在RES作用之后,Caspase-3蛋白、Bax表达明显上调,Bcl-2表达明显下调.结论:RES可抑制人绒癌JEG-3细胞增殖、诱导其凋亡、阻滞细胞G0/G1期、伴随Caspase-3活性上调,其机制可能与上调凋亡蛋白Bax、下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2有关.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.