河南省肉鸡养殖和屠宰加工过程中沙门菌污染监测

目的了解河南省肉鸡养殖和屠宰过程中沙门菌的污染状况,为食品安全风险评估提供数据支持。方法选择肉鸡产品销量占河南省市场60%以上的养殖场和屠宰场,于2010年6~10月份在肉鸡养殖环节采集成年鸡肛拭子、在屠宰环节采集鸡酮体按照GB4789.4-2010进行沙门菌定性或/和定量检测。结果共检测368只鸡肛拭子,沙门氏菌检出率8.7%;186份鸡酮体,检出率24.2%。鸡肛拭子检出率最高的月份是7、8月、鸡酮体检出率较高的月份分布在6、8月份;两类样本检出沙门菌血清型前3位一致,均为印第安纳、肠炎和哈达尔沙门菌。鸡酮体沙门菌污染量较低,91.1%在10MPN/g以下。检出沙门菌均具有invA基因。肉鸡胴体和活鸡肛拭子分离沙门菌均具有严重的多重耐药现象,活鸡肛拭子沙门菌较胴体沙门菌耐药严重。结论肉鸡沙门菌的污染取决于肉鸡携带沙门菌和养殖环境中沙门菌的污染状况,并通过屠宰过程使污染扩大化和复杂化。宰后酮体鸡沙门菌的含量不高,但是沙门菌的存在将对食品安全造成潜在危害。分离沙门菌菌株耐药现象严重,提示政府要加大监测力度,养殖部门要合理使用抗生素。     

中国四省肉鸡生产加工环节沙门菌的污染及耐药谱分布状况

目的 调查中国肉鸡养殖和屠宰加工环节沙门菌的污染及抗生素耐药谱分布状况.方法 2010年在河南、江苏、四川和山东省选择5家规模化养殖场和14家屠宰加工厂,分别采用肛拭法和整禽漂洗法检测835份肉鸡活体和744份肉鸡胴体中的沙门菌,比较不同样品沙门菌污染率的差异根据Kauffmann-White表对沙门菌菌株进行血清学鉴定,应用微量肉汤稀释法检测菌株对16种抗生素的耐药分布情况.结果 835份肉鸡活体肛拭样品中有56份检出沙门菌,阳性率为6.7％;744份肉鸡胴体样品中有122份检出沙门菌,阳性率为16.4％,肉鸡胴体沙门菌的检出率高于肉鸡活体(x2=36.94,P＜0.05).肉鸡活体中沙门菌的优势血清型为印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌,分别占 58.9％ (33/56)和32.1％ (18/56);肉鸡胴体中沙门 菌的优势血清型与肉鸡活体相同,印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门 菌分别占29.8％ (37/124)和32.2％ (40/124).180株沙门菌分离株耐药率高达95.0％ (171/180),多重耐药菌株达78.3％ (141/180),有20株菌耐14种抗生素,占11.1％.结论 中国肉鸡生产和加工环节沙门菌污染严重,且屠宰加工环节肉鸡胴体沙门菌的污染率高于生产环节肉鸡活体的污染率;肉鸡中沙门菌耐药形势严峻.     

河南省肉猪养殖和屠宰加工过程沙门菌污染状况主动监测

目的了解河南省肉猪养殖和屠宰过程中沙门菌的污染状况,为食品安全风险评估提供数据支持。方法选择肉猪产品销量占河南省市场60%以上的养殖场和屠宰场,2015年2月-12月在肉猪养殖环节采集成年猪肛拭子、环境猪粪便样本,在屠宰环节采集猪胴体和猪小肠淋巴结,按照GB 4789.4—2010进行沙门菌定性或/和定量检测。结果猪肛拭子样本161份,检出沙门菌15份,检出率为9.3%。环境猪粪样本66份,检出沙门菌4份,检出率为6.1%。猪胴体涂抹物进行了沙门菌检测,检出沙门菌32份,检出率为20.0%。猪小肠淋巴结进行沙门菌检测,检出沙门菌51份,检出率为31.9%。猪粪中沙门菌含量10 MPN/g有3份;猪小肠淋巴结沙门菌数量10 MPN/g有42份。结论我国肉猪养殖和屠宰环节沙门菌污染严重,将对食品安全造成潜在危害。     

肉鸡孵化养殖和屠宰销售环节中沙门菌污染研究

目的:了解开封市肉鸡孵化、养殖、屠宰、运输、销售全过程中沙门菌的污染状况。方法:采集孵化场、养殖场、屠宰场、大型超市等4个场所18个环节的样本,共380份。依据mini-MSRV MPN法进行分离,按照GB4789.4-2010进行沙门菌鉴定。结果:四个场所中屠宰场、大型超市所采样本污染严重,阳性率分别为45.1%、47.6%,18个环节屠宰环节中预冷池水、刀具案板、褪毛后整鸡、及超市销售中的肉鸡制品污染严重,阳性率分别为100%、58.3%、83.3%、61.1%,检出的阳性菌株分布于沙门菌5个血清型,以印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌为主。结论:开封鸡肉制品沙门菌血清型主要是肠炎和印第安那沙门菌,屠宰和销售环节是沙门菌交叉污染的关键,有关部门应采取综合措施,有效控制鸡肉沙门菌污染。     

宿迁市肉鸡沙门菌和空肠弯曲菌污染状况调查

目的了解宿迁市肉鸡在屠宰和配送分销过程中沙门菌和空肠弯曲菌污染状况。方法采集肉鸡屠宰厂和配送分销过程中宰杀前活体、褪毛后整禽、预冷池等9类样品,检测沙门菌;其中对配送分销过程中采集的新鲜鸡肉样品检测空肠弯曲菌。结果沙门菌检出率为29.27%,以肠炎沙门菌和印地安纳沙门菌为主。空肠弯曲菌检出率为73.3%。结论肉鸡屠宰和配送分销过程中存在一定程度沙门菌和空肠弯曲菌污染,其中配送分销环节污染比较严重,应加强卫生监督管理。     

北京部分市售整鸡中沙门菌和弯曲菌协同定量污染研究

目的对2013年北京部分市售整鸡样品中沙门菌和弯曲菌的定量污染水平、沙门菌血清型和弯曲菌种水平分布进行研究。方法 2013年5—7月采集北京市售整鸡样品33份,进行样品中沙门菌和弯曲菌的定量检测,并分别对沙门菌和弯曲菌进行血清分型和种水平鉴定。结果 19个样品检出沙门菌,检出率为57.6%;5个样品检出弯曲菌,检出率为15.2%;阳性样品中沙门菌和弯曲菌平均污染水平分别为119.4 MPN/100g和58.6 CFU/g。分离出的166株沙门菌被鉴定为14种血清型,最常见的为肠炎沙门菌,其次为印第安纳沙门菌。从同一样品中分离到共11种2个以上不同血清型组合的沙门菌,最常见的血清型组合为肠炎-印第安纳沙门菌。结论 2013年5—7月北京部分市售整鸡中沙门菌污染率较高、污染水平严重、血清型复杂。     

肉鸡屠宰场沙门菌定量评估模型的构建

目的构建肉鸡屠宰场中沙门菌的定量评估模型,评估影响肉鸡胴体携带沙门菌变化的因素,优选减少沙门菌污染的干预措施。方法采用2012年济南市肉鸡沙门菌专项监测的数据和调查所得的工艺参数,在Excel表格中构建以褪毛后为评估起点,除内脏和清洗预冷为过程的模块化的过程风险模型,并通过@risk软件模拟运行。结果模型计算出预冷池后肉鸡胴体上沙门菌的浓度为1.96 MPN/g,相对于初始值褪毛后沙门菌的浓度18 MPN/g,降低程度大。通过敏感性分析,褪毛后沙门菌的浓度和预冷池水中沙门菌的浓度的相关系数分别为0.84和0.34,是主要影响因素。结论本研究为肉鸡屠宰场沙门菌的定量评估提供了一个可借鉴的模型框架,风险管理者依据本模型提出的控制措施为降低褪毛后沙门菌的浓度和预冷池水中沙门菌的浓度。     

2012—2013年开封市肉鸡产业链沙门菌污染状况调查

目的了解开封地区肉鸡产业链沙门菌的污染状况,确定肉鸡生产的污染环节,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》中专项监测的采样和实验室检测要求,2012—2013年共采集样品1 456份,监测沙门菌污染情况。结果 2012年检出沙门菌234份,检出率29.18%(234/802);2013年检出沙门菌169份,检出率25.84%(169/654),2012和2013年检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.00,P0.05)。肠炎沙门菌和印第安纳沙门菌为优势血清型,2012年肠炎沙门菌和印第安纳沙门菌的构成比分别为61.11%和28.63%;2013年肠炎沙门菌和印第安纳沙门菌的构成比分别为51.48%和31.36%。沙门菌血清型种类随着肉鸡生产链逐渐增多。结论开封地区肉鸡产业链沙门菌污染情况依然严重,各个环节均有沙门菌检出,屠宰环节的交叉污染是导致鸡肉产品沙门菌污染严重的主要原因。     

玉林市2010—2011年禽、畜养殖和屠宰过程专项监测分析

目的确定从生产到销售各环节中食源性致病菌的分布,人类传染病的可能传染源,制定公共卫生措施并评价其有效性,同时为微生物风险评估提供基础数据。方法按照2010—2011年《食源性致病菌监测工作手册》内部资料进行增菌和分离鉴定。结果 94份鸡肛拭子样本未检出沙门菌;94份鸡胴体样品检出16株沙门菌;45份鸡胴体检出2株空肠弯曲菌;45份猪胴体和45份猪肛拭子样本各检出3株沙门菌;45份猪鼻拭子检出6株金黄色葡萄球菌;12份鸡场环境样本均未检出沙门菌;17份猪场环境样本检出2株金黄色葡萄球菌,未检出沙门菌。结论玉林市的禽、畜肉沙门菌的污染主要发生在屠宰过程,而生猪及其养殖环境主要是受到金黄色葡萄球菌的污染。     

2010-2011年宿迁市肉鸡沙门菌污染状况

目的 了解江苏省宿迁市肉鸡养殖场和屠宰场沙门菌污染状况.方法 选择5家养殖场进行肉鸡养殖外环境采样,1家屠宰场进行肉鸡活体和胴体采样,采用常规方法对样本进行沙门菌检测和分型.结果 养殖场外环境样本中沙门菌检出率为17.6％ (37/210),分离株主要为印第安纳沙门菌;屠宰场肉鸡样本中检出率为30.7％(159/518).共检出6种血清型,以印第安纳沙门菌为主.结论 肉鸡中沙门菌的污染情况比较严重,应加强肉鸡养殖和屠宰环节的卫生监控,减少食品安全事故的发生.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.