Birth Weight and Infant Growth: Optimal Infant Weight Gain versus Optimal Infant Weight

Objective: Infant growth assessment often focuses on “optimal” infant weights and lengths at specific ages, while de-emphasizing infant weight gain. Objective of this study was to examine infant growth patterns by measuring infant weight gain relative to birth weight. Methods: We conducted this study based on data collected in a prospective cohort study including 3,302 births with follow up examinations of infants between the ages of 8 and 18 months. All infants were participants in the Louisiana State Women, Infant and Children Supplemental Food Program between 1999 and 2001. Growth was assessed by infant weight gain percentage (IWG%, defined as infant weight gain divided by birth weight) as well as by mean z-scores and percentiles for weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length calculated based on growth charts published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Results: An inverse relationship was noted between birth weight category and IWG% (from 613.9% for infants with birth weights <1500 g to 151.3% for infants with birth weights of 4000 g or more). In contrast, low birth weight infants had lower weight-for-age, weight-for-length z-scores and percentiles compared to normal birth weight infants according to CDC growth charts. Conclusions: Although low birth weight infants had lower anthropometric measures compared to a national reference population, they had significant catch-up growth; High birth weight infants had significant slow-down growth. We suggest that growth assessments should compare infants’ anthropometric data to their own previous growth measures as well as to a reference population. Further studies are needed to identify optimal ranges of infant weight gain.     

减肥,减肥,减减肥肥

眼下,国人胖子多了起来,雍容华贵之态日显。 20世纪末,减肥成为人们的时髦话题,减肥美容的浪潮热遍全国。于是,减肥药、减肥茶、瘦身内衣、减肥化妆品等应运而生,减肥产品你方唱罢我登场,市场空前热闹。尽管这些减肥商品价格不菲,可人们对它还     

孕期体重变化与胎盘重量和新生儿出生体重间的关系研究

目的探讨孕期体重变化、胎盘重量与新生儿出生体重间的关系,从而进一步探讨影响新生儿出生体重的相关因素,为孕期体重管理提供科学有效的参考依据,推进我市孕期合理体重增加模式的构建,降低低体重儿、巨大儿及妊娠期、分娩期并发症的发生率,提高母婴健康水平。方法收集2016年5月—12月间在高安市中医院住院分娩单胎活产且保健手册记录完整的产妇120例,通过卡方检验、方差分析等,分析不同孕前BMI组,孕期体重增加、新生儿出生体重及胎盘的差异及关系。结果按美国医学研究所推荐的体重控制自身体重的孕妇占54.16%,体重增加不足的孕妇占18.33%,体重增加超标的孕妇占27.5%。随着孕前BMI指数增加,孕妇体重增加逐渐降低,新生儿体重、胎盘重量均逐渐升高,差异均有统计学意义。新生儿出生体重与胎盘重量存在显著正相关,差异有显著统计学意义。胎盘重量大的孕妇分娩的新生儿体重高于胎盘重量低的孕妇。结论孕前BMI指数越低孕期增重越容易增长不足,孕前BMI指数越高孕期体重增长越容易超标。孕前BMI指数与新生儿出生体重呈正相关,故控制好孕前BMI指数可减低巨大儿的发生率。     

Weight Control Strategies of Overweight Adolescents Who Successfully Lost Weight

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the differences in weight control behaviors, dietary intake, and physical activity between overweight adolescents who lost weight and overweight adolescents who did not lose weight. This cross-sectional study compared 62 overweight adolescents who lost weight in the past with 68 overweight adolescents who did not lose weight. Youth responded to questions regarding weight control behaviors during the past year, physical activity, sedentary activity, and dietary intake. Results showed that adolescents who lost weight were more likely to report using healthful weight control behaviors such as drinking less soda and increasing their exercise level, self-weighing, consuming diets higher in protein, and spending less time watching television compared to overweight adolescents who did not lose weight. Unhealthful weight control behaviors and specific weight loss plans were not associated with weight loss in these teenagers. Adolescents would benefit from hearing this information to prevent the development of these behaviors. Providers should advise adolescents to engage in healthful weight control behaviors, such as increasing physical activity and decreasing the amount of time spent watching television, to assist with weight management.     

Adolescents' Perceptions of Relative Weight and Self-Reported Weight Loss Activities

Data from the 1990 North Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were used to examine adolescents' perceptions of relative weight and the relationship of these perceptions to physical activity levels, efforts to lose weight, and time spent viewing television. A total of 3,437 ninth and 12th grade respondents to the May 1990 survey were included in the analysis. Of this sample, 25% perceived themselves as "too fat." Of that group, 68% were trying to lose weight. Females made up 75% of those reporting they were "too fat" and were trying to lose weight. White females were more likely to think of themselves as overweight and were more likely to be trying to lose weight than black females. Adolescents who perceived themselves as "too fat" reported fewer days of strenuous activity, fewer hours of strenuous exercise in physical education classes, and more hours spent viewing television on school days.     

Exercise and Lean Weight: The Influence of Body Weight

Exercise can produce a modest gain of lean body mass (LBM) and loss of fat in weight-stable individuals, but it is important to realize that if much weight is lost during exercise there is a risk of some erosion of the LBM. Data from both human and animal experiments show that exercise cannot conserve lean weight in the face of significant energy deficit, although moderate obesity affords a modicum of protection in this respect.     

3种鼠类的肝重与体重关系研究

目的：探讨３种鼠的肝脏相对重量与年龄、性别及生境变化的关系。方法：动物称重后解剖,取出肝脏称重;计算肝的相对重量。结果：３种鼠的肝相对重量存在显著性差异;黄胸鼠与褐家鼠的年龄、性别变化相似,大足鼠的年龄变化与这２种鼠相反。结论：３种鼠的肝相对重量的年龄、性别变化与其生活环境有关。     

Weight in Wales

The Nutrition Strategy for Wales, Food and Well Being, has identified nine recommendations to bring about improvements in the nutrition of the people of Wales, including one specifically on obesity. The aim of this study was to scope current activities in weight management by health professionals in Wales, and to explore possibilities for future effective working. Qualitative data were collated via six focus group interviews, based on semi‐structured questions. These were conducted with five groups of health professionals in six separate areas of Wales, during a 1‐month period in 2003. In total, 58 health professionals were interviewed in uni‐professional focus groups. The analysis was based on grounded theory methodology using transcribed data from audio‐tape recordings, which were coded and categorised manually, and emergent themes identified. Four major themes emerged from the focus groups, each having two sub‐themes, and it is clear from the scoping work that current weight management practice varies across Wales, within and between professions, and in general with little sharing of information. All those interviewed were involved in weight management to some degree, but there was little consistency of approach and in general, no one professional group felt they were leaders in the field, with frustration emerging that no one profession is showing the way. Tackling obesity and overweight has to become a greater public health priority and thus from the findings, practical recommendations are made for Wales.     

Family Meal Practices and Weight Talk Between Adult Weight Management and Weight Loss Surgery Patients and Their Children

ObjectiveTo identify predictors associated with specific family meal practices and weight talk among patients participating in weight management programs (WMPs) and weight loss surgery (WLS) and their children.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingTwo US weight management centers.Participants259 patients (aged ≥ 18 years) in either WMP (n = 101) or WLS (n = 158) and residing with a child (aged 2–18 years)Main Outcome Measure(s)Dependent variables: family meal practices (Project EAT) and weight talk (investigator-created). Covariates: family communication (Family Communication Scale), family discouragement for making eating habit change (Social Support for Eating Habits Survey), child age, sex, and perceived weight status, and WMP or WLS participation.AnalysisBinomial and ordinal regression models determined the odds of engaging in specific family meal practices and weight talk, including covariates.ResultsPatients had increased odds of engaging in family dinners if they reported lower family discouragement (P = .003) and had younger children (P < .001), and increased odds of engaging in family breakfast if they had higher family communication (P = .002) and younger children (P = .020). Patients had increased odds of talking about their child's weight if their child was perceived to have an overweight/obese weight status (P < .001). Patients with older children had increased odds of talking about their weight with their child (P = .021).Conclusions and ImplicationsAdditional research assessing the family meal practices and weight talk in the families of adults pursuing weight loss could yield important evidence that could lead to improved patient outcomes, and safely promote healthy behaviors and prevention of obesity in children.     

新生儿出生体重与入院体重对DRG分组影响分析

目的 为提升新生儿DRG分组的准确性,分别应用出生体重与入院体重作为入组条件,寻找入组依据。方法 数据来源于某市2016年1月1日-2020年12月31日出生天数<29 d的新生儿病案首页数据,应用CN-DRG分组方案(2018版)进行DRG分组,采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析。结果 新生儿出生体重与入院体重均完整者占新生儿首页数据的77.1%;对于新生儿体重密切相关DRG组别,将出生体重与入院体重分别作为入组条件,入组一致及差异分别占97.6%及2.4%;对于入组存在差异的1 821例,按照出生体重与入院体重入组准确分别占83.1%及8.5%,新生儿平均出生天数分别为6.00 d、18.85 d;对于新生儿平均出生天数≤7 d按出生体重入组准确,平均出生天数>14 d按出生天数构成及伴随问题选择入组体重;新生儿出生天数为8 d～14 d,出生体重与入院体重入组无差异。线性回归分析显示,出生体重回归系数绝对值>入院体重回归系数绝对值。结论 新生儿出生体重对DRG分组影响大于入院体重。应关注早产儿出生体重与入院体重变化,提升病案首页新生儿出生体重与入院体重的完整...     

Provider Advice About Pregnancy Weight Gain and Adequacy of Weight Gain

To explore the association between health care provider advice about weight gain and gestational weight gain. Using data from a prospective cohort study, we explored the association between provider advice about weight gain in pregnancy with weight gain adequacy among 1,454 pregnant women. Provider advice was measured by maternal self-report at 27–30 weeks’ gestation. Linear and Poisson regression were used to explore associations. Seventy-eight percent of the women gained outside current recommendations. Fifty-one percent reported receiving weight gain advice from a health care provider. Adjusted Generalized Linear Model (GLM) estimates showed weak effect of provider advice on inadequate or excessive gain (Relative Risk (RR) 0.96, 95% CI 0.74, 1.26 for inadequate gain and RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.97, 1.06 for excessive gain). There is a need for more women to hear about their targeted weight gains during pregnancy and the present advice that exists does little to influence actual gains. Further studies are warranted to find better strategies for providers to motivate their patients to gain weight within the appropriate ranges.     

Validity of Prepregnancy Weight Status Estimated from Self-reported Height and Weight

The Institute of Medicine’s gestational weight gain guidelines are intended to reduce pregnancy complications, poor birth outcomes and excessive postpartum weight retention. The specific weight gain guidelines vary by prepregnancy weight status. We evaluated the validity of prepregnancy weight status (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity) classified from self-reported prepregnancy height and weight in reference to those from measured data during the first trimester of pregnancy and imputed data for both pregnant and age-matched non-pregnant women included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006. Self-reported prepregnancy weight status was validated by two ideal references: imputed data with the number of imputations as 10 (n = 5,040) using the data of age-matched non-pregnant women who had both self-reported and measured data, and weight status based on height and weight measured during the first trimester (n = 95). Mean differences, Pearson’s correlations (r), and Kappa statistics (κ) were used to examine the strength of agreement between self-reported data and the two reference measures. Mean (standard error of the mean) differences between self-reported versus imputed prepregnancy weight was ?1.7 (0.1) kg with an r = 0.98 (p < 0.001), and κ = 0.78 which indicate substantial agreement for the 504 pregnant women. Mean (SEM) differences between self-reported prepregnancy weight versus measured weight in the first trimester was ?2.3 (0.7) kg with r = 0.98 (p < 0.001), and κ = 0.76, which also showed substantial agreements in 95 pregnant women. Prepregnancy weight status classified based on self-reported prepregnancy height and weight was valid.     

Disparities in Weight and Weight Behaviors by Sexual Orientation in College Students

Objectives. We assessed disparities in weight and weight-related behaviors among college students by sexual orientation and gender.Methods. We performed cross-sectional analyses of pooled annual data (2007–2011; n = 33 907) from students participating in a Minnesota state-based survey of 40 two- and four-year colleges and universities. Sexual orientation included heterosexual, gay or lesbian, bisexual, unsure, and discordant heterosexual (heterosexuals engaging in same-sex sexual experiences). Dependent variables included weight status (derived from self-reported weight and height), diet (fruits, vegetables, soda, fast food, restaurant meals, breakfast), physical activity, screen time, unhealthy weight control, and body satisfaction.Results. Bisexual and lesbian women were more likely to be obese than heterosexual and discordant heterosexual women. Bisexual women were at high risk for unhealthy weight, diet, physical activity, and weight control behaviors. Gay and bisexual men exhibited poor activity patterns, though gay men consumed significantly less regular soda (and significantly more diet soda) than heterosexual men.Conclusions. We observed disparities in weight-, diet-, and physical activity–related factors across sexual orientation among college youths. Additional research is needed to better understand these disparities and the most appropriate intervention strategies to address them.In 2011, the Institute of Medicine highlighted the significant lack of research on the health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) groups.1 Research has indicated that LGB adults experience worse health outcomes than their heterosexual peers.2–11 These disparities may be attributable to an array of factors, including stigmatization, stress, and limited access to and use of health services.1,12,13 Specific areas of potential disparities among LGB groups lacking substantial research evidence include obesity, diet, physical activity patterns, unhealthy weight control behaviors, and body image. With two thirds of US adults now overweight or obese,14 obesity prevention is a national health priority. Findings from studies examining adult weight disparities by sexual orientation have consistently indicated that lesbian women are more likely to be overweight than heterosexual women.2,11,15–19 Several recent population-based studies have suggested that gay men may be less likely to be overweight than heterosexual men,2,18,20 and additional studies have highlighted concerns regarding body image and unhealthy weight control behaviors among gay men.21–24 Disparities in other behaviors, such as dietary intake and physical activity patterns, have not been studied extensively using population-based samples and, when studied, have yielded inconsistent findings.11,25,26Furthermore, much of the work in this area to date has not focused on the college years. Because nearly half of US high school graduates up to age 24 years are enrolled in postsecondary education,27 colleges and universities offer unique environments for addressing health disparities among young people, including those of LGB students. For many, the college years represent a time during which health disparities emerge28,29 and adverse changes occur in weight, dietary quality, physical activity, and other behaviors.30–38 For LGB people, this age is commonly when sexual identity is declared and assimilation into the LGB community occurs.39 Important postsecondary institutions that could act as platforms for intervention delivery include not only traditional 4-year universities but also 2-year community and technical colleges, which serve millions of students, particularly those from lower income and minority backgrounds.40,41The objective of this study was to characterize gender-specific weight-related disparities among college students by sexual orientation. We analyzed state survey data of nearly 34 000 students attending a wide array of 2- and 4-year colleges and universities in 2007 to 2011, including a subsample of more than 2000 LGB-identified and LGB-questioning participants. This research was intended to fill several gaps in the literature. For example, although a recent wave of studies11,19,22–25 were published after the release of the Institute of Medicine report,1 most of these studies used data from 1999 to 2007 and thus were not able to characterize disparities during the past 5 to 8 years (when important societal shifts in weight-related factors42,43 and social shifts regarding LGB issues occurred). Moreover, a majority of these studies focused not on the college years but rather on adulthood overall (e.g., 18–74 years) or on adolescence (e.g., 9th–12th grade). Finally, only a small number of studies have examined population-level LGB disparities in dietary intake or physical activity,11,20,25,26 which are critical factors to address in weight-related intervention strategies. Among the few population-based studies that have addressed diet and activity, unidimensional indicators have been used to assess fruit and vegetable consumption or moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity, but these studies have generally lacked characterization of other important dietary factors (e.g., frequency of soda, fast food, away-from-home eating, or breakfast consumption) or activities (e.g., strengthening activities, screen time).     

Assessment of Weight Reduction

Evaluation of reduction diets is difficult since criteria for evaluation are variable. A mathematical formula has been devised to compare data of diverse origin.     

Similarities in Maternal Weight and Birth Weight Across Pregnancies and Across Sisters

Maternal and Child Health Journal - Objectives The current study examined how prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, and birth weight cluster between births within women and...