维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍中作用的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是影响儿童健康的严重公共问题之一,以社交沟通障碍、兴趣或活动范围狭窄以及重复刻板行为为特征。近年来越来越多的研究显示,ASD患儿维生素D(VitD)水平明显低于同龄健康儿童,VitD缺乏可能与ASD的发病机制相关。本文就VitD与ASD的相关研究进行综述。     

肠道微生物及其代谢产物与孤独症谱系障碍的研究进展

目前,孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)病因和表现的潜在机制仍然知之甚少。越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物及其代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸、γ-氨基丁酸等)的改变可能与ASD的发病有关。因此,本文将ASD儿童肠道微生物和代谢物的变化及机制的相关研究进行综述,分析ASD儿童和健康儿童之间可能存在的肠道微生物与代谢产物的差异及联系,以探讨肠道微生物及其代谢物的变化对ASD患儿的影响,为ASD的诊断和治疗提供一些新的思路。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童睡眠障碍的评估和干预

睡眠障碍是孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童最常见的共患障碍之一,不仅与ASD儿童核心症状存在显著相关,还会影响患儿的功能水平、生活质量以及干预康复效果,给父母造成巨大养育压力和经济负担。国际上已将睡眠障碍,特别是失眠纳入到ASD的综合诊治之中,但国内相关工作开展滞后,儿科专业人员对ASD儿童睡眠障碍的诊治能力有待提升。 因此,本研究将介绍ASD儿童睡眠障碍的评估和干预方法,为临床和研究工作提供依据。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童体育干预研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)儿童患病率的逐年攀升引发了公众对于此类人群健康问题的密切关注，该趋势强调了制定有效治疗方式的必要性。除常规康复治疗外，体育活动对于ASD儿童而言也是行之有效的干预方式。通过系统梳理“体育干预对ASD儿童影响”的相关文献，发现体育干预对ASD儿童的核心症状、运动技能、执行功能以及与以上症状相关的情绪、知觉等功能均有积极作用，可为ASD儿童运动康复研究提供理论支持和新思路。     

维生素D补充剂应用现状及影响因素研究进展

维生素D(vitamin D, VitD)是人体不可缺少的一种脂溶性维生素。近年来VitD功能的研究发现VitD缺乏除与骨骼肌肉系统疾病有关外,还与心血管疾病、代谢性疾病、免疫系统疾病以及心理疾病等多系统疾病的发生相关。研究还显示全球VitD缺乏的患病率仍很高,严重影响儿童的健康。因此合理补充VitD对预防VitD缺乏、促进儿童健康是非常重要的,但是目前VitD补充剂的应用情况不理想,并且影响因素复杂。美国及欧洲多项研究显示VitD补充剂的应用率较低,我国目前这方面的流行学资料较少。     

儿童孤独症谱系障碍的眼动追踪研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一组以社会交往障碍、言语和非言语交流障碍、狭隘兴趣与刻板行为为主要特征的神经发育障碍性疾病。眼神注视的异常是ASD的临床表现之一,也是ASD儿童早期出现的行为学标记,随着眼动追踪技术的不断发展,眼动成为ASD领域的研究热点。现就ASD儿童的眼动特征以及眼动追踪技术在ASD早期识别、诊断以及干预中的相关研究进行综述。     

儿童户外活动及体质指数与维生素D营养状况的关系研究

目的 了解江苏省0~6岁儿童维生素D(VitD)营养状况,探讨户外活动时间及体质指数与VitD水平的关系。方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取江苏省12个地区0~6岁健康儿童5 289名,常规体检,测量体重、身长/高,计算体质指数(BMI),检测血清25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]浓度,并进行相关问卷调查。结果 1)江苏省0~6岁儿童血清25(OH)D平均水平为(66.59±30.27)nmol/L,以25-(OH)D<75 nmol/L作为VitD 缺乏和不足的标准^[1],VitD缺乏和不足者3 471例(65.6%);2岁以上儿童VitD水平[(61.65±27.57) nom/L]明显低于2岁以下婴幼儿[(70.25±32.55) nom/L]。2)在校正年龄、性别等影响因素后,多因素回归分析显示:户外活动时间、BMI与VitD水平相关,每日户外活动时间达4 h以上者VitD水平最佳,随BMI增加,VitD水平呈上升趋势(F=4.168,P<0.05);以BMI>P 97th为肥胖标准,本研究中肥胖儿童409例(7.73%),肥胖儿童血清VitD水平[(65.94±29.56)nmol/L]低于正常儿童[(66.65±30.34)nmol/L],但差异无统计学意义(t=0.454,P=0.650)。结论 江苏省儿童VitD营养状况处于相对缺乏状态,2周岁以上儿童VitD水平显著低于2岁以下儿童;足够的户外活动时间有利于维持较好的VitD营养状况;在未达到肥胖标准时,儿童BMI与VitD水平呈正相关。     

医学院校学生对儿童孤独症谱系障碍的认知现状及影响因素

目的了解医学院校学生对儿童孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)的认知现状及影响因素,为相关研究及政策措施制定提供理论依据。方法选取重庆市及四川省3所医学院校的2 591名在读医学生为研究对象,自制儿童ASD问卷对其进行问卷调查。结果研究对象的儿童ASD问卷总平均分为(13.24±3.51)分。不同专业、有无接触过ASD患儿的研究对象儿童ASD问卷得分比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。不同年龄、性别、学历的研究对象儿童ASD问卷得分比较差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素直线回归分析结果显示:研究对象的年龄、性别及学历对儿童ASD问卷得分无明显影响(均P0.05),而学生的专业和之前接触过ASD患儿对儿童ASD问卷得分有显著影响(均P0.05)。结论医学院校学生对儿童ASD知识有一定了解,但仍然存在认知不足,应该加强相关知识的宣传及教育,提高医学院校学生对儿童ASD知识的了解和认识,将有助于ASD儿童的早期识别和康复,改善预后。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童社会沟通与交往障碍的表现与发生机制

社会沟通与交往障碍是孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)的核心缺陷。ASD表现形式多样、个体差异巨大,严重阻碍了ASD儿童社会适应能力的发展,影响其生活质量,及生存能力建立。本文从ASD儿童的社会沟通与交往障碍的表现与发生机制两方面对该领域的研究进行综述。     

孤独症谱系障碍患儿25羟维生素D水平及其与临床特征的相关性

研究孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿25羟维生素D水平[25(OH)D]特点及其与临床特征的相关性,为孤独症谱系障碍的病因研究提供数据支撑.方法 收集2017年1月至2019年1月期间武汉市优抚医院门诊及住院康复训练的ASD患儿196例为ASD组,同时收集同期来院就诊的健康儿童178例为健康对照组,比较两组25(OH)D水平及一般资料的差异.根据25(OH)D水平(≥30 ng/mL)将ASD组分为25(OH)D正常组与异常组,比较两组一般资料、儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS)总分及各因子分的差异,评估ASD患儿血清25(OH)D水平与CARS总分及各因子分的相关性.结果 ASD组25(OH)D水平低于健康对照组(P<0.01),ASD患儿中睡眠障碍、偏食、呕吐、便秘、腹泻的报告率与健康儿童相比差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);25(OH)D正常组与异常组在母乳喂养、睡眠障碍、偏食、腹泻报告率差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为4.97,8.69,6.67,3.98,P值均<0.05),在CARS总分、人际关系、模仿、情感反应、躯体运用能力、与非生命物体的关系、对环境变化的适应、视觉反应、听觉反应、一般印象10个方面差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);ASD患儿血清25(OH)D水平与CARS总分呈负相关(r=-0.32,P<0.01).结论 母乳喂养可降低ASD患儿25(OH)D水平异常的风险,25(OH)D水平降低会引起睡眠障碍、偏食以及胃肠道问题,而偏食及胃肠道问题也会影响25(OH)D的摄取和吸收.25(OH)D与儿童ASD的发生可能有一定的关系,可将血清25(OH)D水平作为ASD患儿病情严重程度的参考指标.     

Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was previously reported in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but little is known about the efficacy of vitamin D3 treatment in ASD, although data from pilot studies seem promising. We hypothesized that serum vitamin D levels are reduced in ASD and correlate with the severity of disease. Also, we hypothesized that vitamin D3 treatment may be beneficial for a considerable portion of children with ASD.

Methods: In total, 215 children with ASD and 285 healthy control children were recruited in our study. Thirty seven of 215 ASD children received vitamin D3 treatment. The Autism Behaviour Checklist (ABC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used to assess autism symptoms. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] level. Evaluations of ABC, CARS, and serum 25(OH) D levels were performed before and after 3 months of treatment.

Results: Serum levels of 25(OH) D were significantly lower in ASD children than typically developing children. Levels of serum 25(OH) D were negatively correlated with ABC total scores and language subscale scores. After vitamin D3 supplementation, symptom scores were significantly reduced on the CARS and ABC. In addition, the data also suggest that treatment effects were more pronounced in younger children with ASD.

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency might contribute to the aetiology of ASD. Supplementation of vitamin D3, which is a safe and cost-effective form of treatment, may significantly improve the outcome of some children with ASD, especially younger children (identifier ChiCTR-CCC-13004498).

Clinical Trial Registration: The trial ‘Association of Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Metabolism-Related Genes With Autism and the Treatment of Autism with Vitamin D’ has been registered at www.chictr.org/cn/proj/show.aspx? proj=6135 (identifier ChiCTR-CCC-13004498).     

Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children

Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in social interaction, impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication, and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities. Vitamin-D deficiency was previously reported in autistic children. However, the data on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of autism are limited.

Methods: We performed a case–controlled cross-sectional analysis conducted on 122 ASD children, to assess their vitamin D status compared to controls and the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of autism. We also conducted an open trial of vitamin D supplementation in ASD children.

Results: Fifty-seven percent of the patients in the present study had vitamin D deficiency, and 30% had vitamin D insufficiency. The mean 25-OHD levels in patients with severe autism were significantly lower than those in patients with mild/moderate autism. Serum 25-OHD levels had significant negative correlations with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. Of the ASD group, 106 patients with low-serum 25-OHD levels (<30?ng/ml) participated in the open label trial. They received vitamin D3 (300?IU/kg/day not to exceed 5000 IU/day) for 3 months. Eighty-three subjects completed 3 months of daily vitamin D treatment. Collectively, 80.72% (67/83) of subjects who received vitamin D3 treatment had significantly improved outcome, which was mainly in the sections of the CARS and aberrant behavior checklist subscales that measure behavior, stereotypy, eye contact, and attention span.

Conclusion: Vitamin D is inexpensive, readily available and safe. It may have beneficial effects in ASD subjects, especially when the final serum level is more than 40?ng/ml.

Trial registration number: UMIN-CTR Study Design: trial Number: R000016846.     

Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies exacerbate symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the vitamin A (VA) and vitamin D (VD) levels in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to determine whether co-deficiency of VA and VD exacerbates clinical symptoms in autistic children.

Methods: The Autism Behavior Checklist, Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were used to assess the symptoms of 332 children diagnosed as ASD. And the Gesell Developmental Scale (GDS) was used to evaluate neurodevelopment in children with ASD. Anthropometric measurement and questionnaire results were compared for all autistic children and 197 age- and gender-matched control children. Serum retinol levels were detected with high-performance liquid chromatography, and serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D were measured with an immunoassay method in the two groups.

Results: The Z_HA, Z_WA, and Z_BMIA of the children with ASD were significantly lower than those of the control children. Furthermore, higher proportions of children with picky eating, resistance to new foods, and eating problems were observed in the ASD group when compared with the control group. Serum retinol and 25-OH vitamin D levels in autistic children were significantly lower than those in the control children. Additionally, VA and VD co-deficiency impacts more on the symptoms and development in autistic children.

Conclusions: We found that children with autism have more VA and VD deficiencies than control children, and VA and VD co-deficiency may exacerbate the symptoms of children with ASD.     

The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well-investigated but remains to be elucidated. We quantitatively combined relevant studies to estimate whether vitamin D status was related to ASD in this work. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched to include eligible studies. A random-effects model was applied to pool overall estimates of vitamin D concentration or odds ratio (OR) for ASD. In total, 34 publications involving 20,580 participants were identified in this present study. Meta-analysis of 24 case–control studies demonstrated that children and adolescents with ASD had significantly lower vitamin D concentration than that of the control group (mean difference (MD): −7.46 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI): −10.26; −4.66 ng/mL, p < 0.0001, I² = 98%). Quantitative integration of 10 case–control studies reporting OR revealed that lower vitamin D was associated with higher risk of ASD (OR: 5.23, 95% CI: 3.13; 8.73, p < 0.0001, I² = 78.2%). Analysis of 15 case–control studies barring data from previous meta-analysis reached a similar result with that of the meta-analysis of 24 case–control studies (MD: −6.2, 95% CI: −9.62; −2.78, p = 0.0004, I² = 96.8%), which confirmed the association. Furthermore, meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal vitamin D showed a trend of decreased early-life vitamin D concentration in the ASD group (MD: −3.15, 95% CI: −6.57; 0.26, p = 0.07, I² = 99%). Meta-analysis of prospective studies suggested that children with reduced maternal or neonatal vitamin D had 54% higher likelihood of developing ASD (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12; 2.10, p = 0.0071, I² = 81.2%). These analyses indicated that vitamin D status was related to the risk of ASD. The detection and appropriate intervention of vitamin D deficiency in ASD patients and pregnant and lactating women have clinical and public significance.     

天津市孤独症谱系障碍儿童膳食营养状况

  目的  调查分析天津市孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的膳食营养素摄入量和营养状况,为ASD儿童制定科学有效的营养干预措施提供依据。  方法  采用3 d 24h膳食回顾法调查天津市某特殊教育学校90名3~9岁ASD儿童24种膳食营养素的摄入情况,并对儿童进行体格测量。  结果  ASD儿童中超重肥胖儿童共31名,占34.4%;3名消瘦者占3.3%;1名生长迟缓者占1.1%。各年龄组ASD儿童维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素D、维生素B₆、叶酸、钙和碘的平均摄入量均低于推荐摄入量标准,铜、磷和锌的摄入量均高于推荐摄入量标准,其中有超过10%的ASD儿童铜和镁的摄入量超过可耐受最高摄入量。能量、脂肪、维生素A摄入情况构成在正常、超重、肥胖组差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为9.24,10.03,P值均 <0.05)。  结论  孤独症谱系障碍儿童超重、肥胖率较高,营养素缺乏与过量的现象同时存在,建议采取个性化的饮食营养干预方案。     

孤独症儿童饮食行为问题及相关干预

目的 调查孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿饮食行为问题,探索通过家长教育、以家庭为主体的综合饮食干预的疗效。方法 选取2017年12月-2018年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院儿保科门诊就诊并确诊的18~72月龄ASD患儿为研究对象,采用问卷调查饮食行为,对存在饮食行为问题的家庭给予饮食指导,为期1个月。同时对儿童进行体格测量,检测血清营养学指标。结果 研究最终调查310名儿童,其中51.0%的ASD儿童有挑食行为,其他高发的行为问题有进餐容易分心(35.3%)、进餐要看电视或玩玩具(25.5%)、不愿在餐桌进餐(19.0%)。ASD儿童体重过重(11.6%)及肥胖(11.2%)的比例较高,个别儿童维生素A、维生素D、维生素B₁₂、锌降低。本研究最终干预问题条目有7条,每个问题条目干预过程中都有不同比例的儿童得到改善。同时个别条目干预中发现主要照顾者为父母及主要照顾者文化程度高的干预改善率更高(OR＞1,P＜0.05)。结论 ASD儿童饮食行为问题发生率高,应推动以家庭为单位的ASD儿童饮食行为临床干预。     

维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍中作用机制的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,目前发病机制尚不明确,也没有确切有效的治疗措施。近年来许多研究表明维生素D对脑发育及ASD的发生发展有重要意义,本文将对近年来维生素D在ASD中作用机制的研究进展作一综述。     

维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍中作用机制的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,目前发病机制尚不明确,也没有确切有效的治疗措施。近年来许多研究表明维生素D对脑发育及ASD的发生发展有重要意义,本文将对近年来维生素D在ASD中作用机制的研究进展作一综述。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童维生素B12及相关代谢产物MMA和转运蛋白TCN2的病例对照研究

探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童体内维生素B12水平,为ASD早期发现及药物治疗提供理论依据.方法 收集哈尔滨市ASD儿童和正常对照儿童各89人,应用酶联免疫吸附试验技术(ELISA)测定尿液甲基丙二酸(Methylmalonic acid,MMA)及血清维生素B12、转运蛋白转钴胺素蛋白Ⅱ(TranscobalaminⅡ,TCN2)的含量,应用SNaPshot对TCN2基因rs1801198位点进行基因分型.结果 ASD儿童的血清维生素B12和TCN2水平[(369.08±131.88)pmol/L,(1.56±0.16)ng/mL]均低于对照组儿童[(485.16±200.33)pmol/L,(1.71±0.17)ng/mL](t值分别为-5.47,-5.92,P值均<0.05),ASD儿童尿液中MMA水平[(758.97±106.96)ng/mL]高于对照组[(693.66±121.72)ng/mL](t=3.94,P<0.05);TCN2基因rs1801198位点基因多态性与ASD的患病风险的关联无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),与血清TCN2水平的关联无统计学意义(F=1.16,P>0.05).结论 ASD儿童维生素B12潜在缺乏,应在开展ASD干预的同时加强营养干预.