乙型肝炎免疫预防持续效果探讨(18年随访结果)

目的探讨新生儿接种血源乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后的持续效果。方法对1986年出生并接种乙肝疫苗的对象隔年随访1次,考核乙肝疫苗接种率、及时接种率,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),1998年以后对乙肝免疫人群开展乙肝发病监测。结果乙肝疫苗接种率、及时接种率持续稳定在95%上下。18年间11次随访检测HBsAg阳性率始终<1%,平均HBsAg阳性率0·62%,较免疫前本底的HBsAg阳性率均呈大幅度下降。疫苗的远期保护效果为93·65%(95%可信区间为92·51%~94·78%)。1986年后出生并已接种乙肝疫苗的对象中,仅2002年发生急性乙肝1例。结论新生儿血源乙肝疫苗免疫后18年尚无需加强免疫。     

农村新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗普种后14年免疫效果考核

观察了正定县吴兴乡新生儿实施乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗普种后14年的免疫学效果.该乡自1986年开始对所有新生儿结合农村计划免疫,按0、1、6个月程序接种3剂乙肝疫苗,在1986～1996年用血源乙肝疫苗,1997～1999年用重组(CHO细胞)乙肝疫苗.全程接种率1986～1996年为87.16%,1997～1999年为93.74%.于1999年普查采血,用固相放射免疫试剂检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)与抗体(抗-HBs)以及乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),并与本地免疫前同龄儿童HBsAg阳性率进行比较,计算乙肝疫苗的免疫效果.结果显示乙肝疫苗免疫后,1～14岁儿童保护性抗-HBs阳性率为94.74%～10.27%,S/N值几何平均滴度(GMT)为 76.72～5.62,随着免疫年限的延长而逐渐降低;HBsAg在10岁以前无升高趋势,1～14岁儿童的HBsAg总阳性率1.27%,与免疫前同龄儿童的10.5%相比,保护率为87.9%(95%可信限83.18%～93.38%).抗-HBc阳性率为2.26%,与免疫前同龄儿童的35.1%相比,降低了93.56%.新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫后随年龄的增长保护性抗体水平逐年下降,HBsAg阳性率10～14岁开始出现升高趋势,而在10岁以前未见升高趋势,说明免疫后10年间效果良好,无需加强免疫.     

国产重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫效果观察

目的探讨国产基因重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗对儿童的免疫效果及持久性。方法对2001年出生并严格按免疫程序全程接种国产重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗的新生儿隔年随访一次,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、抗体滴度和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果五年期间3次随访检测HBsAg阳性率平均为0.65%,较免前本底的HBsAg阳性率呈较大幅度下降,疫苗保护率为90.5%(95%可信区间为84.97%～97.02%)。接受重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫的对象中,无一例急性乙肝病例报告。抗-HBs有效阳性率的逐年下降,但接种免疫之后5年之内HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率和HBV感染率均未见随年限延长而增长的趋势。结论国产基因重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗对儿童具有良好的免疫效果,在全程免疫后5年内没有必要进行加强注射。     

新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗免疫持久性和加强免疫应答研究

为了观察新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫后长期的预防保护效果及加强免疫后的免疫应答状况和特点,在乙肝疫苗试点区,每隔1～2年,采取整群随机抽样方法对1985～1988年出生的新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后的效果随访1次,随访15年,共观察5006人.将血源乙肝疫苗免疫后9～11年的170名儿童分为3组,用重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗分别进行1～3剂次的加强免疫,每剂次5μg,然后采血用固相放射免疫法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和抗体(抗-HBs).结果显示新生儿血源乙肝疫苗全程免疫后抗-HBs阳性率为92.83%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为200.91;而至14～15岁时分别下降为45.31%和27.95%,说明15年后约有55%的儿童抗-HBs在保护性水平以下(＜10mIU/ml),而HBsAg阳性率为1.38%,与全程免疫后1年相比差异无显著的统计学意义.加强免疫后1年,3个不同剂次加强免疫组的抗-HBs GMT迅速升高,为原来的6～18倍;抗-HBs阳性率也由免疫前的62.5%～66.7%上升至100.0%.但随着加强免疫时间的延长,抗-HBs的GMT和阳性率逐渐下降,至免疫后3年,1针加强免疫组抗-HBs阳性率降至71.2%,2针组降至79.2%,而3针组仅降至92.5%.表明国产血源乙肝疫苗具有持久的预防保护效果,以及良好的免疫回忆反应;加强免疫的效果与加强免疫针次和加强免疫前的免疫状况有密切的关系.因此,在开展新生儿乙肝疫苗普种的地区,如果需要,可以进行重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗5μg 3针加强免疫,初免后抗体水平较低者尤应如此.     

重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播和加强免疫效果-9年随访观察

目的观察重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗阻断乙肝病毒(HBV)母婴传播的长期效果,探讨阻断HBV母婴传播的最佳免疫策略.方法对母亲血清乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和乙肝病毒膜抗原(HBeAg)同时阳性、新生儿期全程接种乙肝疫苗后HBsAg阴性的273名儿童进行9年血清学追踪观察.结果共观察到12人HBsAg阳转,1～9岁HBsAg阳性率0.72%～6.98%,低或无应答儿童9岁内17.78%发生HBsAg阳转;免疫后9年保护性水平乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)阳性率仍维持＞60%;3～5岁加强免疫儿童抗体阳性率及抗体水平高于未加强免疫儿童.结论重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗对阻断HBV母婴传播具有良好的远期免疫效果.母亲HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性的幼儿在3～4岁时需加强免疫.低或无应答新生儿有较高的HBsAg阳转危险性.     

重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后5年随访结果

目的 探讨新生儿接种国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后的免疫效果,并与血源乙肝疫苗效果比较.方法 对1997年出生并接种重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗的新生儿隔年随访一次,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),1998年以后对乙肝免疫人群开展急性乙肝发病监测....     

新生儿血源乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后14年效果评价

为了解新生儿血源乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫后的乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)持久性及长期保护效果,1986～1989年,在正定县吴兴乡7个自然村结合农村计划免疫活动,给新生儿接种3针10μg/ml血源乙肝疫苗,并以免疫后首次检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阴性的762人为研究对象,进行了14年的随访观察.结果显示乙肝疫苗免疫后14年间,HBsAg阴性和阳性母亲所生儿童的抗-HBs阳性率,分别由最高的94.44%和95.83%逐年降至50%左右,至10～14年波动于40%～50%;抗-HBs有效阳性率的动态变化与阳性率相似,10～14年基本维持在20%左右.14年间对HBsAg阴性和阳性母亲所生儿童共随访观察了7 612.5人年,发现HBsAg阳转者6例,HBsAg年阳转率为0.08%,与本底对照的1.13%相比,保护率为92.92%.这6例HBsAg阳转者在之后的多次检查中均HBsAg阴性,未形成HBsAg慢性携带者.表明血源乙肝疫苗的长期保护效果良好,14年内无需加强接种.     

国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果观察

为研究和比较国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗与血源乙肝疫苗的免疫效果,采用单纯随机方法,于免疫后1年对重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗接种的新生儿进行随访观察,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc).HBsAg阳性母亲所生的儿童其HBsAg阳性率为5.2%(4/77),抗-HBs阳性率为83.3%(65/78),疫苗保护效果为91.3%;HBsAg阴性母亲所生的儿童其HBsAg阳性率为0.9%(1/114),抗-HBs阳性率为97.4%(111/114),疫苗保护效果为79.5%.重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗有较好的近期保护效果和免疫原性,与以前使用的血源乙肝疫苗相当.     

上海市黄浦区新生儿血源乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后23年免疫效果追踪研究

目的 观察血源乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫的长期效果.方法 对上海市黄浦区1986年出生并接种乙肝疫苗的新生儿进行隔年随访,采血检测乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc),与本底对照(1984-1985年HBV横断面调查结果)以及外对照(1991年开展的相邻区域同年出生但未接种乙肝疫苗儿童调查的结果)相比计算保护效果.结果 随访队列23年间共计采集血液标本5993份,抗-HBs阳性率随免疫时间延长逐渐下降(从89.01％下降至18.77％),平均为40.39％;抗-HBc各年阳性率平均值在1.87％上下波动;HBsAg阳性率波动保持在1.00％(0.46％ ～ 0.98％)以下,平均为0.62％(37/5993),与本底对照相比,各年龄组疫苗的保护效果在81.37％ ～ 95.78％;与外对照相比,疫苗保护效果为72.76％.结论 血源乙肝疫苗中长期保护效果良好,免疫后23年无加强免疫的必要.     

上海市黄浦区新生儿两种乙肝疫苗免疫后16年免疫效果

目的为了评价血源性乙肝疫苗和重组酵母乙肝疫苗的长期免疫效果。方法对上海市黄浦区1986年出生的并全程接种血源性乙肝疫苗和1997年出生并全程接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗的对象隔年随访,采血测得乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝核心抗体(抗-HBc),与本底值(1984—1985年乙肝病毒横断面调查)相比计算保护率。结果 16年间,血源性乙肝疫苗组的HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc的阳性率分别为0.47%、28.20%和1.18%,重组乙肝疫苗组为0.94%、12.85%和0.63%;血源疫苗组抗-HBs阳性率从89.72%下降到28.20%,重组疫苗组从93.72%下降到12.85%。两种疫苗的主要差别在于重组乙肝疫苗抗-HBs阳性率在5~16年间均低于血源性疫苗,且下降程度(80.87%)大于血源性疫苗(61.52%)。结论两种疫苗虽然抗体逐年下降,重组酵母乙肝疫苗更加明显,但是两种疫苗的乙肝保护效果没有差异,提示血源疫苗和重组疫苗免疫后16年免疫效果良好,但血源疫苗组优于重组疫苗组,均无需加强免疫。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.