耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的感染分布及耐药分析

目的 了解临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染分布及耐药性特点,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对医院2010年各类标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行回顾性分析,用PCR检测mecA基因确证MRSA.结果 2010年共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌122株,其中MRSA 79株,占64.75％,主要分布于ICU、骨科、老年病科,主要来源于痰和创面分泌物,分别占70.98％和22.78％;79株MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑烷、呋喃妥因和磺胺甲嗯唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率分别为0、0、17.72％和18.99％,对其他种类抗菌药物耐药率均＞75.00 ％,且耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA).结论 临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA检出率较高,对多种抗菌药物耐药率高,且多为多药耐药,临床应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物,减低耐药菌株的产生.     

下呼吸道感染金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)的耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法对医院2008年1月-2009年12月临床各科室送检的下呼吸道标本中分离的SAU进行回顾性调查分析。结果 137株SAU对糖肽类抗菌药物万古霉素和替考拉宁100.0%敏感,137株SAU中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)61株,占44.5%,MRSA对青霉素G和苯唑西林100.0%耐药;对氯霉素耐药率较低,为10.2%;对喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药率均较高,且存在多药耐药性;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)76株,占总株数的55.5%,MRSA对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物和其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于MSSA耐药率。结论医院SAU的耐药情况已非常严重,建议医院领导加强监控力度,预防SAU医院感染暴发流行。     

医院金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的 调查医院临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)的耐药性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据.方法 对189株SAU的分布和耐药性进行调查分析,SAU培养与鉴定严格按照<全国临床检验操作规程>进行,药物敏感试验采用K-B法.结果 医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率为36.5%;MRSA对抗菌药物的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA).结论 加强细菌耐药性的监控工作,是预防医院感染的有效措施.     

医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌的分布与耐药性调查

目的 调查医院临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)耐药现状,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据.方法 对311株SAU的标本来源和临床科室分布进行回顾性调查分析,SAU均由VITEK 32细菌分析系统进行鉴定;药敏试验采用K-B法进行.结果 医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率为48.9%;SAU除对糖肽类抗菌药物100.0%敏感以外,对其他多种抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药性,且MRSA对抗菌药物的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA).结论 加强细菌耐药性的监测与控制,是预防医院感染的有效措施.     

104株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对各类感染标本分离的104株金黄色葡萄球菌,采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果 104株金黄色葡萄球菌主要来自痰液,占68.3%,其次是伤口分泌物标本,占18.3%;104株金黄色葡萄球菌中,检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)73株,检出率为70.2%,甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)31株,检出率为29.8%;MRSA和MSSA对万古霉素的敏感率均为100.0%;MRSA对临床常用抗菌药物具有多药耐药性,MRSA对青霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林均100.0%耐药,对环丙沙星、红霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、利福平的耐药率分别为83.6%、84.9%、86.3%、97.3%、20.5%和47.9%;MSSA对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、庆大霉素、克林霉素的耐药率分别为96.8%、87.2%、67.7%、35.5%、38.7%。结论临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物多药耐药,尤其是MRSA感染的耐药更为严重,应根据分离株耐药特点选用不同的治疗方案。     

2013-2016年医院金黄色葡萄球菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的通过分析耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的分布及耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法选取2013-2016年医院临床检出分离并鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌进行药物敏感性试验,根据其对甲氧西林敏感性分为MRSA和MSSA,分别对科室分布、标本来源及耐药性进行分析。结果共分离出782株MRSA和491株MSSA,MRSA的检出率占61.4%;MRSA和MSSA临床科室主要分布在神经外科分别占23.6%、31.0%,ICU分别占19.8%、13.2%,呼吸内科分别占13.3%、5.7%;MRSA和MSSA主要来源于痰标本,分别占65.7%和42.6%;MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、喹奴普汀/达福普汀的敏感率均>95.00%,MSSA对苯唑西林、头孢唑林、亚胺培南、利奈唑胺100.00%敏感,对青霉素G的耐药率为94.1%。结论 MRSA对多种抗菌药物有较高的耐药性,MRSA耐药性明显大于MSSA,MSSA对大部分抗菌药物仍保持较好的敏感性,临床上应合理选用抗菌药物。     

2013-2016年医院金黄色葡萄球菌分布特点及耐药性分析北大核心CSCD

目的通过分析耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及对甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的分布及耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法选取2013-2016年医院临床检出分离并鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌进行药物敏感性试验,根据其对甲氧西林敏感性分为MRSA和MSSA,分别对科室分布、标本来源及耐药性进行分析。结果共分离出782株MRSA和491株MSSA,MRSA的检出率占61.4%;MRSA和MSSA临床科室主要分布在神经外科分别占23.6%、31.0%,ICU分别占19.8%、13.2%,呼吸内科分别占13.3%、5.7%;MRSA和MSSA主要来源于痰标本,分别占65.7%和42.6%;MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、喹奴普汀/达福普汀的敏感率均>95.00%,MSSA对苯唑西林、头孢唑林、亚胺培南、利奈唑胺100.00%敏感,对青霉素G的耐药率为94.1%。结论 MRSA对多种抗菌药物有较高的耐药性,MRSA耐药性明显大于MSSA,MSSA对大部分抗菌药物仍保持较好的敏感性,临床上应合理选用抗菌药物。     

213株金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及药敏分析

目的调查分析医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及药敏率。方法采用VITEK-2微生物鉴定仪及纸片扩散法K-B对2006-2010年收集到的213株金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药物敏感性试验分析。结果 213株金黄色葡萄球菌中,49.3%为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),50.7%为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);在105株MRSA中ICU、普通外科、呼吸科、脑外科检出率较高,儿科检出率相对较低;所有MRSA均对青霉素耐药(100.0%),同时对测试的多种抗菌药物耐药;所有金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感,敏感率100.0%。结论 MRSA的高检出率对多种药物的耐药性表明,应加强其监测,合理使用抗菌药物,防止MRSA医院感染暴发的流行。     

医院感染葡萄球菌属的分布特点与耐药性

目的　了解医院葡萄球菌属的感染状况和耐药特点,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法　对从医院感染患者标本中分离的652株葡萄球菌属进行鉴定和耐药性分析。结果　652株葡萄球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌204株,占葡萄球菌属总数的31.3%,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为55.4%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）448株,占葡萄球菌属总数的68.7%,以溶血葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主,其中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率为84.6%;除呋喃妥因和万古霉素外,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）对其他12种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌（MSS）。结论　葡萄球菌属是医院感染的重要病原菌之一,合理使用抗菌药物对于有效控制和治疗该菌感染至关重要。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药的现状及临床治疗对策

目的分析医院与社区获得性感染的金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)耐药现状,给临床合理用药提供参考。方法收集2004-2006年临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,培养鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或微量稀释法(MIC)测定16种抗菌药物的敏感情况,用WHONET5软件进行分析。结果440株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为260株,占59.1%;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)为180株,占40.9%;SAU对16种抗菌药物的耐药率最高的是青霉素G为85.5%、万古霉素耐药率为0。结论MSSA对大部分抗菌药物仍保持较好的敏感性,而MRSA表现为多重耐药性,但万古霉素例外,所以对耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌(VISA及VRSA)的连续监测、了解葡萄球菌属的耐药机制具有重要的临床意义。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.