安徽省营养监测点城乡60～75岁老年人群营养监测分析

目的研究安徽省老年人群营养与健康现况，为制定老年营养干预措施提供依据。方法选择1个城市监测点和1个农村监测点，每个监测点抽取60～75岁老人800名，使用个人健康问卷、食物频率问卷、健康体检及社区调查问卷进行调查。结果城市点60岁～75岁老年人群高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、贫血患病率均高于农村点，分别为67．1％〉58．5％、14．3％〉11．4％、38．4％〉31．9％和39．0％〉28．7％；农村点男性老年人群的吸烟率和女性老人的被动吸烟率高于城市点，分别为61．2％〉22．0％、44．4％〉22．7％；城乡老年人群的粗杂粮摄人不足，蔬菜摄人情况要好于水果；城乡老年人群尚未普遍养成饮奶习惯，农村点仅有4．6％的人每日饮奶；老人家庭的高食盐摄人和高烹调用油现象比较普遍，尤其是农村地区分别达76．6％和61．4％；老年人群腌制食品摄人比例较高，超过50％；城乡老年人群普遍都有吃早餐的习惯，但早餐营养质量不高。结论城市点老年人群的相关慢病流行水平高于农村点，其营养摄人行为危险因素暴露水平低于农村点；城乡老人的膳食结构存在诸多缺陷，农村点老人早餐膳食营养价值不高。     

四川省6岁以下儿童营养与健康状况分析

目的了解四川省农村6岁以下儿童的营养与健康状况,为进一步实施儿童营养干预提供科学依据。方法利用整群随机抽样的方法,有效抽取2852名6岁以下儿童,对其营养与健康状况进行调查。采用WHO营养不良诊断标准,对儿童体格发育进行评价。结果受调查儿童年龄别身高（HA）、年龄别体重（WA）、身高别体重（WH）Z评分分别为-0．95、-0．72、-0．13,生长发育迟缓率、低体重率、消瘦率、贫血患病率分别为17．5％、9．7％、2．I％和17．7％,从年龄看1岁以前儿童生长发育迟缓、低体重、消瘦患病率较低,1岁以后相对较高,生长发育迟缓、低体重患病率在1岁前后存在显著性差异。儿童6个月内母乳喂养率、混合喂养率、人工喂养率分别为61．6％、32．5％和5．9％。结论四川省农村6岁以下儿童营养与健康状况不容乐观,以1岁组儿童营养问题较为突出,应尽早采取干预措施。     

浠水县贫困农村学龄儿童生长发育与健康状况

目的 分析湖北省贫困农村学龄儿童生长发育及健康状况，为探讨影响贫困农村儿童生长发育与健康状况的相关因素提供依据。方法采用随机整群抽取湖北省浠水县6所小学6～9岁学龄儿童789名进行健康状况调查和体格检查。结果与1992年湖北省同龄儿童的平均水平比较，儿童的身高平均增长了3～7cm，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；体重平均增加了1kg，其中仅9岁组儿童差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；体重指数（BMI）仅在9岁年龄组男女儿童之问差异有显著性；农村儿童贫血患病率为39．8％，男（41．3％）高于女（37．2％），也高于1992年湖北省儿童的贫血患病率（24．6％）。儿童的骨密度与身高、体重均呈非常显著正相关（r=0．26，0．35，P值均〈0．01）。结论湖北省贫困农村学龄儿童生长发育和健康水平仍不理想，应加大营养监测和干预工作的力度。     

建立"中国食物与营养监测系统"的抽样方案和质量控制

在卫生部145个疾病监测点与国家统计局住户调查点一致的基础上,分为城市、一般农村和较贫困农村3层,进行抽样。按6岁以下儿童低体重患病率为5％水平估计样本量需抽取160000例,在全国抽取40个点,（城市14个,一般农村17个,较贫困农村9个）分布在全国26个省、市、自治区。每个监测点采取多阶整群抽样方法,抽取400例6岁以下儿童,40个点共抽取160000例。40个监测点的人口共2067．8万人,占全国人数的1．7％。通过对抽取样本的儿童年龄分布与总体进行拟合度检验,检验结果表明,样本与总体分布是一致的。说明样本对总体的代表性较好。     

城乡儿童营养状况调查分析

了解柯城区城乡0～6岁儿童的营养现状，掌握儿童健康状况的变化趋势。方法：比较城乡儿童1995年和2003年的低体重、贫血和佝偻病的患病率。结果：城镇儿童1995年低体重、贫血和佝偻病患病率分别为1．29％、8．51％、17．9％，2003年为1．37%、8．45％，6．97％；农村儿童1995年低体重、贫血和佝倭病患病率分别为2．84％、37．42％、6．89％，2003年为2．01％、9．70%，3．76％。结论：目前柯城区儿童的营养状况处于中等水平。城镇儿童佝偻病患病率大幅度下降，但低体重和贫血患病率无明显改观；农村儿童这三种营养性疾病的患病率显著下降，城乡儿童营养状况的差距缩小。     

我国儿童少年闲暇时间静态活动现状分析

目的了解我国儿童少年闲暇时间静态活动现状．为制定干预措施提供基础资料。方法使用“2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查”中“1a回顾性身体活动调查表”收集的数据，对我国12278名6～17岁儿童少年闲暇时间看电视、使用计算机以及玩电子游戏等静态活动的情况进行分析。结果94．2％的儿童少年闲暇时间参加静态活动，城市（96．5％）高于农村（93．5％）；男女分别为94．1％和94．4％；6-12岁儿童高于13-17岁儿童．分别为95．3％和92．7％。儿童少年平均每天静态活动时间是2．2h，城市（2．5h）高于农村（2．1h）：男女间差别不大．分别为2．2h和2．1h；6-12岁儿童低于13-17岁儿童．分别为2．0h和2．3h，平均每天静态活动时间小于1h，1-2h，2—3h．3h及以上的儿童少年所占比例依次为12．3％．29．8％．28．5％和29．4％。结论我国儿童少年闲暇时静态活动时间2h及以上的比例比较高．不同年龄和城乡儿童少年静态活动时间差异存在统计学意义。     

中国6岁以下儿童呼吸系统疾病与腹泻患病情况及经济损失

应用1998年全国营养监测现场调查资料，重点分析我国城市与农村6岁以下儿童2周呼吸系统与腹泻患病情况、变化趋势、疾病对儿童生长发育的影响，并分析儿童因病所赞成的经济损失。资料显示，1998年我国城市与农村6岁以下儿童2周呼吸系统患病率城市高于农村，分别为23．75％和21．97％，但其中贫困农村又高于城市为26．03％。患病年龄特点是2岁以内的儿童呼吸系统患病农村高于城市，而2岁以后城市高于农村。患病高峰农村在6－18个月，而城市3－4岁之间。与1990年比较，1998年儿童呼吸系统患病在城市上升了9．5个百分点，农村上升了6．9个百分点。6岁以下儿童2周腹泻患率农村高于城市，分别为7．0％和4．31％，而贫困农村最高为10．36％。儿童腹泻患病率随年龄上升而下降，患病高峰在6－12个月，各个年龄段患病率农村均高于城市。1998年与1990年相比，城市从9．4％下降为4．3％，农村从13．0％降为7．0％。2岁以内营养不良婴幼儿的呼吸系统与腹泻患病率都显著高于正常儿童。凡患有呼吸系统与腹泻的婴幼儿平均身高与体重都显著低于正常儿童。采用成本效益方法，对1998年400例6岁以下儿童按其2周呼吸系统与腹泻患病率估算的经济损失城市为11793元，农村5458元。     

江门市五岁以下儿童营养状况流行病学调查研究

目的掌握我市5岁以下儿童营养不良、单纯性肥胖的患病率、分布特点、发生规律及影响因素,探讨有效可行的干预措施。方法采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,对江门市12823名5岁以下儿童进行了营养状况流行病学调查,测量身高、体重值,并以WHO（NCHS）标准为参照人群值,采用WHO推荐的营养不良评价方法进行评价和分析。结果我市五岁以下儿童低体重、发育迟缓、消瘦三种营养不良的患病率分别为4．13％、3．15％和1．59％。0岁组患病率最低、随年龄增长呈上升趋势,农村儿童营养不良患病率高于城市,不同区域的儿童营养不良患病率有差异。单纯性肥胖患病率为1．29％,0岁组患病率高,女童高于男童,散居儿童高于集体儿童。结论我市五岁以下儿童的营养状况在国内尚处在较好的水平。要进一步开展健康教育,抓好儿童保健系统管理,重点降低农村儿童营养不良患病率。     

2019年四川省5岁以下儿童营养状况分析

目的 了解四川省5岁以下儿童营养状况,为卫生行政决策提供参考和依据。 方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,在四川省范围内抽取7534名5岁以下儿童,测量血红蛋白和身高体重,采用2006年世界卫生组织（WHO）生长发育评价标准进行评价,并与2012年调查情况进行对比。结果 四川省5岁以下儿童生长迟缓率为5.09%、低体重率为1.76%、超重发生率为15.65%、肥胖发生率为5.44%、贫血患病率为6.16%。生长迟缓率男性高于女性（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=10.60,P=0.01）、农村高于城市（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=82.07,P<0.01）;低体重发生率农村高于城市（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=66.86,P<0.01）、婴儿组低体重发生率最高;贫血患病率农村高于城市（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=31.42,P<0.01）、婴儿组贫血患病率最高;城市超重发生率高于农村（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=82.74, P<0.01）,但农村的肥胖发生率高于城市（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=30.86,P<0.01）。结论 四川省不同性别营养健康状况差异在逐渐减少,但农村地区儿童营养问题仍然突出、超重和肥胖问题日益凸显,探索有效的控制多种形式营养不良的综合防控策略和措施是下一步工作重点。     

云南省290名婴幼儿喂养与营养状况调查

通过开展“中国居民营养与健康状况调查”，掌握云南省城乡婴幼儿喂养与营养状况及影响因素。云南省玉溪市红塔区(中小城市)、威信县、元谋县、西畴县、巍山县农村为2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查点。我们于2002年8～12月对城市、农村调查点的24月龄婴幼儿进行现场调查。结果表明，婴幼儿出生体重1600～2000g城市占2．17％，农村占0.82％，城市早产儿为34．78％，农村11．07％。4月龄内母乳喂养率城市农村分别为63．04％，79.10％，儿童自出生以来呼吸道患病率、腹泻患病率农村均比城市高。     

Undernutrition among Honduran children 12-71 months old.

In 1996, the Ministry of Health of Honduras conducted a national micronutrient survey that included anthropometric measurements to determine the nutrition status of children 12-71 months old. Among the 1,744 children who participated, 38% of them were stunted, including 14% who were severely stunted; 24% were underweight, of which 4% were severely underweight; and 1% were wasted, of which 0.1% were severely wasted. The country can be divided into three groupings based on the level of stunting and underweight: 1) lowest prevalence: Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, and medium cities; 2) medium prevalence: other urban areas, the rural north, and the rural south; and 3) highest prevalence: the rural west. Using logistic regression analysis, the important determinants of stunting were found to be: mother/caretaker's and father's schooling, source of water, the dominion (geographic location and strata) in which the child lived, and the "possession score" for ownership of such items as a radio, television, refrigerator, stereo system, and electric iron. The predictors for underweight were micronutrient status, diarrhea, maternal/caretaker's schooling, type of toilet, and possession score. Historical data indicate that the national prevalence of chronic undernutrition has changed little over the last 10 years despite the number of national food and nutrition plans implemented and the significant improvements in health services. It is possible that these positive interventions have been offset by the slow progress in economic development. Future nutrition interventions should take into account household-level perceived needs and priorities in order to set realistic nutrition targets.     

山西省贫困地区6～24个月儿童营养现状的调查研究

目的了解山西省贫困地区6～24个月婴幼儿的营养状况和喂养情况。方法采用分层整群抽样法抽取5个贫困县976名婴幼儿进行血红蛋白测定、体格测量、儿童各类食物的首次添加时间、调查前24h各类食物添加频次和家长营养知识知晓情况。结果976名6—24月龄婴幼儿中低体重发生率为2．3％,生长迟缓发生率为3．3％,贫血发生率41．2％。婴儿6个月时及时添加辅食仅占到32．0％,24h食物回顾调查发现深色蔬菜水果和红心薯类的添加率为32．1％,动物性食物仅占30．9％。婴幼儿母亲对营养素的主要食物来源等基础营养知识缺乏,以“孩子缺钙会诱发哪种疾病”和“哪类食物是钙的良好来源”知晓率最高（57．1％、57．8％）,“维生素A缺乏会导致哪种疾病”知晓率最低（17．6％）。生长迟缓与贫血儿童家长的知识-态度-行为得分低,分别为（13．4±4．8）和（14．6±4．1）。结论山西省农村贫困地区6～24个月儿童贫血患病率较高,加大婴幼儿喂养知识的宣传力度,合理的辅食添加是减少贫血发生的关键。     

安徽省部分农村地区中小学生营养与健康状况监测分析

目的了解和评价营养改善计划实施地区学生营养健康状况。方法在12个县抽取1 185所中小学校191 181名学生,监测学校食堂供餐模式、学生体格发育和微量营养素状况、学生膳食摄入等。结果 90%以上学校供餐模式为＂企业供餐＂;学生身高、体重指标略低于全省农村平均水平,营养不良率14.6%,贫血率9.1%;25%学生的肉、蛋、奶、豆类等富含优质蛋白质的食物摄入频率和每周食用量偏低。结论贫困农村地区中小学生存在营养健康问题,实施针对性的营养改善计划很有必要。     

中国居民2002年营养与健康状况调查

目的 了解中国国民的营养与健康现状。方法 调查目标总体为31个省、自治区、直辖市，采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法。调查于2002年开展，包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查4个部分。结果 城市居民能量食物来源构成中，谷类食物仅占48．5％，脂肪供能比高达35．0％；农村居民膳食结构趋于合理(61．4％ vs．27．5％)。5岁以下儿童生长迟缓率为14．3％，低体重率为7．8％。3～12岁儿童维生素A缺乏率为9．3％。人群贫血患病率为15．2％。人群超重率为17．6％，肥胖率为5．6％。≥18岁人群高血压患病率为18．8％；糖尿病患病率2．6％；高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症患病率依次为2．9％、11．9％、7．4％。高血压知晓率、治疗率、治疗者控制率分别为30．2％、247％、25．0％。中国人群的营养与健康状况存在较明显的城乡差异以及年龄别差异。结论 中国人群的健康面临双重疾病负担。城乡个体营养与健康水平的差异加大了疾病预防控制工作的难度。     

Nutritional status of primary school children from low income households in kuala lumpur

Growth status was examined in relation to gender and age factors in urban primary school children (6-10 years old) from low income households in Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan. The sample consisted of 4212 boys (53%) and 3793 girls (47%). Data on weight and height data were obtained from two sources - investigator's and teachers' measurements of the school children. This study defined mildly and significantly underweight, stunted or wasted as z-score below minus one and below minus two of the NCHS/CDC reference median, respectively. Approximately 52% (n = 4149), 50% (n = 3893) and 30% (n = 2568) of the school children were underweight, stunted and wasted, respectively. However, the majority of these undernourished children were in the mild category. Prevalence of overweight (> 2 SD of NCHS/WHO reference median) was found in 5.8% of the sample. For both, prevalence of undernutrition and overnutrition, more boys than girls were found to be underweight stunted wasted and overweight. Compared to girls, boys had lower mean z-scores for the variables height-for-age (p<0.05) and weight-for-height (p<0.01). Older children had significantly lower mean z-scores for height-for-age (p<0.001) but higher mean z-scores for weight-for-height (P<0.001) than younger children. This finding indicates that with increasing age, stunting is associated with improved weight-for-height or that the children's weights have been adapted to their short statures. In conclusion, results demonstrate a high prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting and an increasing prevalence of overweight among these low-income school children. Efforts recommended to address health and nutrition problems among school children should include health and nutrition monitoring (e.g. growth monitoring using the existing growth data collected by schools) and interventions.     

中国儿童亚临床维生素A缺乏患病率及其影响因素

目的 探讨儿童亚临床维生素A缺乏（SVAD）的现状及其影响因素。抽取全国14个省、市、自治区的8669名6岁以下儿童。询问其膳食、健康、家庭情况。以微量荧光其血清维生素A（VA）含量。结果 儿童血μmol／L,SVAD患病率为11．7％。可疑SVAD患病率为39．2％。其中SVAD及可疑SVAD患病率随所在地区国内生产总值和家庭年人均收入的增高、母亲受教育程度的提高、儿童年龄的增长而降低。儿童SVAD及可疑SVAD患病率;农村（15．0％）高于城市（5．2％）,母亲是少数民族者（22．6％）高于母亲是汉族者（8．7％）,采血前1周内末摄入富含VA食物者（12．6％－22．6％）均高于每日摄和者（4．1％－10．0％）,采血前2周内曾患呼吸道感染、发热、腹泻者（15．2％－22．6％）非常显著高于未曾患病者（10．1％－11．1％）。logistic回归分析显示,儿童所在地区及家庭的经济状况不好、家居农村、母亲是少数民族、小年龄、未食乳类、采血前2周内曾患呼吸道感染、发热是其SVAD的危险因素。结论 50．9％的儿童存在或可能存在VA营养问题。儿童SVAD是多种因素在不同程度上起作用的结果。     

Dual forms of malnutrition in the same households in Malaysia--a case study among Malay rural households

This report is a part of a multi-centre study in Asia on the problem of dual forms of malnutrition in the same households. In Malaysia, the prevalence of underweight and stunting persist among young children from poor rural areas. Overweight in adults, especially women from poor rural areas has been reported in recent years. Thus, this study was undertaken in order to assess the presence of the dual burden of underweight child-overweight mother pairs in a poor rural community. Out of 140 Malay households identified to have at least one child aged 1-6 years and mother aged above 20 years, 52.1% of the mothers were overweight, 15.7% of the children were underweight, 27.1% stunted and 5% wasted. Socio-economic background and food intake frequency data were collected from 54 underweight child/overweight mother pairs (UW/OW) and 41 normal weight child/normal weight mother pairs (NW/NW). Compared with the overweight mothers, a higher percentage of the normal weight mothers had received secondary education, were employed and with a higher household monthly income, although these differences were not significant. Patterns of food intake of the mothers and children appeared to have more similarities than differences between the UW/OW and NW/NW groups. Quantitative dietary intakes for 2 days using 24-hr recall and physical activity energy expenditure over the same period were assessed in a sub-group of UW/OW and NW/NW mothers and children. The NW/NW children showed significantly higher intake of total calories, fat and riboflavin than the UW/OW counterparts. Mean energy and nutrient intake of mothers from both groups were not significantly different, although the NW/NW mothers showed higher intake adequacy for total calories and most nutrients. While most of the mothers from both groups reported having no chronic illnesses, about half of the children in both groups had infections, especially gastrointestinal infections, over a 2-week period. Energy expenditure from physical activity for both UW/OW and NW/NW mothers and children did not differ significantly. This study confirmed inadequate intake of total energy and nutrients as the major factor for underweight in Malay children from rural areas. However, assessing intake and physical activity by interview methods were not sensitive enough to overcome perceived problems of under-reporting of energy intake and over-estimation of energy expenditure, especially by overweight subjects. Further investigations on a larger sample are necessary to understand the family dynamics leading to the double burden of malnutrition within the same household.     

中国西部农村婴幼儿营养、喂养以及保健方面的性别差异研究

目的探索中国西部农村地区婴幼儿营养、喂养以及保健方面的性别差异。方法利用西部农村大样本横断面调查数据,共凋查14 532名儿童;运用logistic回归模型控制有关背景因素来估计性别在3岁以下农村儿童的营养、喂养和保健方面所起的作用。结果西部南北方地区男女儿童的生长迟缓、低体重和消瘦患病率接近,但是控制了可能的影响因素后,营养不良的性别差异只出现在北方儿童中,表现为北方1孩家庭的男童低体重的风险要高于女童(OR=1.27),3孩以上家庭的男童患生长迟缓的风险却低于女童(OR=0.60);在南方地区无论是在1孩还是多孩家庭以上三指标均没有显著的性别差异。北方地区只表现为2孩家庭的男童添加鸡蛋的频率要显著高于女童,而此种情况也出现在南方1孩家庭中;此外,南方地区表现为2孩家庭的女童在4月龄内比男童更倾向于接受纯母乳喂养。在保健方面,男童较女童更容易患病,贫血患病率分别为36.2%和33.4%,2周感冒和腹泻患病率分别为29.0%和27.4%,19.0%和17.5%。结论中国西部农村婴幼儿在营养、喂养和保健方面存在着一定的性别差异,北方地区比南方地区表现突出。