安庆地区配偶吸烟与脑卒中发生风险的关系

目的评估中国安庆地区人群配偶吸烟和脑卒中发生风险的相关性。方法 1995-2005年基线调查中,通过问卷调查收集吸烟和其他相关变量。2010-2011年对基线人群进行随访收集脑卒中事件并进行核实。COX比例风险模型估计配偶吸烟与脑卒中的相关性。结果纳入分析16 706人,平均随访（7.0±2.2）人年,共收集231例脑卒中事件。调整性别、年龄、收缩压、体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、饮酒变量后,夫妻都吸烟人群发生脑卒中风险是夫妻都不吸烟人群的1.89倍（RR=1.89,95%CI：1.05～3.39）,本人吸烟与配偶吸烟对脑卒中的发生有交互作用（P=0.033）;本人吸烟配偶不吸烟人群与夫妻都不吸烟人群相比患脑卒中风险增加（RR=1.33,95%CI：0.93～1.90）,但差异无统计学意义。按性别分层本人吸烟与配偶吸烟的交互作用相对危险度男性为2.81（95%CI：0.62～12.85）、女性为1.04（95%CI：0.30～3.64）,表明无论男性还是女性本人及配偶都吸烟时可能增加本人患脑卒中风险。结论本研究证实夫妻都吸烟可增加脑卒中发生风险。     

天津市农村人群体质指数与脑卒中发病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的探讨天津市农村人群体质指数(BMI)与脑卒中发病的关系。方法以整群随机抽样的方法,于1991年9月在天津市蓟县某镇选取6个自然村15岁及以上常住人口4796人为基线研究对象,进行流行病学问卷调查,测量血压、身高、体重。用前瞻性队列研究的方法,每年随访队列人群的脑卒中事件,并进行全死因登记,至2009年9月共随访18年。分析不同BMI水平脑卒中发病的相对危险度(RR)。结果脑卒中发病与BMI水平明显有关,与正常体重组比较,体重过低组、超重组、肥胖组发生出血性卒中的RR值分别为2.7,1.9和3.5,缺血性卒中的发病危险在超重组和肥胖组明显增加,RR值分别为1.4和2.4;60岁以下人群体重过低组出血性卒中的发病风险最高(RR=10);60岁以上人群仅显示肥胖组有较高的缺血性卒中发病危险。结论农村肥胖人群有较高的脑卒中发病风险,特别是60岁以下人群,体重过低者易患出血性卒中。     

海南省成年人吸烟与心血管疾病发病风险的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨海南省成年人吸烟与各类心血管疾病发病风险的关联。方法 利用中英合作项目“中国慢性病前瞻性研究”项目海南省人群数据,剔除基线调查时自报患有冠心病、脑卒中和恶性肿瘤的个体后,纳入基线年龄为30～79岁的研究对象共28 940人,利用Cox回归分析计算非吸烟者、戒烟者和当前吸烟者的心血管疾病发病风险HR值和95%CI。结果 研究人群平均随访6.2年,累积随访177 279人年。随访期间男性1 310人,女性2 200人发病。男性吸烟率（47.0%）远高于女性吸烟率（0.3%）。多因素调整后,与非吸烟者相比,吸烟人群心血管疾病的发病风险有所增加,HR值(95%CI)分别为急性冠心病1.63(1.12～2.38)和缺血性心脏病1.53(1.22～1.91)。在当前吸烟者中,每天吸烟量多于30支的人群急性冠心病、缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中的发病风险最高。结论 吸烟能够增加心血管疾病的发病风险,应基于不同心血管疾病风险制定吸烟者戒烟目标和全人群控烟措施。     

合肥市知识分子人群冠心病患病及危险因素分析

目的 分析安徽省合肥市知识分子人群冠心病(CHD)的患病情况及主要危险因素,为冠心病防治提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样方法 ,对合肥市4 726名35岁以上知识分子进行冠心病患病情况调查.比较不同年龄、性别的冠心病患病率,同时进行相关危险因素Logistic回归分析.结果 调查对象中共检出冠心病患者265例,患病率为5.6%;其中男性为5.1%,女性为6.9%,女性高于男性(χ2=6.126,P<0.05);男女性患病率均随年龄增长呈增加趋势,男性χ2=149.056,P<0.001;女性χ2=111.099,P<0.001).多因素分析显示,冠心病的主要危险因素为年龄(OR=3.627,95%CI=2.905～4.529,P=0.000)、性别(OR=0.692,95%CI=0.501～0.955,P=0.025)、冠心病家族史(OR=2.347,95%CI=1.656～3.327,P=0.000)、高血压(OR=1.537,95%CI=1.144～2.064,P=0.004)、腰臀比(OR=1.463,95%CI=1.091～1.961,P=0.011)、食盐摄入(OR=1.236,95%CI=1.009～1.516,P=0.041).结论 合肥市知识分子人群冠心病患病率较高,应作为冠心病高危人群进行干预预防.     

辽宁省农村地区出血性卒中患病情况及影响因素分析

目的分析辽宁省农村地区出血性卒中患病率及其相关危险因素,为出血性卒中的防控提供理论依据。方法2017年9月至2018年5月按照分层整群随机抽样方法在辽宁农村地区随机选取4个县(市)19个村庄,对年龄≥40岁的10 926名常住居民进行脑卒中相关危险因素调查,包括问卷调查、体格检查(身高、体重和血压等)和生化检测。采用SPSS 21.0软件进行χ~2检验、单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果出血性卒中粗患病率为1.38%,男性(1.73%)高于女性(1.15%),患病率随年龄增长而升高,有统计学意义(趋势χ~2=25.222,P0.05),标化患病率为0.99%,男性和女性分别为1.27%和0.84%。男性(OR=2.26,95%CI:1.58～3.24)、高血压病史(OR=5.43,95%CI:2.99～9.87)、房颤(OR=2.68,95%CI:1.12～6.43)、脑卒中家族史(OR=1.78,95%CI:1.28～2.48)、缺乏运动(OR=3.18,95%CI:2.24～4.52)和老龄化(50～59岁OR=17.60,95%CI:2.41～128.49;60～69岁OR=15.38,95%CI:2.11～112.00;70～79岁OR=10.23,95%CI:1.37～76.53;≥80岁OR=11.51,95%CI:1.40～94.59)与出血性卒中高风险相关。结论辽宁农村地区40岁以上人群出血性卒中患病率高,亟待通过控制血压、加强锻炼等措施降低和预防出血性卒中的发生。     

11省市代谢综合征患者中心脑血管病发病率队列研究

目的　探讨队列人群代谢综合征与心脑血管病发病率的关系。方法　采用 1 1省市队列人群 (35～ 64岁 )共 2 7739人于 1 992年进行基线危险因素调查的资料 ,计算队列人群代谢综合征患者在观察终点心脑血管病事件的人年标化发病率 ,用Cox回归模型预测危险因素水平与发病率之间的相关性。结果　 (1 ) 1 1省市队列人群代谢综合征患者心脑血管病人年标化发病率明显高于无代谢综合征者 (分别为 652 .3 1 0万和 2 0 6 .7 1 0万 ,二者RR =3 .1 2 ,P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;(2 )有高血压、低高密度脂蛋白和高腰围者心脑血管病人年标化发病率最高 (男性 91 0 .2 1 0万 ,女性 930 .7 1 0万 ) ;(3)男性年龄、吸烟、体重指数、总胆固醇和代谢综合征是心脑血管病发病的最重要的预测因素 ,女性为年龄、体重指数和代谢综合征。结论　 1 1省市队列人群代谢综合征患者心脑血管病人年标化发病率明显高于无代谢综合征者 ,代谢综合征是心脑血管病发病的最重要的预测因素 (尤其脑血管病 ) ,心脑血管病危险因素的一级和二级预防势在必行     

基线血尿酸水平与发生代谢综合征的相关性

目的研究天津市体检人群基线尿酸(UA)水平与2年后发生代谢综合征(MS)及其组分异常的相关性,为探讨MS组分的构成提供科学依据。方法采取历史回顾性队列研究方法,收集2011年和2013年均在天津市第一中心医院健康体检中心接受体检的3 825人的体检结果,包括体格检查(体重和血压)、生化指标测定结果(UA、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平等)及用药史等。分析基线(2011年)UA水平与2013年发生MS及其组分异常的相关性,并运用工作特征曲线(ROC)确定基线UA预测MS发生的切点值。结果基线无MS的1 566人中2年内有141人新发生MS,累计发病率为9.0%,其中男性为12.0%,女性为4.5%。相关性分析结果显示,无论男女,基线UA水平与2013年随访时TG水平和BMI的相关程度最高(男性r值分别为0.209和0.243,女性r值分别为0.307和0.353),有统计学意义(P0.01)。随着基线UA水平的升高,2013年男性肥胖、高甘油三酯血症发病率逐渐升高(P趋势值0.01);同时,女性肥胖、高甘油三酯血症、高血压、低高密度脂蛋白血症和MS的发病率也逐渐升高(P趋势值0.01)。多元logistic回归分析显示,基线UA是肥胖(男性:OR=2.06,95%CI:1.37~3.08;女性:OR=2.55,95%CI:1.56~5.63)、高甘油三酯血症(男性:OR=2.63,95%CI:1.66~4.15;女性OR=3.91,95%CI:1.36~11.30)及女性MS(OR=2.01,95%CI:1.32~3.68)发生的独立预测因子。在女性中,ROC曲线确定基线UA预测MS发生的最佳切点值为285.15μmol/L。结论在天津市体检人群中,基线UA水平与2年后MS的发生及其组分异常密切相关,并且基线UA是女性发生MS的独立预测因子,建议把UA作为女性MS的组分之一。     

腰围和体质指数动态变化对高血压发病的影响

目的 探讨腰围(WC)和BMI在2年随访时间内的动态变化对队列人群高血压发病的影响.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,于2002年1月,对江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征(MS)综合防治研究队列人群中随访时间满2年的5888名对象进行第1次随访,完成随访4582名,并于2006年3月对随访时间满5年及参与了第1次随访的对象进行了第2次随访,完成2次随访的对象共3847名,其中满足条件的共2778名基线血压正常对象被纳入分析.基线时WC或BMI正常者在第1次随访时变为非正常者以及基线WC或BMI不正常者在第1次随访时依旧不正常者定义为非控制组;基线WC或BMI非正常者在第1次随访时变为正常以及基线WC或BMI正常者在第1次随访时依旧保持正常者定义为控制组.以第2次随访时是否为高血压作为结局变量(高血压=1,正常血压=0).运用COX比例风险回归模型分析相互调整的WC和BMI差值与高血压发病的关系,以及按照WC和BMI控制与否分层的高血压发病风险,并计算相应的OR和RR值及95％ CI值.结果 2778名研究对象中,新发高血压660例.WC差值和BMI差值以连续型变量进入模型作相巨调整时,男女性中高血压发病与WC差值的关联仍具有统计学意义(男性:OR=1.04,95％ CI:1.01～1.05;女性:OR=1.04,95％CI:1.02 ～1.06),而与BMI差值的关联不再具有统计学意义(男性:OR=1.04,95％CI:0.97～1.11;女性:OR =0.98,95％ CI:0.93～1.03).不论基线WC正常与否,非控制组人群的高血压风险高于控制组人群(基线WC正常组:RR=1.41,95％ CI:1.01～2.39;基线WC非正常组:RR =4.41,95％ CI:1.66 ～9.80).而在基线BMI非正常组中,控制组与非控制组的高血压发病风险差异无统计学意义(RR=1.33,95％ CI:0.88 ～2.02).当WC得到控制,BM1控制与否对高血压发病风险无明显影响(男性:RR=1.03,95％ CI:0.36～2.96;女性:RR =1.02,95％ CI:0.70～5.85),WC未得到控制时,即使BMI得到控制,高血压发病风险仍会明显增加(男性:RR =4.03,95％ CI:1.61～10.09;女性:RR=1.55,95％ CI:1.13 ～3.60).结论 WC和BMI的控制均可降低高血压发病风险,而相比于控制BMI,控制WC对降低高血压风险的效果更好.     

警察代谢综合征患病情况及影响因素分析

目的了解天津市警察代谢综合征(MS)患病率及其相关影响因素。方法对在天津市公安医院接受体格检查的2 008名警察进行横断面调查,计算MS的患病率和标化患病率,采用单因素和多因素Logistic逐步回归方法对相关影响因素进行分析。结果 2 008名警察MS患病275例,患病率和标化患病率分别为13.7%(男性14.1%、女性2.7%),12.3%(男性12.6%,女性3.2%);多因素Logistic逐步回归结果表明,男性(OR=7.483,95%CI=1.023～54.749)、年龄增加(OR=1.037,95%CI=1.021～1.052)、睡觉打鼾(OR=1.880,95%CI=1.414～2.500)、病前发生应激事件(OR=2.175,95%CI=1.576～3.002)为MS的危险因素。结论警察为MS高危人群,男性、年龄增加、睡觉打鼾和病前发生应激事件是代谢综合征可能的危险因素。     

浙江省海岛农村社区成年人代谢综合征发病率及其危险因素

目的估计浙江省海岛农村社区成年人代谢综合征发病情况, 探索该地区代谢综合征发病的相关影响因素。方法 2018年6-12月在浙江省玉环市对2012年开展的代谢综合征基线调查人群中无代谢综合征调查对象进行随访调查, 获取相关调查表信息以及实验室数据, 描述代谢综合征发病情况, 使用logistic回归探索发病危险因素及调整风险比(aRR)和95%CI。结果 3 162名随访对象中新发代谢综合征522例, 6年累积发病率为16.5%, 男女性累积发病率分别为12.3%、20.6%, 女性高于男性(P<0.001)。无业、吸烟、饮酒调查对象中代谢综合征发病率较高。女性(aRR=1.96, 95%CI:1.50～2.58)和高血压家族史(aRR=1.31, 95%CI:1.04～1.63)为代谢综合征发病独立危险因素。结论海岛农村社区成年人代谢综合征发病率相对较高, 其中女性以及有高血压家族史者发病风险更高。     

中国人群饮酒与代谢综合征发病关系的前瞻性研究

目的研究我国成年人饮酒状况对代谢综合征（MS）发病的影响。方法本项目为前瞻性队列研究。2007至2008年对分别于1998和2000年基线调查的中国心血管病流行病学多中心协作研究35～74岁的27020例队列人群开展随访调查。结果基线14572例非MS人群经8年随访,共发生MS2362例。在调整了年龄、南北方、城乡、受教育程度、体力活动、吸烟、体质指数以及MS组分数后,和不饮酒者相比,男性饮酒者发生MS的相对危险度（RR）为1．24（95％CI：1．06～1．45）,人群归因危险度为10．13％;每日摄入酒精量10．1～20g,20．1—40g,〉40g组的RR分别为1．36（95％CI：1．02～1．82）,1．34（95％CI：1．03—1．74）和1．41（95％CI：1．13,～1．77）;每周饮酒2～5次和／〉6次的RR分别为1．25（95％CI：1．01～1．55）和1．26（95％CI：1．04～1．52）;只喝啤酒组、只喝白酒组和混合饮酒组的RR分别为1．60（95％CI：1．05～2．45）、1．30（95％CI：1．02～1．65）和1．27（95％CI：1．06～1．52）。女性每日摄入酒精量在10．1～20g组和〉20g组RR分别为2．67（95％CI：1．26—5．65）和2．38（95％CI：1．35—4．22）。结论在全人群中,每13摄入酒精量〉10g就会显著增加MS发病风险,在女性中尤为明显。男性每周饮酒≥2次以及只饮啤酒、只饮白酒和混合饮酒者均明显升高MS的发病风险。为减少MS的流行,应提倡限制酒精过量摄入,尤其女性更应限制酒精摄入量（≤10g／d）。     

安庆地区农村人群腰高比与脑卒中发病关系的研究

目的探讨农村人群中腹部肥胖指标——腰高比（waist—to—heightratio,WHR）与脑卒中的发病关系。方法对安庆及其周边地区在1995—2005年间参加前期流行病学研究的队列人群进行健康回访。采用COX比例风险模型来探讨腰高比与脑卒中的发病关系。结果纳入分析18963人,中位随访时间为6．3年,共发生371例脑卒中,经年龄、性别（分析总人群时）、吸烟、饮酒多变量调整后,总人群中腰高比每增加0．1,发生脑卒中、脑梗死和脑出血的风险比（hazardratio,HR）分别为1．75（95％CI：1．47—2．09）、2．18（95％CI：1．59～2．99）和1．67（95％CI：1．20～2．30）,男性中对应的HR分别为1．69（95％CI：1．32—2．16）、2．35（95％CI：1．50～3．68）和1．60（95％CI：1．03—2．48）,女性中对应的HR分别为1．86（95％CI：1．45—2．38）、2．09（95％CI：1．34～3．26）和1．82（95％CI：1．12～2．97）;进一步调整收缩压和舒张压之后,在总人群中,腰高比每增加0．1仍能增加50％的脑梗死发病风险,对应的HR值为1．50（95％CI：1．08—2．09）;而分别在男女性别中,腰高比与脑卒中发病风险的关联无统计学意义。结论农村人群中,腰高比的升高增加脑卒中及其亚型的发病风险,但是这种关系在一定程度上受到血压的影响,在总人群中腰高比是脑梗死的独立危险因素。     

Lifestyle factors,cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, incidence and death increases from around the time of menopause comparing to women in reproductive age. A healthy lifestyle can prevent CVD, but it is unclear which lifestyle factors may help maintain and improve cardiovascular health for women after menopausal transition. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to evaluate the association between modifiable lifestyle factors (specifically smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, and obesity), with CVD and mortality in middle-aged and elderly women. Pubmed, Embase, among other databases and reference lists were searched until February 29th, 2016. Study specific relative risks (RR) were meta-analyzed using random effect models. We included 59 studies involving 5,358,902 women. Comparing current versus never smokers, pooled RR were 3.12 (95% CI 2.15–4.52) for CHD incidence, 2.09 (95% CI 1.51–2.89) for stroke incidence, 2.76 (95% CI 1.62–4.71) for CVD mortality and 2.22 (95% CI 1.92–2.57) for all-cause mortality. Physical activity was associated with a decreased risk of 0.74 (95% CI 0.67–0.80) for overall CVD, 0.71 (95% CI 0.67–0.75) for CHD, 0.77 (95% CI 0.70–0.85) for stroke, 0.70 (95% CI 0.58–0.84) for CVD mortality and 0.71 (95% CI 0.65–0.78) for all-cause mortality. Comparing moderate drinkers versus non-drinkers, the RR was 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.91) for CHD, 0.63 (95% CI 0.57–0.71) for CVD mortality and 0.80 (95% CI 0.76–0.84) for all-cause mortality. For women with BMI 30–35 kg/m² the risk was 1.67 (95% CI 1.24–2.25) for CHD and 2.3 (95% CI 1.56–3.40) for CVD mortality, compared to normal weight. Each 5 kg/m² increase in BMI was associated with 24% (95% CI 16–33%) higher risk for all-cause mortality. This meta-analysis suggests that physical activity and moderate alcohol intake were associated with a reduced risk for CVD and mortality. Smoking and higher BMI were associated with an increased risk of these endpoints. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle may substantially lower the burden of CVD and reduce the risk of mortality among middle-aged and elderly women. However, this review highlights important gaps, as lack of standardized methods in assessing lifestyle factors and lack of accurate information on menopause status, which should be addressed by future studies in order to understand the role of menopause on the association between lifestyle factors and cardiovascular events.     

北京地区航天系统职工高尿酸血症影响因素分析

摘要：目的　了解北京地区航天系统职工高尿酸血症（ＨＵＡ）的患病情况,探讨该人群中ＨＵＡ 与代谢综
合征（ＭＳ）组分的关系,为开展疾病筛查和健康管理提供科学依据。方法　采用横断面调查研究方法,选
取２０１２年航天系统在职职工体检人群４５７８ 人,除获得年龄、性别等基本信息外,通过检查得到血尿酸、
空腹血糖、血脂、血压等资料,采用相关性分析和多因素ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析计算尿酸与各个变量关系及其影
响因素。统计分析采用ＳＡＳ９．２软件,以犘＜０．０５为差异有统计学意义。结果　北京地区航天系统职工中
男性与女性的ＨＵＡ 患病率分别为２８．５４％和８．５９％;ＨＵＡ 患病率有随年龄和体质指数（ＢＭＩ） 升高而增
加的趋势（犘＜０．０５）;该人群尿酸水平与收缩压、舒张压、三酰甘油（ＴＧ）、ＢＭＩ呈正相关、与高密度脂
蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ Ｃ）呈负相关（犘＜０．０５）;高三酰甘油血症（犗犚＝２．５７１,９５％ 犆犐：２．１９２～３．０１６）、
低高密度脂蛋白血症（犗犚＝１．４５７,９５％ 犆犐：１．２２４～１．７３５）、血压升高（犗犚＝１．４７１,９５％ 犆犐：１．１１２～
１．９４６）、年龄＜３５ 岁（犗犚＝２．１６４,９５％ 犆犐：１．４３０～３．２７２）、男性（犗犚＝３．３４２,９５％ 犆犐：２．５７８～
４．３３４）是ＨＵＡ 患病的危险因素。结论　北京地区航天系统职工尤其是男性中青年人群中ＨＵＡ 患病率较
高,尿酸水平与ＭＳ各组分呈显著相关,应采取积极的干预措施控制该人群的尿酸水平。
关键词：高尿酸血症（ＨＵＡ）;血尿酸;代谢综合征;航天系统职工;横断面研究
中图分类号：Ｒ５８９　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１３）０２ ０１３４ ０４     

Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease--a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

In order to update and improve available evidence on associations of physical activity (PA) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) by applying meta-analytic random effects modeling to data from prospective cohort studies, using high quality criteria of study selection, we searched the PubMed database from January 1980 to December 2010 for prospective cohort studies of PA and incident CVD, distinguishing occupational PA and leisure time PA, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, respectively. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed English papers with original data, studies with large sample size (n ≥ 1,000) and substantial follow-up (≥ 5 years), available data on major confounders and on estimates of relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We included 21 prospective studies in the overall analysis, with a sample size of more than 650,000 adults who were initially free from CVD, and with some 20,000 incident cases documented during follow-up. Among men, RR of overall CVD in the group with the high level of leisure time PA was 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.82, p < 0.001), compared to the reference group with low leisure time PA, with obvious dose-response relationship. A similar effect was observed among women (RR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.68-0.78, p < 0.001). A strong protective effect of occupational PA was observed for moderate level in both men (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97, p = 0.008) and women (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.67-1.03, p = 0.089). No publication bias was observed. Our findings suggest that high level of leisure time PA and moderate level of occupational PA have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health by reducing the overall risk of incident coronary heart disease and stroke among men and women by 20 to 30 percent and 10 to 20 percent, respectively. This evidence from high quality studies supports efforts of primary and secondary prevention of CVD in economically advanced as well as in rapidly developing countries.     

The metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke in a rural community in Japan

PURPOSE: To clarify the association between the metabolic syndrome (MS) and stroke incidence with a prospective cohort study in a rural community. METHODS: We selected 4,627 people aged > or =40 years without any past history of stroke from total 4,672 participants of health checkups during 1996 to 1998 in O City, Ehime prefecture. These were followed until Dec 31, 2002 and assessed for incident stroke based on the stroke registration system in the whole community. MS was defined using baseline data for waist circumference and three risk factors: elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. Sex and age-adjusted relative risks (RR) for incident stroke were estimated using Cox's proportional hazard model, and population attributable risks (PAR) were also calculated. RESULTS: During the mean 5.7 year-follow-up, 88 incident strokes (50 in men and 38 in women) were recorded; 11.4% cerebral hemorrhage; 5.7% subarachnoid hemorrhage; and 83.0% cerebral infarction. Percentages of individuals with MS in the stroke and non-stroke groups were 6.8% and 6.4%, respectively, with no significant different between the two. The highest PAR was found among individuals with a normal waist and one risk factor (36.3%). The sex and age-adjusted RR for MS and incident stroke was not significantly elevated, using subjects with a normal waist circumference and 0 risk factors as a reference group (RR, 1.00); however, the RR of persons with a normal waist level plus one or more risks was 2.53 (95% CI, 1.14-5.58), and that for individuals with a high waist circumference and > or = 1 risk factors, including MS, was 2.66 (95% CI, 1.14-6.21). CONCLUSION: The risk of incident stroke is increased in people with risk factor aggregation, regardless of visceral fat conditions. Since the PAR was higher for people with a normal waist circumference than a high waist circumference in this population, the results suggest that a health policy focusing on MS for stroke prevention would not be effective in rural communities in Japan.     

A prospective study of intake of trans-fatty acids from ruminant fat, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and marine oils and mortality from CVD

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) have adverse effects on blood lipids, but whether TFA from different sources are associated with risk of CVD remains unresolved. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between TFA intake from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO), partially hydrogenated fish oils (PHFO) and ruminant fat (rTFA) and risks of death of CVD, CHD, cerebrovascular diseases and sudden death in the Norwegian Counties Study, a population-based cohort study. Between 1974 and 1988, participants were examined for up to three times. Fat intake was assessed with a semi-quantitative FFQ. A total of 71,464 men and women were followed up through 2007. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI were estimated with Cox regression. Energy from TFA was compared to energy from all other sources, carbohydrates or unsaturated cis-fatty acids with different multivariable models. During follow-up, 3870 subjects died of CVD, 2383 of CHD, 732 of cerebrovascular diseases and 243 of sudden death. Significant risks, comparing highest to lowest intake category, were found for: TFA from PHVO and CHD (HR 1.23 (95 % CI 1.00, 1.50)) and cerebrovascular diseases (HR 0.65 (95 % CI 0.45, 0.94)); TFA from PHFO and CVD (HR 1.14 (95 % CI 1.03, 1.26)) and cerebrovascular diseases (HR 1.32 (95 % CI 1.04, 1.69)); and rTFA intake and CVD (HR 1.30 (95 % CI 1.05, 1.61)), CHD (HR 1.50 (95 % CI 1.11, 2.03)) and sudden death (HR 2.73 (95 % CI 1.19, 6.25)) in women. These associations with rTFA intake were not significant in men (P interaction ≥ 0.01). The present study supports that TFA intake, irrespective of source, increases CVD risk. Whether TFA from PHVO decreases risk of cerebrovascular diseases warrants further investigation.     

Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance

BACKGROUND: Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, measured with the US Department of Agriculture Healthy Eating Index (HEI), was associated with only a small reduction in major chronic disease risk. Research suggests that greater reductions in risk are possible with more specific guidance. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether 2 alternate measures of diet quality, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and the Recommended Food Score (RFS), would predict chronic disease risk reduction more effectively than did the HEI. DESIGN: A total of 38 615 men from the Health Professional's Follow-up Study and 67 271 women from the Nurses' Health Study completed dietary questionnaires. Major chronic disease was defined as the initial occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, or nontraumatic death during 8-12 y of follow-up. RESULTS: High AHEI scores were associated with significant reductions in risk of major chronic disease in men [multivariate relative risk (RR): 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.91] and in women (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96) when comparing the highest and lowest quintiles. Reductions in risk were particularly strong for CVD in men (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.75) and in women (RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.86). In men but not in women, the RFS predicted risk of major chronic disease (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.04) and CVD (RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: The AHEI predicted chronic disease risk better than did the RFS (or the HEI, in our previous research) primarily because of a strong inverse association with CVD. Dietary guidelines can be improved by providing more specific and comprehensive advice.     

Migration within Great Britain and cardiovascular disease: early life and adult environmental factors

AIM: To examine the relative contributions of early life and adult life factors to risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in middle-aged men using migration within Great Britain (GB). METHODS: Prospective study of 7,735 men (40-59 years) drawn from one group practice in each of 24 British towns. Zones of birth and/or examination: South of England and rest of GB (Midlands and Wales, North of England, and Scotland). RESULTS: There were 1,392 coronary heart disease (CHD) events and 1154 cardiovascular deaths during 21.8 years mean follow-up. Regardless of birth zone, men examined in the South showed lower risk of CHD events and CVD mortality than those examined in the rest of GB. Migrants from South to rest of GB showed a small increase in cardiovascular risk. Men born and examined in the rest of GB showed the highest adjusted risk of CHD events (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.96-1.38) and CVD mortality (RR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.57). Men born in the rest of GB who moved to the South showed adjusted risks of CHD events and CVD mortality similar to those born and examined in the South. Zone of examination was more strongly associated with CHD events and CVD mortality than zone of birth (RR = 1.23 versus 0.95 for CHD; RR = 1.26 versus 1.04 for CVD mortality). Smokers, irrespective of zone of birth or examination, showed higher risk than non-smokers. CONCLUSION: Factors in adult life appear to be dominant in determining cardiovascular risk in middle and older age although this does not exclude early life effects on cardiovascular risk.