河北省23例脑膜炎奈瑟菌致急性脑炎和脑膜炎病例的流行病学特征

目的了解脑膜炎奈瑟菌所致的急性脑炎和脑膜炎病例的流行病学和临床特征。方法对2007年5月—2017年5月河北省脑炎脑膜炎监测点报告的脑炎脑膜炎病例开展流行病学调查,并采集血清和脑脊液,选择性的进行细菌培养或定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测。结果 2007年5月—2017年5月报告的4 313例脑炎脑膜炎病例中,通过各种检测方法有23例的血清和/或脑脊液标本检测流脑菌株阳性,男女性别比为1.30:1,均为15岁以下儿童,平均年龄6岁,发病以冬春季为主。56.5%以上的病例伴有5种及以上的临床症状及体征;平均每个病例住院11天。结论流行性脑脊髓膜炎主要侵犯低龄儿童,而且会引发较为严重的临床表现。需加强流脑疫苗接种为主的综合措施防制,有效控制流脑的流行。     

石家庄市肺炎链球菌脑膜炎病例特征分析

目的 分析肺炎链球菌脑膜炎病例的流行特征,为其科学防控提供依据.方法 2008年5月～2012年5月,在5个县(市)、区的6所医院中主动开展脑炎、脑膜炎症状监测,对其血、脑脊液标本进行肺炎链球菌细菌培养和RT-PCR检测.结果 在1 632例监测病例中检出27例肺炎链球菌脑膜炎病例,年龄中位数为6.01岁(3月龄～43岁),15岁及以下儿童发病率为1.36/10万,5～岁儿童年发病率最高,为2.82/10万.一年四季均有病例发生,但夏季较多.2例有肺炎链球菌疫苗接种史,标本采集前1周均使用了抗生素.患者发病至最终就诊时间间隔的长短与其同时具有的临床症状体征数量的多少呈线性正相关(rs=0.717,P=0.000).临床症状、实验室检测结果趋向不典型.结论 肺炎链球菌脑膜炎发病情况高于流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎和流行性脑脊髓膜炎,以儿童为主.     

细菌性脑炎/脑膜炎266例流行病学分析

目的了解急性细菌性脑炎/脑膜脑炎的流行特征与病原谱,为全国范围内开展类似研究提供科学依据。方法对监测到的细菌性脑炎/脑膜炎开展个案调查并采集血清和或脑脊液标本,开展实验室检测工作。结果 2007-05/2010-12报告的出院诊断为细菌性脑炎/脑膜脑炎患者266例,男女性别比为1.56∶1,平均年龄8.7岁,73.7%的病例集中在10岁以下儿童,各月都有病例发生,无明显发病季节高峰。19.9%病例接种过乙脑、流脑、Hib疫苗中的一种或一种以上,92.4%的病例在标本采集前使用了抗生素。实验室确诊的细菌性脑炎/脑膜脑炎病例的主要病原为肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌、新型隐球菌和b型流感嗜血杆菌。结论初步了解266例细菌性脑炎/脑膜脑炎的流行特征与病原谱,为进一步研究细菌性脑炎/脑膜脑炎及其他症候群的流行病学监测提供了重要依据。     

石家庄市急性脑炎、脑膜炎病例监测结果分析

[目的]了解急性脑炎/脑膜炎的流行特征与病原谱,为全国范围内开展类似研究提供重要的现场依据。[方法]随机选取石家庄市5个县为项目县,选择其中的6所医院为监测试点医院,开展疑似脑炎/脑膜炎病例报告、登记工作、个案调查、实验室检测工作。[结果]2007年5月～2010年3月累计报告急性脑炎/脑膜炎患者631例,年发病率为9.87/10万,年病死率为0.22%。病例的男女性别比为1.51:1,平均年龄11.71岁,81.62%的病例小于15岁,城乡分布比为1:1.74,各月都有病例发生,但3～11月相对较多。38.99%病例接种过乙脑、流脑、Hib疫苗中的一种或一种以上,78.92%的病例在标本采集前使用了抗生素。82.52%的实验室确诊监测病例为病毒性脑炎/脑膜炎,病原谱的前5位依次为肠道病毒、乙脑病毒、流行性腮腺炎病毒、水痘带状疱疹病毒、单纯疱疹病毒。检出实验室确诊的细菌性脑炎/脑膜炎病例的主要病原为肺炎链球菌、Hib、奈瑟氏球菌,其中Hib导致的脑膜炎首次在河北省检出。新型隐球菌是真菌性脑炎/脑膜炎的主要致病菌。[结论初步了解了急性脑炎/脑膜炎的流行特征与病原谱。对于进一步研究急性脑炎/脑膜炎及其他症状群的流行病学监测具有一定的借鉴作用,为全国的疾病症状监测及相应疾病的预防控制提供了重要依据。     

2010年-2013年濮阳市脑炎、脑膜炎症候群细菌培养结果分析

目的对疑似脑炎、脑膜炎病例进行病原检测,明确濮阳市脑炎、脑膜炎病原菌分布构成。方法采取患者脑脊液、血液双份标本进行传统分离培养鉴定,脑脊液标本用乳胶凝集方法检测病原菌。结果 36例病例检出15种致病菌,病例全部为4岁以下儿童,男女比为1.18∶1,农村病例占91.67%(33/36),第一季度病例占所有阳性病例的44.44%。肺炎链球菌占阳性病例的30.56%(11/36),微球菌占阳性病例的16.67%(6/36),表皮葡萄球菌占阳性病例的8.33%(3/36),2012年的58份脑脊液标本乳胶凝集检测肺炎链球菌项目比常规培养多1份阳性,其他阳性结果一致。结论濮阳市脑炎、脑膜炎症候群细菌感染以G+球菌为主,肺炎链球菌、微球菌、表皮葡萄球菌感染居多,春季相对高发,4岁以下农村幼儿是主要人群。乳胶凝集方法检测病原菌比传统培养鉴定方便快速,二者结合,对细菌性脑炎、脑膜炎监测、临床治疗及早选药有一定意义。     

青海高原地区脑炎脑膜炎症候群的病原学分析

摘要:目的　了解高原地区青海省脑炎脑膜炎症候群病例病原种类及其流行特征,探讨脑炎脑膜炎症候群的病原谱构成情况。方法　2009年9月-2011年12月,在青海省妇女儿童医院和青海红十字医院两家哨点医院采集脑炎/脑膜炎患者的脑脊液、全血、鼻/咽拭子、粪便等标本,用Real-time PCR方法对乙脑病毒、肠道病毒等4种病毒核酸检测和肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟球菌等8种细菌培养鉴定。结果　收集329例病例,295份脑脊液均做了细菌和病毒学检测,细菌检出22株阳性菌株,阳性率7.46%,分布在50～岁组和2～岁组;病毒检出阳性18份,阳性率6.10%,分布在5岁以下儿童。检出的细菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、结核杆菌、隐球菌和大肠杆菌、肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌;病毒主要为肠道病毒,其次为腮腺炎病毒和单纯疱疹病毒。结论　提示青海地区脑炎/脑膜炎症候群病原谱以细菌为主,肠道病毒也不可忽视,5岁以下儿童及无疫苗预防的脑炎脑膜炎是防控的重点。。     

127例细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群流行病学分析

目的分析濮阳市病原确诊的细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病例的监测结果,了解濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病原菌流行特征。方法对3所哨点医院报告的病原确诊的细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病例开展流行病学调查,采集脑脊液、血液和临床分离菌株,对脑脊液和血标本进行细菌培养,对病原菌进行鉴定。结果收集2010年～2018年濮阳市病原确诊的细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病例127例,采集脑脊液和血液236份,检出病原菌157株。应用抗生素影响血和脑脊液中病原菌的检出(P0.05)。濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病原谱依次为肺炎链球菌(32.28%)、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(11.81%)、凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(8.66%)、无乳链球菌(7.09%)、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(4.72%)、流感嗜血杆菌(4.72%)和微球菌(4.72%)。1岁以下的新生儿和婴儿是细菌性脑炎脑膜炎的主要发病人群(68.50%),并且病原菌构成复杂多样。新生儿细菌性脑炎脑膜炎病原谱依次是单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(25.71%)、无乳链球菌(20.00%)和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(11.43%)。1岁以内婴儿病原菌主要是肺炎链球菌(44.23%)和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(9.62%)。1岁～3岁幼儿以肺炎链球菌(36.84%)、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(15.79%)和流感嗜血杆菌(15.79%)为主,3岁～20岁各年龄组均以肺炎链球菌(55.56%)和脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(33.33%)为主,20岁以上的成年人和老年组则以单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(41.67%)和肺炎链球菌(33.33%)为主。肺炎链球菌是各个季节的主要病原,季节性不明显。单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌主要发生在春夏秋季,无乳链球菌发生于春秋冬季,凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌主要发生在春夏冬季。脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌在冬春季节流行,流感嗜血杆菌好发于春秋季。结论濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病原菌分布存在季节、地区、人群年龄差异。近几年,病原谱演变成以肺炎链球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、无乳链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌和流感嗜血杆菌为濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群的优势流行菌株。     

2010-2018年濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群流行病学监测及病原谱分析

目的分析濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群监测结果,了解疾病流行特征及病原谱构成。方法对3所哨点医院报告的细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病例开展流行病学调查,采集脑脊液、血液和临床分离菌株,对脑脊液和血标本进行细菌培养,对病原菌进行鉴定。结果470例监测病例中,127例检出病原菌,病例病原确诊率为27.02%;人群分布以3岁以下散居儿童为主,男女性别比为1.81:1,春季和秋季为发病高峰,抗生素的应用对病原菌检出率有明显影响(χ2=7.6,P<0.01);分离鉴定病原27种,主要病原构成比分别为:肺炎链球菌32.28%、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌11.81%、无乳链球菌7.09%、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌4.72%、流感嗜血杆菌4.72%。结论2010-2018年濮阳市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎症候群病原构成以肺炎链球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、无乳链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌为主。自2015年首次分离出单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌以来,单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、无乳链球菌和脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌伴随肺炎链球菌成为近年来引起该市细菌性脑炎脑膜炎的优势流行菌株。     

济南市2007-2011年急性脑炎/脑膜炎症候群监测病例的病原谱分析

目的分析历年来济南市急性脑炎、脑膜炎病例病原谱构成,为急性脑炎、脑膜炎病例的防治提供依据。方法对六家哨点医院报告病例进行调查采样,通过实验室检测,得出急性脑炎、脑膜炎病例病原谱构成,并进行统计学分析。结果在实验室确诊病例中,病毒性感染占95.03%(745/784),细菌感染占4.97%(39/784),病毒感染中主要是乙脑、人类肠道病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、流行性腮腺炎病毒,细菌性感染中为肺炎链球菌和流行性脑膜炎球菌。时间分布上主要集中在7-9月份,人群分布上10岁以下和老年人为主,男女比为1.71︰1,职业分布主要集中在托幼儿童、散居儿童、学生和农民。结论无疫苗预防的病原引起的急性脑炎、脑膜炎所占的比例较高,应引起关注。     

2007 - 2014年济南市急性脑炎脑膜炎病例的流行特征分析

目的 了解济南市急性脑炎、脑膜炎流行病学特点,病例免疫史及病原构成,为促进疾病监测和防治提供参考。方法 选择6所监测哨点医院,以临床诊断为急性脑炎、脑膜炎的病例为监测对象,收集病例信息,采集血清和脑脊液标本,分别采用细菌培养、ELISA和RT - PCR(或PCR)等方法进行病原学检测。结果 2007 - 2014年共报告1 552例; 7 - 9月发病最多,男女性别比为1.56∶1。病例主要集中在14岁以下儿童,以散居儿童、学生和幼托儿童为主。乙脑128例,流脑15例。病毒性脑炎脑膜炎病例中,居前三位的病原体分别是:肠道病毒、单疱病毒和流腮病毒。细菌性脑炎脑膜炎病例中,检测出脑膜炎奈瑟菌14例（其中B型3例,C型10例,W135型1例）,肺炎球菌13例,流感嗜血杆菌未检出。结论 济南急性脑炎、脑膜炎发病主要为14岁以下儿童,应加强适龄儿童的疫苗注射及疾病监测。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.