宁夏大学在校学生艾滋病性病同伴教育效果评价

目的评价民族地区大学生预防艾滋病(AIDS)、性病(STDs)同伴教育的近期效果,为民族地区高校学生预防艾滋病、性病健康教育提供依据。方法采用类实验研究方法,以宁夏大学30名健康教育志愿者为研究对象,对同伴教育者进行培训,并由他们对300名在校大学生实施同伴教育。通过干预前、后2次问卷调查,评价大学生预防艾滋病、性病同伴教育干预效果。结果同伴教育干预后,大学生对AIDS/STDs知识的答对率显著提高(24.33%～92.67%),且在性别之间存在差异;对AIDS/STDs病人的态度也随AIDS/STDs知识水平的提高而有所改善。结论同伴教育适用于大学生,近期效果明显,可在大学生中推广。     

北海市高中生艾滋病性病同伴教育效果分析

目的 了解同伴教育在高中生预防艾滋病(AIDS)、性病(STDS)健康教育的近期效果,为开展预防艾滋病性病健康教育提供参考经验.方法 选取北海市9所高中学校的二年级学生为干预对象,各校以班级为单位随机分为实验组和内对照组,另选取北海市3所高中的二年级学生为外对照组.对实验组实施"同伴教育"干预,另外2组不进行任何有组织的预防艾滋病性病健康教育活动.采用自行设计的问卷对各组学生分别进行干预前后的调查,比较、分析同伴教育的近期效果.结果 实验组干预后学生的艾滋病性病相关知识得分从24.33分提高到30.78分(P<0.05);高于外对照组(从24.66分提高到25.75分)和内对照组(从22.90分提高到23.54分).结论 同伴教育在高中生预防艾滋病性病健康教育方面的近期效果良好.     

性病艾滋病防治健康教育干预实践与效果

目的:探索健康教育在性病艾滋病防治中的作用.方法:结合卫Ⅷ项目实施,把健康教育作为性病艾滋病干预的重要手段,比较实施前后相关知识知晓率和性病患病率变化情况.结果:健康教育作为干预手段取得明显效果,城区娱乐场所服务小姐STDs/HIV防治知识知晓率达70%以上,城区成人STDs/HIV知晓率达60%以上,农村成人知晓率达40%以上,中学生知晓率达到70%以上.性病患病率从项目实施前的62.35/10万下降到19.67/10万[1]结论:健康教育作为性病艾滋病干预的重要手段,能够取得良好的效果.     

同伴教育模式在大学生性教育中的应用效果评价

评价同伴教育在大学生性教育及艾滋病预防中的效果,为同伴教育模式的改进与完善提供依据.方法 基于前期基线调查,从南京市5所高校招募和培训同伴教育引导员,并在参与过基线调查的学生中以同伴教育的形式开展相应性教育工作,进一步比较参与者(497名)在干预前后性相关知识、态度以及艾滋病防治知识的变化情况.结果 同伴教育干预后,参与者生殖健康知识得分由(6.61±1.97)分提高为(7.00±1.83)分,差异有统计学意义(t=10.380,P<0.05).UNGASS规定的5条核心知识知晓率由35.2%提高为50.1%,愿意和艾滋病病毒感染者或病人一同吃饭的学生比例由29.3%提高为42.5%,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为22.554,27.893,P值均<0.01).在干预前已有较高知晓率(>90%)的艾滋病防治相关的知识,干预后知晓率仍为90%以上,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).90.3%的学生认为活动的内容很有意义.结论 同伴教育是开展大学生性教育行之有效的方式,但教育内容和效果主要取决于对同伴教育引导员的培养和干预持续时间.     

农村妇女预防HIV/AIDS健康教育近期效果评估

目的:评估河北省迁西县农村地区妇女预防HIV/AIDS健康教育干预的近期效果。方法:采用定性与定量调查相结合的方法对比干预前后农村妇女获得HIV/AIDS防治知识的途径、防治知识知晓率及相关态度和意愿,分析评价干预效果。结果:终末调查时干预组和对照组听周围人介绍HIV/AIDS知识的比例分别为54.58%和23.85%(P<0.05)。干预组知晓预防艾滋病母婴传播(PMTCT)的比例上升19.58个百分点(P<0.05),知晓蚊虫叮咬和共用马桶不会传播的比例分别升高42.09和29.17个百分点(P<0.05),知晓"四免一关怀"政策的比例上升了49.16个百分点(P<0.05),较对照组上升幅度更大。结论:农村妇女预防HIV/AIDS健康教育有效,同伴教育是农村预防HIV/AIDS的一种适宜健康教育方式。     

北京市顺义区男性HIV感染者/AIDS患者综合干预效果分析

目的探讨北京市顺义区艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者及艾滋病(AIDS)患者(简称HIV感染者/AIDS患者)的综合干预效果,为提高随访管理和改善其生存质量提供参考依据。方法选取现住北京市顺义区男性HIV感染者/AIDS患者作为调查对象,同时采用网络宣教、同伴持续干预结合专业心理辅导模式,综合干预6个月后,比较调查对象干预前后在AIDS知识、治疗知识及HIV相关压力方面的差异。结果经过6个月的综合干预,204名HIV感染者/AIDS患者AIDS知识基本知晓率从干预前93.14%升高至干预后98.53%,治疗知识基本知晓率从干预前81.86%升高至干预后93.63%,干预后高于干预前(P<0.01),压力得分从干预前(28.15±15.28)分下降至干预后(22.16±13.99)分,干预后低于干预前(P<0.01)。结论网络宣教、同伴持续干预结合专业心理辅导模式能够提高HIV感染者/AIDS患者相关知识知晓水平,降低HIV相关压力,有助于其积极接受和正确对待抗病毒治疗,提高身心健康水平。     

师范类大学生性病/艾滋病同伴教育近期效果评价

目的评价大学生开展预防性病/艾滋病同伴教育的近期效果,以便为师范类大学生预防性病/艾滋病健康教育提供依据.方法以浙江师范大学同伴教育者所在的13个寝室大学生214人为研究对象,与之对应的同年级、同性别、同专业的13个寝室大学生218人为对照组.对干预组实施预防艾滋病的同伴健康教育.结果教育前2组具有可比性,教育后绝大多数大学生对艾滋病的基本知识,艾滋病的预防和治疗问题有了较大的提高,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01);对艾滋病非传播途径误解率,教育后明显降低,总误解率下降6.9%;对艾滋病病人的态度,教育后有明显的转变;对婚前性行为的态度,同伴教育近期效果不明显.结论在大学生艾滋病预防中,以非医学专业大学生作为同伴教育者近期效果明显,值得推广,但方法有待于进一步改善.     

苏州市大学生性传播疾病知信行和健康教育需求调查

目的 了解苏州市大学生性病/艾滋病的相关知识、态度、行为及健康教育需求，为在大学生中开展性病/艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法 采用偶遇抽样方法，通过问卷星对苏州市4所高校的本科在校生进行性传播疾病知信行问卷调查。结果 有效调查858名大学生，对性病的概念知晓率为47.67%,对艾滋病概念知晓率为80.19%;对艾滋病相关知识知晓率均>50%,对梅毒、淋病、尖锐湿疣相关知识知晓率均<50%;性病/艾滋病知识平均得分为(7.76±2.57)分(满分18分),高年级学生(8.40±2.87)分，高于低年级的(7.39±2.31)分；医学生(9.05±2.87)分，高于非医学专业学生的(7.43±2.38)分，差异均有统计学意义(t=5.68、-7.70,P值均<0.05)。在艾滋病态度问题中，44.87%的学生感到艾滋病非常可怕，是绝症；48.95%的学生对艾滋病感到有点恐惧。在回答有过性行为的157人(18.30%)中，自述使用过安全套的占90.45%。结论所调查的大学生对性传播疾病的传播途径、感染症状、防护措施等认知水平较低，当地高校需充分利用课堂及网络开展性病/艾滋病相...     

浙江省高校学生预防艾滋病/性病知识健康教育效果评价

目的了解在大学生中开展预防艾滋病/性病干预的效果,探索在该人群中开展预防艾滋病/性病健康教育的有效实践。方法选取浙江省艺术学院、信息学院、外语学院二～三年级学生4349名作为研究对象,并随机确定其中2所为干预学校(1444名)、2所为对照学校(2905名)。对干预学校实施多媒体授课、播放录像、发放宣传小册子和校园张贴宣传画相结合的干预措施,对照组不进行任何干预。结果干预后干预学校学生艾滋病/性病相关知识知晓率平均由59.7%提高至75.0%,对艾滋病/性病流行形势势和相关政策知晓率平均由57.8%提高至77.2%。结论健康教育能有效提高大学生艾滋病/性病相关知识水平,值得进一步推广。     

艾滋病防治知识讲座对某高校大学生知·信·行影响

目的评价艾滋病防治知识讲座对大学生有关艾滋病的知识、态度与行为的影响,以探讨在高校学生中预防艾滋病/性病的有效方法.方法采用整群抽样的方法,对广东某高校参加艾滋病防治知识讲座的在校二年级大学生462名进行教育前、后的问卷调查及统计分析.结果健康教育后大学生对艾滋病相关知识的知晓率显著提高,对待艾滋病患者态度的正确率有所提高.结论在大学生中开展艾滋病健康知识讲座的近期效果明显,建议今后应当长期、深入、广泛地开展大学生预防艾滋病的健康教育和行为干预.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.