河南省城市学前儿童血铅水平调查

目的 了解河南省城市学前儿童血铅水平及影响因素。方法 采用双阶整群抽样法对河南省3个城市8所幼儿园527名3～5岁儿童取肘静脉血，用微波消解电感藕荷等离子质谱仪(ICP-MASS)测定血铅。同时进行问卷调查，采取逐步回归分析方法进行分析。结果 527名学前儿童血铅均值为135，5μg／L，≥100μg／L426人，占被调查儿童数的80．83％，男性儿童均值为138．6μg／L；女性儿童均值为132．1μg／L，工业区儿童血铅均值149．4μg／L，非工业区儿童血铅均值120．3μg／L。相关分析表明：儿童居住地及幼儿园距主要交通干线、污染源的距离越近儿童血铅水平越高，血铅水平的升高使得儿童体格发育迟缓、思维判断和表达能力的发育方面延缓。结论 河南省学前儿童血铅水平明显高于附近省市,是污染较严重的地区之一。     

中国15城市儿童血铅水平及影响因素现况调查

目的调查中国城市0～6岁儿童血铅水平，为制定防止环境铅污染，保护儿童健康政策提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法在全国15个中心城市中采集0～6岁儿童末梢血17141份，采用原子吸收光谱法测定血铅水平，同时进行问卷调查。采用多元回归分析方法进行结果分析。结果中国城市儿童血铅总体均值为59．52μg/L，血铅水平≥100μg／L占10．45％，血铅水平≥200μg／L仅有0．62％。血铅水平有随着年龄增大而升高的趋势，男童的血铅水平均值（59．50μg／L）高于女童血铅水平均值（54．95μg／L）。多元回归分析表明：①儿童生活居住环境会影响儿童的血铅水平。②父母的文化程度和职业以及儿童生活或卫生习惯对儿童血铅有影响。③饮食以及营养状况也与儿童血铅水平有关。结论中国儿童血铅水平已有所下降，但仍高于发达国家儿童血铅水平，需要引起政府和全社会的重视。     

长沙市城区学前儿童血铅水平的调查

目的 了解长沙市3－5岁儿童血铅水平及影响因素。方法 采用分层整群抽样法对长沙市6所幼儿园521名3－5岁儿童取肘静脉血用电感藕荷等离子质谱仪（ICP／MASS）进行血铅测定，并对所有儿童的个人情况及家庭生活环境进行了问卷调查。结果 521名学前儿童血铅均值为37．24ug/L,≥100μg/L者55人，占被调查儿童数的10．56％，男童均值为40．38ug/L；女童均值为35．31ug/L,3岁组儿童血铅均值30．69μg/L，4岁组儿童血铅均值34．51μg/L，5岁组儿童血铅均值44．16μg/L。随着年龄的增长，血铅含量增加。结论 长沙市学前儿童血铅水平低于其它污染严重的地区，但部分儿童血铅含量过高仍是必须关注的问题。     

惠东县5141例儿童血铅检测的结果与分析

目的调查本地区儿童血铅水平及其影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法采用BH-2100钨舟原子吸收仪共检测5141份3～6岁儿童末梢血血铅含量,并对不同区域儿童的血铅水平、男女童血铅检测结果进行比较分析。结果城区组血铅水平为（69．05±23．90）μg／L;鞋工业乡镇组血铅水平为（75．85±26．40）μg／L;海岛山区组血铅水平为（65．29±22．00）μg／L;受检儿童中血铅浓度≥100μg／L有328例（6．38％）;男童血铅水平高于女童,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论儿童的血铅水平存在明显的区域差异,鞋工业乡镇组较高;应加强对儿童血铅筛查,防止铅污染环境而影响儿童健康;在儿童保健中应科学合理地推行铅中毒的防治,改善儿童健康教育状况。     

济南市部分2～6岁儿童血铅水平抽样调查

[目的]了解济南市2～6岁儿童血铅水平。[方法]应用BH5100五通道原子吸收光谱仪对济南市市区与郊区幼儿园2412名2～6岁儿童进行血铅测定。[结果]儿童血铅几何均值为89．9μg／L，其中35．3％高于目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒标准(100μg／L)；郊区儿童血铅水平高于市区儿童。铅中毒者所占比例有随年龄的增长而增长的趋势。[结论]济南市儿童血铅水平和铅中毒检出率较高，应引起高度重视。     

湖州市0～6岁儿童血铅水平检测结果分析

[目的]了解湖州市0～6岁儿童血铅水平。[方法]采用原子吸收光谱分析方法对3756例儿童进行末梢血血铅水平检测。[结果]3756例儿童血铅水平均值为(70.63±30.85)μg/L,其中血铅水平≥100μg/L者524例,铅中毒发生率为13.95%。2033例男童血铅水平均值为(71.45±31.63)μg/L,其中血铅水平≥100μg/L者293例,铅中毒发生率为14.41%。1723例女童血铅水平均值为(69.67±29.87)μg/L,其中血铅水平≥100μg/L者231例,铅中毒发生率为13.41%。男女儿童血铅水平均值及铅中毒率差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);2285例城市儿童血铅水平均值为(70.51±30.10)μg/L,其中血铅水平≥100μg/L者331例,铅中毒发生率为14.49%,1471例农村儿童血铅水平均值为(70.82±31.99)μg/L,其中血铅水平≥100μg/L者193例,铅中毒发生率为13.12%。城乡儿童血铅水平均值、铅中毒率差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);各年龄段之间血铅水平、铅中毒率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);同年龄段男女儿童血铅水平、铅中毒率差异均统计学意义(P﹥0.05);儿童血铅水平、铅中毒率随年龄增长而升高。[结论]湖州市0～6岁儿童血铅水平低于公认允许水平,但血铅超标现象仍然存在,且有随年龄增长而升高趋势,应引起有关部门的重视,加强铅污染防治力度,加强健康教育和饮食指导等,保障儿童健康成长。     

天津市和平区学龄前儿童血铅水平

目的了解天津市和平区学龄前儿童血铅水平及相关危险因素。方法对该区2926例托幼园所儿童进行血铅水平测定,并对血铅水平≥0.48μmoL／L（100μg／L）的儿童进行个人状况,生活习惯等相关因素的问卷调查和干预。结果儿童血铅水平总体均值为0.24μmol／L,其中≥0.48μmol／L的占14.15％。血铅水平各年龄组之间无差别,但男童高于女童,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论不良的卫生和饮食习惯及外界环境的污染是儿童血铅水平高的主要危险因素。     

重庆市6255例儿童血铅水平调查

目的:了解重庆市儿童血铅水平及铅中毒流行状况。方法:在严格质量控制下用原子吸收光谱分析法对儿童末梢血进行血铅浓度测定。结果:6255例儿童血铅值范围是2～428μg/L,均值为50.63μg/L。其中男童血铅水平为52.69μg/L,女童血铅水平为48.14μg/L;血铅水平≥100μg/L者共有393例,占调查人数6.28%,其中男童231例,超标率6.75%,女童162例,超标率5.71%。血铅≥200μg/L的儿童共32例,比例为0.51%。所有不同性别儿童铅中毒检出率的比较无显著差异。不同年龄组儿童血铅水平均值及铅中毒检出率的比较差异显著,铅中毒检出率有随年龄增加而升高的趋势。结论:目前重庆市儿童铅中毒率与其他城市比稍低,但大年龄组儿童血铅水平仍高,应引起全社会及相关行政部门的重视。     

武汉市及周边地区儿童2006～2008年血铅水平及趋势

目的:分析近3年武汉市及周边地区不同年龄儿童血铅水平及变化趋势。方法:采用钨舟原子吸收光谱法对2006～2008年来儿童医院就诊和体检的24 980例儿童手指末梢血进行铅含量检测。受检儿童按年龄进行分组,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果:武汉市及周边地区儿童血铅总体均值为58.26μg/L。其中,男性血铅的平均值为60.12μg/L,高于女性血铅的平均值(54.24μg/L),2006～2008年儿童血铅各年度平均值分别为(67.51±31.02)μg/L、(60.97±32.58)μg/L和(50.32±27.55)μg/L。在不同年份各年龄组中,男性血铅均值皆高于女性。24 980例受检儿童血铅水平为:50μg/L以下者占44.51%,51～100μg/L占48.13%、101～200μg/L占6.68%、201μg/L以上者占0.68%。本资料显示儿童血铅水平≥100μg/L(铅中毒)者占受检总数的7.35%,2006～2008年受检儿童铅中毒率分别为15.88%、7.74%和2.13%。与门诊儿童血铅水平进行比较,体检儿童的血铅水平明显偏低,差异具有统计学意义。结论:与以往的资料比较,武汉市儿童的血铅水平以及铅中毒率已明显下降。近3年来,武汉市及周边地区儿童血铅含量呈逐年递减趋势,其中以2008年度受检儿童血铅水平下降尤为明显。     

2007-2008年青岛市李沧区部分0～5岁儿童血铅水平调查

[目的]了解李沧区0～5岁儿童血铅水平。[方法]对2007年5月至2008年6月在青岛市李沧区妇幼保健所查体的1178名0～5岁儿童血铅检测结果进行分析。[结果]检测1178名儿童,血铅为7～211μg／L,平均47．08μg／L,≥100μg／L者78例,铅中毒检出率为6．62％。血铅均值（μg／L）,男童为48．48,女童为45．42（P〈0．01）;入园儿童为50．53,散居儿童为43．09（P〈0．01）;郊区、城区、工业区儿童分别为41.54、43．36、54．64（P〈0．01）;不同年龄儿童的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。铅中毒检出率,男童为8．16％,女童为4．81％（P〈0．05）;入园组为8．72％,散居组为3．31％（P〈0．05）;郊区、城区、工业区儿童分别为3．49％、5．97％、10．26％（P〈0．01）;不同年龄的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]李沧区0～5岁儿童血铅水平和铅中毒率处于青岛市一般水平,随着年龄的增长而增高。     

杭州市3528例儿童血铅水平调查

目的:了解杭州市10岁以下儿童血铅水平及高血铅检出率。方法:用原子吸收光谱分析法对3 528例儿童进行血铅含量测定,比较不同性别和年龄组之间的差异。结果:3 528例儿童血铅平均值为24.91μg/L,其中>100μg/L有37例,占1.04%;不同性别儿童间血铅水平几何均值差异有统讲学意义,而高血铅检出率差异无统计学意义;不同年龄儿童的血铅水平几何均值差异无统计学意义,高血铅检出率有统计学差异。结论:杭州市儿童血铅水平较低,但铅中毒情况依然存在,应采取进一步措施减少儿童铅接触。     

Declining blood lead levels in Victorian children

Abstract: To investigate the distribution of blood lead levels in a sample of Victorian children, and to compare current levels with those from a similar survey in 1979, blood was tested for lead in 252 children (123 under five years) attending Royal Children's Hospital as outpatients and having venepuncture blood samples for medical reasons. Blood lead levels were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean blood lead level was 0.26 μmol/L (5.4 μg/dL). In the under-five age group, the mean was 0.28 μmol/L (5.7 μg/dL). Only 1.6 per cent of this group exceeded the National Health and Medical Research Council action level of 0.72 μmol/L (15 μg/dL). Levels in this age group have declined significantly since 1979, when the mean was 0.54 μmol/L (11.1 μg/dL) and 12.9 per cent exceeded 0.72 μmol/L (15 μg/dL). Average blood lead levels have halved since 1979, with likely contributing factors being reduced exposure from lead in diet, reduced access to lead in paint and reduced lead in ambient air. Children with elevated levels had identifiable risk factors such as pica or exposure to lead-based paint, suggesting the need for ongoing public health action to prevent exposure in these groups.     

维生素D受体基因(VDR)多态性与儿童铅中毒易感性的研究

目的:观察维生素D受体(VDR)基因rs731236、rs1544410及rs7975232在深圳市儿童血铅≥60μg/L样本组和低铅对照组之间的分布,揭示VDR基因多态性与儿童铅中毒易感的相关性。方法:在6个月～6岁儿童中筛选出75例样本组(血铅≥60μg/L均值(X=82.24μg/L)和80例对照组(血铅均值X=19.90μg/L)的样本,用PCR方法对VDR基因rs731236、rs1544410及rs7975232进行扩增,采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析法(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定其基因型,比较各基因型在两组间的分布,寻找其与儿童血铅值的关系。结果:VDR基因rs731236中的基因型TT在样本组与对照组的分布频率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),rs1544410中的GG在样本组与对照组的分布频率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),rs7975232多态性在样本组与对照组的分布频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:VDR基因rs731236中的TT和rs1544410中的GG基因型可能增加儿童铅中毒的危险性;作为铅中毒的易感基因筛查值得进一步探讨。     

江苏省某市小学生血铅影响因素分析

  目的  了解某市儿童铅暴露水平及环境影响因素,为制定降低中国儿童血铅水平决策提供依据。  方法  2017年5月在江苏省某市选择2所小学,将学校373名一年级儿童全部作为研究对象,对儿童进行血液重金属水平检测、铅暴露风险评估,对46户儿童进行了家庭积尘中铅检测,使用二分类多因素Logistic回归对铅暴露风险进行多因素分析,对46份积尘检测结果进行空间展示,并与企业空间位置比对。  结果  373名儿童血铅几何均值为25.80 mg/L,其中3名(0.8%)儿童血铅超过100 mg/L。儿童平时有啃咬铅笔的行为(OR=4.26,95%CI=1.61~10.68,P < 0.05)和住所或学校周边有铅暴露环境(OR=2.93,95%CI=1.24~7.34,P=0.02)与高血铅均呈正相关。46户儿童家庭积尘几何均值为302.27 μg/mg,且高积尘铅家庭户主要分布在生产企业周边。  结论  环境影响因素与儿童血铅具有相关关系。社会各界应高度重视,减少环境铅污染;家庭和学校应积极开展健康教育,促进儿童养成良好的卫生习惯,从而有效降低儿童铅暴露水平。     

4～11岁儿童铅暴露与多动行为的关系

目的:探讨不同血铅水平对儿童多动行为的影响及其差异。方法:采用严格质量控制的流行病学研究方法,对贵阳市738例4~11岁儿童进行血铅水平测定,用Conners量表评价儿童多动行为。资料分析采用多因素方差分析和logistic回归分析方法。结果:贵阳市儿童的血铅平均值为122.21μg/L,其中≥250μg/L者比例为4.7%。Conners评分表明具有多动行为的儿童占调查人数的24.9%。随着血铅水平的增加,儿童的多动行为发生率明显增加(χ2=37.69,P<0.001)。以低血铅儿童作为参照组,高血铅儿童发生多动行为的危险性显著升高,OR值分别增加到3.42和4.06。结论:血铅水平与儿童多动行为发生的危险呈现明显剂量—效应关系。Conners量表评分可结合血铅检查结果,以排除其它因素的影响,有助于明确儿童多动行为的原因。     

中国农村地区儿童血铅水平分析

目的 描述中国农村儿童血铅总体水平及分布特征,为改善农村铅污染状况提供依据.方法 通过计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库及相关文献追溯等途径,依照严格的入选标准收集并筛选国内1994-2008年10月公开发表的关于农村儿童血铅水平研究的文献进行分析.结果 我国农村儿童血铅均值为74.93μg/L(范围:41.14～193.54μg/L),铅中毒率为19.32%(范围:2.2%～43%).禁止含铅汽油使用后儿童血铅从87.53μg/L降至71.16μg/L(u=7.13,P<0.01),禁止含铅汽油使用前后农村儿童血铅水平均低于同时期全国儿童血铅水平.调整无铅汽油使用的影响后,北京、山东农村儿童血铅均值较高.分别为99.16和92.13μg/L;吉林、河北较低,分别为41.14和56.14μg/L;18篇文献的综合分析显示,农村儿童和城市儿童的血铅均值分别为77.90和87.24 μg/L(u=3.73,P<0.01);8篇文献的综合分析显示,农村儿童和工业区儿童血铅均值分别为70.25和80.86μg/L(u=10.00.P<0.01).结论 农村地区儿童血铅水平低于全国总体水平,低于城市和工业区儿童血铅水平,推广无铅汽油后农村儿童血铅水平有了明显改善.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate Chinese rural children's blood lead levels (BLLs) and identify its distribution features and to provide data for policy development to the prevention of rural environmental lead pollution. Methods The papers on rural children's BLLs published from 1994 to Oct. 2008 were collected by using CNKI's (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) Chinese Journal Full-test Database and other ways. The papers which were eligible for the following criteria were reviewed:(l) BLLs measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (graphite or others) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; (2) strict quality control; (3) no local lead pollution sources in the areas where the screened subjects live in; (4) children aged from 0 to 14 years old; (5)sample size more than 40. Results Analysis on the included 32 papers indicated that, the mean BLLs of Chinese rural children between 1994 and 2008 was 74.93μg/L (range:41.14-193.54 μg/L)and 19.32%(range:2.2%-43%) of the subjects had BLLs higher than 100 μg/L. The rural children's BLLs changed from 87.53 μg/Lto 71.16 μg/L after the use of lead free gasoline in 2000 in China, which were both lower than the general children's BBLs before 2000 and after 2001. The children in Beijing city and Shandong province showed the highest mean BLLs , with 99.16 μg/L and 92.13 μg/L respectively; while the children in Jilin province and Hebei province showed the lowest levels, with 41.14 μg/L and 56.14 μg/L respectively. The comprehensive analysis of 18 papers indicated that the mean BLLs in rural areas and urban areas were 77.90 μg/L and 87.24μg/L respectively (u=3.73, P<0.01 ). The comprehensive analysis of 8 papers indicated that the mean BLLs in rural areas and industrial areas were 70.25 μg/Land 80.86 μg/L respectively(u=10.00,P<0.01). Conclusion The BLLs of rural children in China are lower than the general levels of children in China, and also lower than urban areas and industrial areas. Promoting lead free gasoline can make a considerable decrease in the blood lead levels of rural children.     

中国城市儿童血铅水平调查

目的：调查中国城市3－5岁幼儿血铅水平，为制定防止环境铅污染，保护儿童健康政策提供科学依据。方法：在9省19个城市中双阶整群随机抽样采集3－5岁细儿静脉血6502份，微波消解电感耦合等离子体抽谱法测定血铅。同时进行问卷调查。采用逐步回归分析法进行分析。结果。中国城市儿童血铅总体均值为88．3μg/L，男童血铅均值（91．1μg/L），略高于女童（87．3μg/L）。29．91％的儿童血铅水平＞100μg/L。相关分析表明：（1）血铅增高对儿童体格发育其动作行为，语言能力的发展等29个方面存在负面影响。（2）父母的行为对儿童血铅的影响。（3）不良生活习惯使儿童血铅升高。结论：中国儿童血铅较发达国家儿童血铅高，铅污染日益严重，儿童血铅呈上升趋势，政府和全社会应给予关注。     

2141名学龄前儿童血铅水平调查研究

目的:了解丰台区目前学龄前儿童血铅水平,为制定积极有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法:采取整群分层随机抽样的方法,选择北京市丰台区6所城区幼儿园和6所农村幼儿园在园2～6岁儿童2 141名,采用阳极溶出分析法测定血铅水平。结果:丰台区学龄前儿童血铅水平均数为73.90μg/L,其中铅中毒发生率为10.46%;儿童血铅水平存在显著的性别差异,男童铅中毒发生率高于女童,且具有统计意义;血铅水平以2岁组儿童血铅水平最高;儿童血铅水平无显著的地域差异,城市儿童血铅水平和血铅≥100μg/L的发生率与农村儿童无差别(P>0.05)。结论:目前丰台区儿童铅中毒绝大多数处于轻中度铅中毒水平,应采取积极、多样的健康宣教等干预措施防治儿童铅中毒。     

Blood Lead Levels in 2- to 3-Year-Old Children in the Greater Bilbao Area (Basque Country,Spain): Relation to Dust and Water Lead Levels

The objectives of this study were to determine blood lead levels in 2-y-old children in the Greater Bilbao Area (Basque Country, Spain) and to compare those levels with the lead content of different media (i.e., house dust, park dust and soil, and water) in the child's environment. Between May and September of 1992, 138 children, aged 2 to 3 y, were studied. All children were attended by pediatricians within the public health-care network, and their parents volunteered for the study. A venous blood sample was drawn from each child and was analyzed for lead level, and the parents answered a questionnaire that addressed the socioeconomic background and habits of the children. The environment was investigated in 42 cases. Blood lead levels exceeded 15 μg/dl in 2% of the children, and 14% of the children had levels that exceeded 10 μg/dl (geometric mean = 5.7 μg/dl [4.7–6.7 μg/dl]). Blood lead levels were higher among (a) children whose mothers worked outside the home, (b) children whose fathers had only a primary-level education, and (c) children who lived in houses constructed prior to 1950. The geometrical averages of lead in house dust, park soil, and park dust were 595, 299, and 136 μg/g, respectively. Statistically significant linear correlation was found between blood lead level and lead content in park dust, a finding that explained a 9% variation in blood lead level; a subgroup of these children was also found to have a strong linear association between blood lead and lead content in house dust.     

Blood lead,cadmium and mercury among children from urban,industrial and rural areas of Fez Boulemane Region (Morocco): Relevant factors and early renal effects

Objectives

To describe blood lead (Pb-B), cadmium (Cd-B) and mercury (Hg-B) levels in children living in urban, industrial and rural areas in Fez city (north of Morocco) and to identify the determinants and some renal effects of exposure.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted from June 2007 to January 2008 in 209 school children (113 girls, 96 boys), aged 6–12 years, from urban, industrial and rural areas in Fez city. Interview and questionnaires data were obtained. Blood and urinary samples were analyzed.

Results

The mean of blood lead levels (Pb-B) in our population was 55.53 μg/l (range: 7.5–231.1 μg/l). Children from the urban area had higher blood lead levels (BLLs) mean (82.36 μg/l) than children from industrial and rural areas (48.23 and 35.99 μg/l, respectively); with no significant difference between boys and girls. BLLs were associated with traffic intensity, passive smoking and infancy in the urban area. The mean of blood cadmium levels (BCLs) was 0.22 μg/l (range: 0.06–0.68 μg/l), with no difference between various areas. Rural boys had higher BCLs mean than rural girls, but no gender influence was noticed in the other areas. BCLs were associated with the number of cigarettes smoked at children’s homes. The blood mercury levels (BMLs) mean was 0.49 μg/l (range: 0.01–5.31 μg/l). The BMLs mean was higher in urban and industrial areas than in the rural area with no gender-related difference. BMLs were associated with amalgam fillings and infancy in the urban area. About 8% of the children had BLLs ≥ 100 μg/l particularly in the urban area, microalbuminuria and a decrease in height were noticed in girls from the inner city of Fez and that can be related to high BLLs (89.45 μg/l).

Conclusions

There is a need to control and regulate potential sources of contamination by these trace elements in children; particularly for lead.