血液透析患者中心静脉置管的感染因素分析及对策

目的分析血液透析患者中心静脉置管的感染因素分析及对策。方法医院2009年7月-2011年6月共行中心静脉置管术112例,对其发生感染患者进行分析。结果 112例行中心静脉置管术患者中,22例发生医院感染,感染率为19.6%;股静脉感染率为21.9%,稍高于颈内静脉的17.1%及锁骨下静脉的15.4%,然而感染率差异无统计学意义;置管<10d患者的感染率为11.5%,低于置管10～20、>20d患者的17.4%及27.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);糖尿病肾病患者的感染率为31.6%,显著高于其他基础疾病(P<0.05);中心静脉置管血流通畅患者感染率为17.9%,血流不通畅感染率为22.2%,差异无统计学意义。结论为减少感染发生,首选颈内静脉或锁骨下静脉置管应作为中心静脉置管的部位,尽可能缩短导管留置时间;要严格无菌操作,提高护理质量能有效预防感染发生。     

心脏术后中心静脉导管感染的原因分析及干预措施的研究

目的 分析心外科中心静脉导管感染的原因,探讨其干预措施.方法 选择100例心外科手术患者,术后均行中心静脉导管置管.结果 100例患者发生中心静脉导管感染22例,感染率为22.0％,其中包括表皮葡萄球菌感染6例、金黄色葡萄球菌感染5例、肺炎克雷伯菌感染4例、粪肠球菌感染3例,鲍氏不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌及铜绿假单胞菌感染各1例;均根据药敏试验结果给予相应抗菌药物治疗,感染症状消失;中心静脉压感染年龄≤50岁者感染率为12.5％、＞50岁者感染率为26.5％,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);无并发症者感染率为9.1％、有并发症者感染率为28.3％,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);锁骨下静脉穿刺者感染率为17.8％、颈内静脉刺激、穿刺者感染率为21.8％,二者比较差异无统计学意义;导管接头和封管液优化者感染率为17.6％、常规者感染率为37.5％,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);导管种类为双腔者感染率为21.4％、三腔者感染率为27.3％,二者比较差异无统计学意义;置管时间:＜7 d者感染率为9.1％、7～10 d感染率者为20.0％、＞7 d者感染率为40.7％,三者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 术前积极处理并发症、缩短置管时间及根据药敏试验应用抗菌药物,可防治中心静脉导管感染.     

不同部位深静脉置管细菌污染与导管相关性感染分析

目的 探讨不同部位深静脉置管细菌污染与导管感染的关系,以降低深静脉置管的感染率.方法 选取普外科行深静脉置管术患者84例为研究对象,根据不同置管部位,设颈内静脉及锁骨下静脉置管患者为A组;股静脉置管患者为B组,每组42例患者,分别于置管后1、3、7、10 d对两组患者进行细菌学监测.结果 A组患者细菌学阳性率分别为为0、0、4.76％、2.38％,B组细菌学阳性率分别为2.38％、16.67％、7.14％、0;第3d细菌培养阳性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 深静脉置管术后导管相关感染与置管位置有关,在实践中要规范相关操作,降低感染发生率.     

深静脉置管不同部位细菌污染与导管相关感染的分析

目的 分析并探讨深静脉置管不同部位细菌污染与导管相关感染的关系,为临床感染预防工作提供指导依据.方法 选取医院2010年3月-2012年3月行股静脉置管患者37例及颈静脉置管患者43例,于置管后1、3、7、14 d体外段导管、管周皮肤、穿刺口位置进行细菌培养;进行不同部位细菌污染与导管污染相关性分析,并比较两种深静脉置管方法导管感染发生率.结果 深静脉置管患者体外段导管、管周皮肤与穿刺口细菌培养阳性在置管术后第1、3、7天相关性明显,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但体外段导管、管周皮肤与穿刺口细菌培养阳性在置管术后第14天无明显相关性;股静脉置管和颈静脉置管患者导管感染发生率分别为35.1％、14.0％;颈静脉置管患者导管感染发生率明显低于股静脉置管,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 管周皮肤、体外段导管细菌感染是诱发导管感染的重要原因,穿刺口感染可作为评价导管感染情况的关键指标;颈静脉置管较股静脉置管导管感染发生风险小.     

2 206例中心静脉置管在血液透析中的应用

目的 探讨中心静脉置管（CVT）在血液透析中的应用.方法 回顾性分析2 206例CVT患者的临床资料,观察导管穿刺部位、导管留置时间、4周血流通畅率、导管相关性感染发生率等.结果 颈内静脉留置2 033例,股静脉留置173例.颈内静脉导管留置时间为（40.6±32.7）d,股静脉导管留置时间为（22.4± 16.3）d,二者差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.颈内静脉留置导管4周血流通畅率96.4％（1 959/2 033）,明显高于股静脉的83.2％（144/173）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.股静脉导管相关性感染发生率为11.0％（19/173）,显著高于颈内静脉的3.6％（73/2 033）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 应用CVT行血液透析便捷可靠,感染率低,并发症较少,操作技术水平是成功的关键.     

血液透析中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素分析

目的 分析血液透析患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素,为采取相应措施降低感染率提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2012年6月医院收治的400例血液透析患者的临床资料,判断术后发生中心静脉导管相关性感染的例数,分析患者的性别、年龄、基础疾病、插管部位、插管次数、留置时间与发生中心静脉导管相关性感染的关系.结果 400例患者中发生中心静脉导管相关性感染60例,感染率为15.0％;其中年龄≥50岁患者的感染率为20.0％,高于＜50岁者的8.9％,(P＜0.05);原发病为糖尿病患者感染率为22.3％,高于非糖尿病患者的11.5％(P＜0.05);穿刺部位位于颈内静脉、股静脉、锁骨下静脉患者感染率分别为11.5％、25.4％、6.7％,三者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);穿刺次数≥3次患者感染率为22.5％,高于＜3次者的14.0％ (P＜0.05);导管留置时间≥2周患者感染率为20.7％,高于＜2周者的11.6％(P＜0.05).结论 血液透析患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素包括高龄、糖尿病、穿刺部位、穿刺次数多、置管时间长.     

品管圈对降低经外周置入中心静脉导管置管患者感染的效果研究

目的研究分析品管圈对经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)置管术后降低导管感染率的效果,为预防置管感染提供依据。方法选择2011年6月-2015年6月住院治疗需行PICC置管的患者256例作为研究对象,将2011年6月-2013年6月的128例患者作为对照组,给予常规护理干预措施;将2013年7月-2015年6月的128例患者作为观察组,给予品管圈护理模式;分析PICC置管术后的导管感染病原菌分布,对比两组不同时期PICC置管术后的导管感染率、干预前后护理人员的工作评分。结果 22例发生PICC置管术后导管感染者共检出27株病原菌,革兰阳性菌13株占48.15%,革兰阴性菌10株占37.04%,真菌4株占14.81%;观察组干预后7d的感染率及总感染率分别为2.34%及3.13%,显著低于对照组的8.59%及14.06%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预后观察组护理人员工作评分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论品管圈护理对PICC置管术后导管感染率具有降低作用,值得推荐。     

ICU与非ICU患者中心静脉导管感染调查

目的比较ICU与非ICU住院患者中心静脉导管感染的状况,提出预防对策,以降低患者中心静脉导管感染率。方法选择2010年1月-2015年6月在医院ICU和非ICU行中心静脉导管的患者各200例,对疑有中心静脉导管感染的患者进行血液及中心静脉导管尖端培养,比较ICU和非ICU患者的中心静脉导管感染率、置管部位、置管类型及病原菌分布。结果 ICU和非ICU患者血液、中心静脉导管培养阳性率及导管细菌定植率比较差异均无统计学意义;普通导管和血液透析导管的感染率较高,分别为12.66%和6.67%,抗感染导管感染率为11.11%明显较低;颈内静脉置管患者中心静脉导管感染率较高为38.46%;ICU与非ICU患者病原菌检出分布差异无统计学意义;ICU与非ICU患者留置中心静脉导管1~7d的感染率9.00%,8~14d感染率为22.00%,≥15d感染率为35.00%,ICU与非ICU患者的置管时间比较差异无统计学意义。结论 ICU与非ICU患者的中心静脉导管感染发病情况基本相同:抗感染导管的感染率较低,颈内静脉置管的感染率较高,病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主。     

林可霉素联合肝素钠封管预防ICU中心静脉导管感染的临床研究

目的研究林可霉素联合肝素钠封管对于预防ICU中心静脉导管感染的临床应用,以降低ICU中心静脉导管感染率。方法选取2012年9月-2013年11月ICU进行中心静脉导管置管的住院患者随机分为试验组和对照组,各63例,试验组患者给予林可霉素联合肝素钠封管,对照组患者给予生理盐水与肝素钠封管,对比两组患者导管置管部位及置管后感染率、病原菌分布及药物不良反应发生率。结果中心静脉导管术以股静脉置管为主,感染率与置管部位有关,其中股静脉置管发生感染的概率最高,股静脉置管感染率试验组为11.76%、对照组感染率为36.11%,两组不同置管部位的感染率及总感染率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);感染患者的主要病原菌是革兰阳性菌,试验组导管血培养阳性率为16.67%、对照组为61.11%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组不良反应发生率为7.94%、对照组为11.11%,两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论林可霉素联合肝素钠封管对于预防ICU中心静脉导管感染的临床应用效果良好。     

中心静脉置管相关感染前瞻性调查分析

目的 了解中心静脉置管相关感染(CVC-RD发生情况,分析CVC-RI危险因素、病原菌种类,探讨预防控制感染措施.方法 对2006-2008年行中心静脉置管的患者进行CVC-RI的前瞻性调查.结果 305例患者中,总置管日为7954 d,感染40例,其中28例血流感染,中心静脉置管感染率为5.03‰置管日,中心静脉置管相关血流感染率为3.52‰置管日;留置时间≤2周的感染率为6.87%,留置时间＞2周的感染率为17.81%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);＜80岁年龄组感染率为11.07%,≥80岁年龄组感染率为50.00%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);病原学培养前5位为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色假丝酵母菌和肠杆菌科.结论 中心静脉导管相关感染与患者的年龄及留置时间相关,年龄越大、留置时间越长,感染率越高;避免中心静脉相关感染的有效措施是尽可能缩短中心静脉导管留置时间,严格无菌操作,老年患者应作为感染监控的重点.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.