武汉地区33所医疗机构抗菌药物日使用率调查

目的调查武汉地区不同规模医疗机构抗菌药物使用情况。方法采用横断面调查住院患者的抗菌药物使用情况。结果 33所医疗机构36 222例住院患者的抗菌药物使用率为39.94%,其中21.56%为治疗性用药,14.88%为预防性用药,3.51%为同时兼有治疗和预防性用药;使用一种抗菌药物者占28.12%,二联用药者占10.78%,三联及以上用药者占1.04%,64.25%的治疗用药患者送标本进行了细菌培养;Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物使用率为58.88%,43.00%为预防用药。结论武汉地区医疗机构抗菌药物使用趋于合理,但Ⅰ类切口手术预防性用药较多,提示要进一步加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理。     

医院老年住院患者抗菌药物应用的对比分析

目的了解老年住院患者抗菌药物的使用现状和存在问题,为临床安全、合理、有效地使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法随机抽取北京友谊医院、北京天坛医院、北京宣武医院、北京同仁医院2000年和2004年老年住院病历254例、274例,对抗菌药物应用情况进行回顾性调查。结果4所医院2000年和2004年老年住院患者抗菌药物的使用率分别为73.2%和74.1%,合理使用率分别为78.0%和68.0%;其中,单纯预防性用药者占26.3%和35.5%、单纯治疗性用药者占43.5%和36.9%、预防合并治疗性用药者占29.0%和27.1%、用药指征不明确者占1.1%和0.5%;经验性用药和参考病原学检查用药分别占95.2%和92.6%、4.8%和7.4%。结论北京4所医院老年住院患者两年的抗菌药物使用率差异无统计学意义,但2004年比2000年抗菌药物合理使用率下降,提示临床工作中必须重视老年患者不合理应用抗菌药物现象。     

我院2013年1~12月的儿科住院患者抗菌药物使用情况分析

目的了解和掌握医院儿科住院患者抗菌药物使用情况,为临床合理用药及管理提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析随机抽取的395份2013年1-12月的我院儿科出院病历的资料,对抗菌药物名称、价格、剂量、使用频度、给药途径、联合用药、送检情况及用药合理性进行分析和评价。结果抗菌药物使用率为87.85%,其中治疗性用药298例,预防性用药49例;给药途径均为静脉给药,部分患儿结合口服或雾化吸入给药;抗菌药物品种以青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类为主;联合用药者共62例,占17.87%,其中二联用药60例,三联用药2例;标本送检率为12.39%,其中检出阳性率为23.26%;用药合理或基本合理者共309例,占89.05%,不合理者共38例,占10.95%。结论儿科住院病例仍存在不合理用药情况,主要体现在使用剂量过大、联合用药不当、选用品种不合理、无指证用药等方面。     

围手术期抗菌药物的应用调查分析

目的了解手术患者围手术期抗菌药物的应用情况,旨在对抗菌药物的合理使用和管理提供依据。方法抽取我院2009年5月份出院的手术病例155份,对其抗菌药物应用进行回顾性调查分析。结果 155例手术患者中,抗菌药物的使用率100%,其中预防用药占65.81%,治疗用药占34.19%;单用及二联、三联、四联抗菌药物使用分别占32.90%、44.52%、21.29%、1.29%;抗菌药物使用时间平均为9.2d,用药时间最长42d,术前2h内使用抗菌药物占7.10%,术后预防性使用抗菌药物时间>3d者占84.52%;抗菌药物使用涉及10类30种,用药频次位居前三位的是硝基咪唑类、喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类。结论围手术期抗菌药物使用存在用药时机不当、药物选择不合理、用药时间持续过长等问题,应加强围手术期抗菌药物的管理和监督,强化临床合理用药。     

胸心外科围手术期预防性抗菌药物的使用与医院感染率的研究

目的了解与分析围手术期抗菌药物应用情况,对抗菌药物的合理使用和宏观管理提供科学依据。方法对某三级教学医院2007年1-8月手术共120例次进行前瞩性调查。结果120例次中,抗菌药物使用率100.0%,一、二、三联抗菌药物使用率分别为40.0%、55.8%、4.2%;其中预防用药80.3%,治疗用药19.7%;术后预防性使用抗菌药物时间〉7 d占50.0%,其中用药时间最长30 d;抗菌药物使用种类依次为头孢菌素类、青霉素类、克林霉素类、大环内酯类、硝基咪唑类。结论手术后用抗菌药物疗程明显偏长,抗菌药物联用率偏高,说明抗菌药物在体外循环心脏手术期的预防性应用中还存在一些问题,有必要规范抗菌药物的应用。     

287例抗菌药物应用情况分析

目的　了解手术科室抗菌药物使用情况及合理性 ,为制定医院抗菌药物使用管理制度提供依据。方法　对手术科室 317份出院病例作回顾性调查。结果　手术科室住院患者抗菌药物使用率达 90 3% ,其中治疗性用药占 30 3% ,预防性用药占 6 3 4% ,混合性用药占 6 3%。抗菌药物使用品种达43种 ,分属 12类 ,总计 770例次。 2 87例中使用单一抗菌药物者占 37 3% ,使用一种以上者占 6 2 7%。在预防用药中以 2联或 3联使用居多 ,占预防用药的 5 2 2 % ,且时间过长。在治疗性用药中仅 11 4%可参考病原菌及药敏试验结果选药。结论　制定抗菌药物使用规范 ,重视病原学检查 ,依据药敏结果选药对减少耐药菌株产生具有极其重要意义。     

基层医院抗菌药物应用现状

目的了解基层医院抗菌药物临床应用现状及普遍存在的问题,促进其合理用药。方法根据调查目的设计表格,回顾性分析2008年1月-2009年12月间15%的出院病历共1 583份,逐一分析抗菌药物使用的合理性,最后进行汇总。结果1 583例患者抗菌药物使用率达78.33%（1 240 例）。其中预防性用药占46.29%,治疗性用药占53.71%;使用一种抗菌药物者占66.53%,二联用药占31.69%,三联及以上用药占1.78%;病原学送检率29.73%;存在无指征用药及联合用药、预防用药时间过长、选用品种和给药方案欠合理等较多问题。结论基层医院抗菌药物不合理应用问题较为突出,管理薄弱,应加大管理、培训和监控力度,促进抗菌药物的合理使用。     

普外科围手术期预防性应用抗菌药物分析

目的 了解医院普外科围手术期抗菌药物预防性使用情况,分析存在问题,为合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,收集病例,对抗菌药物应用情况进行统计分析.结果 调查189例患者,共181例预防性应用抗菌药物,占95.8％,其中Ⅰ类手术切口24例,抗菌药物使用16例,使用率66.7％;Ⅱ、Ⅲ类切口139例和26例,使用率均为100.0％;抗菌药物联合用药中各型切口均以二联为主,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型切口二联用药分别为11、120、24例,使用率分别为68.8％、86.3％、92.3％;Ⅰ类切口用药时间不规范术前4例,术后无不规范例数;Ⅱ类切口用药时间不规范术前20例、术后11例;Ⅲ类切口类切口用药时间不规范术前26例、术后20例;抗菌药物联合用药中各型切口均以二联为主;189例手术患者使用例次最多的是第三代头孢菌素,占30.5％,其次是第二代头孢占菌素22.1％;在选用抗菌药物时,经验用药占89.0％,根据病菌培养具体用药占11.0％.结论 医院普外科围手术期预防性抗菌药物应用类别的选择符合要求,在联合用药指征、给药时机和疗程方面仍存在不合理现象,需要进一步的规范抗菌药物应用.     

北京4所医院手术患者抗菌药物应用调查分析

目的分析手术患者抗菌药物的使用现状和存在问题,保证临床安全、合理、有效地使用抗菌药物。方法采用系统抽样方法,抽取北京4所医院(友谊医院、宣武医院、天坛医院、同仁医院)2000、2004年手术患者的住院病历349、375例,对抗菌药物应用情况进行回顾性调查。结果4所医院2000、004年手术患者,分别有348、373例应用抗菌药物,使用率各为99.7%、99.5%,合理使用率各为60.9%、53.4%;其中,单纯预防性用药者分别为162、169例,各占46.6%、45.3%,预防合并治疗性用药者分别为186、204例,各占53.4%、54.7%;经验性用药分别为347、367例,各占99.7%、98.4%;联合用药中单联各占65.9%、63.5%,二联各占30.7%、32.7%,三联各占3.4%、2.9%,≥四联各占0、0.8%。结论通过两年的比较研究发现,手术患者抗菌药物的使用有不合理现象,但合理使用总体有上升趋势。     

5 302例住院患者抗菌药物使用的调查

目的调查和分析我院抗菌药物的使用情况,提高临床使用抗菌药物的合理性。方法采用整群抽样的方法,回顾性地调查我院2004年1~12月住院患者抗菌药物的使用。结果共调查5 302份病历,抗菌药物的使用率为70.24%,联合用药占45.22%,二联占36.68%,三~四联占8.54%;预防性用药的比例很大,占48.93%;以静脉给药为主,占74.03%;应用抗菌药物,前3位为青霉素类、氨基糖苷类、头孢类;外科手术患者抗菌药物使用率为94.49%,Ⅰ类切口抗菌药物联合使用率为57.14%。结论加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理是十分必要的。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.