苯丙酮尿症患儿特殊奶粉免费补助效果初步分析

目的:探索解决PKU新生儿治疗费用的最佳途径及PKU治疗和管理的模式,评价免费治疗补助的干预效果,为全国范围的推广应用提供科学的依据。方法:200名患儿接受免费特殊奶粉补助,随访患儿的体格和智力发育情况,随访检测患儿血液苯丙氨酸(Phenylalanine,简写为Phe)浓度;开展新筛健康教育,设置PKU患儿募集和特殊奶粉补助流程,规范管理。结果:体格发育正常的补助患儿占检查人数中99.45%,智力发育正常的补助患儿占检查人数中95.97%;患儿血Phe浓度控制在4mg/dl以内的次数占总检测次数的比例能达到80%的人数仅占37.50%。结论:特殊奶粉免费补助能有效提高治疗依从性,但仍需要提高血Phe浓度控制在4mg/dl以内的次数占总检测次数的比例能达到80%的患儿比例。     

低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗96例儿童苯丙酮尿症的临床观察

目的观察低苯丙氨酸饮食对治疗苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria,PKU)儿童的临床疗效,为PKU的临床治疗提供依据。方法选取坚持正规治疗的PKU儿童96例作为病例组,同时选取性别、年龄与病例组匹配且无任何躯体和精神疾病的正常儿童80例为对照组。病例组患儿确诊后立即给予氨基酸代谢障碍婴儿配方粉(苯丙酮尿症患儿适用)制定个体化的低苯丙氨酸饮食,监测病例组患儿治疗前后的血苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine,Phe)浓度的变化;按照不同年龄段,监测所有入选儿童的体格发育及智能发育水平。结果 1)病例组96例PKU患儿,治疗前、后血Phe浓度比较,差异有统计学意义[(1 405.42±739.99)μmol/L和(208.30±63.03)μmol/L,t=39.02,P0.01];2)不同年龄段病例组PKU患儿的身高、体重与对照组儿童相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3)病例组儿童发育商(development quotient,DQ)与对照组儿童相比,差异无统计学意义(t=-2.70,P0.05)。结论用氨基酸代谢障碍婴儿配方粉作为机体蛋白质的主要来源对PKU患儿进行低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗,可以使患儿的血Phe浓度得到较好的控制,并能维持患儿正常的体格发育及智能发育。     

苯丙酮尿症患儿家长心理健康水平与患儿饮食治疗依从性关系探讨

目的 探讨苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria,PKU)患儿家长心理健康水平与患儿饮食治疗依从性关系。 方法 调查分析持续治疗的63例PKU患儿家长的心理健康水平与患儿治疗随访过程中苯丙氨酸浓度、随访周期。PKU患儿家长的心理健康水平采用SCL-90自评心理症状量表、抑郁自评量表(Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS)、焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)进行自评,按心理症状因子分统计分成I、II组,并自制一般情况问卷调查。选取儿保科健康查体幼儿家长作为对照组。结果 1)PKU患儿家长的心理健康水平显著低于对照组(除外恐惧、人际敏感因子t值均＞2.78,P值均＜0.01);2)PKU患儿家长的心理健康水平I组低于II组,I组心理症状因子分均高于II组(除外恐惧因子t值均＞4.084,P＜0.01);3)I组患儿苯丙氨酸浓度控制好于II组(χ²=29.866,P＜0.01),随访周期短(t=3.535,P＜0.01),显示良好饮食治疗依从性;4)I组、II组中PKU患儿家长其文化程度、对疾病的认知度差异均有高度统计学意义(χ²=13.445,9.718,P均＜0.01)。 结论PKU患儿饮食治疗依从性较好的家长心理健康水平较低;患儿饮食治疗依从性与家长的家庭收入、文化程度、对疾病的认知度等有关。要提高患儿饮食治疗依从性,确保智力正常发育,家长是关键。     

山西省277例苯丙酮尿症患儿智力影响因素分析

目的 对苯丙酮尿症(PKU)患儿智力发展的可能影响因素进行分析,为制定相关公共政策、开展PKU的健康教育和家庭指导提供支撑。方法 以山西省妇幼保健院新生儿疾病筛查中心于2004年6月至2020年1月筛查并治疗的277例PKU患儿作为研究对象,通过查阅病历、电话随访获取患儿的一般资料及最近1次的智力测试结果、治疗依从性、血苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度控制情况等,分析影响PKU患儿智力水平的因素。结果 共纳入PKU患儿277例,277例PKU患儿平均智力为(94.10±13.57)分,其中智力水平在中等及以上的有243例,占比87.73%;智力水平为临界偏低和发育障碍的患儿占比12.27%,良好和优秀的患儿占比9.74%。<3岁的患儿(F=8.108)、带养人年龄在25~35岁(F=7.224)、带养人受教育程度在大专及以上(F=44.339)的患儿智力水平相对较高(P<0.05);城镇患儿智力水平高于农村(t=-3.336)、祖辈支持程度较高的患儿智力水平高于支持程度较低的(t=-5.549),患儿开始治疗年龄≤1月龄(t=4.356)、确诊时Phe浓度<20mg/dL(t=2.148)、治疗依从性好(t=-4.130)及血Phe浓度控制情况好(t=-3.335)的患儿其智力水平较高(P<0.05)。多重线性回归分析显示,患儿年龄(β=-0.100)和开始治疗的年龄(β=-0.581)与PKU患儿智力水平呈负相关;家庭类型(β=0.105)、祖辈支持程度(β=0.218)、家庭收入(β=0.173)、治疗依从性(β=0.112)与PKU患儿智力水平呈正相关。对智商水平均数的影响贡献从大到小排序依次是:开始治疗年龄(β=-0.581)、祖辈支持程度(β=0.218)、家庭人均年收入(β=0.173)、治疗依从性(β=0.112)、家庭类型(β=0.105)、患儿年龄(β=-0.100)。结论 早期、正规、坚持治疗的PKU患儿智力发育较好,祖辈支持程度、家庭人家年收入、治疗依从性等因素对患儿的智力发育有重要影响。     

饮食治疗的苯丙酮尿症患儿智力发育分析

【目的】 通过对青岛地区32例饮食治疗的苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria, PKU)患儿智力发育的情况进行分析,探讨PKU患儿智力发育的影响因素,为PKU的临床治疗提供指导。 【方法】 选取青岛市疾病筛查中心确诊为经典型苯丙酮尿症的患儿32例(病例组)及与之相匹配的正常儿童46例作为研究对象,采用自制一般情况问卷、韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WYCSI)进行调查分析。 【结果】 1)起始治疗时间≤30 d组的PKU患儿的智力测试结果与起始治疗时间＞30 d组的PKU患儿的智测结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2)依从性不同的三组病例及正常儿童在小韦氏智力测试(C-WYCSI)的9项分测验(图画填充除外)和语言智商、操作智商及总智商得分的差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。 【结论】 通过严格的饮食治疗将PKU患儿血苯丙氨酸(phe)浓度控制在正常范围对患儿的智力发育至关重要,应从提高患儿依从性入手,以确保患儿饮食治疗的效果,使PKU患儿健康成长。     

15例苯丙酮尿症患儿治疗随诊和分析

目的了解江苏省泰州市2002-2012年苯丙酮尿症的治疗和随访情况并进行分析。方法对2002-2012年在泰州市妇幼保健所确诊治疗的15例苯丙酮尿症（PKU）患儿进行饮食指导、定期体格发育检查、苯丙氨酸（Phe）测定和诊断性智能测试。结果 15例PKU患儿中,1例为恶性PKU,体格发育和神经心理发育均有异常,1例智商异常,6例智商为中下,其余7例体格发育和智能发育均为正常。结论 PKU的预后与疾病类型、治疗时间的早晚、患儿和家长的依从性有关。     

不同健康教育方式对哮喘门诊患儿家长配合治疗依从性的影响

目的探讨不同健康教育方式对哮喘门诊患儿家长配合治疗依从性的影响。方法选择2011年1—6月收治的哮喘患儿80例随机分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组采用,传统的口头讲解哮喘相关知识及发放哮喘健康教育手册方式,观察组在对照组的基础上,采用定期讲座、模拟训练、电话随访的健康教育方式。采用问卷式调查分别评估患儿家长在1、3、6、12个月时依从性。计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果观察组完全依从29例,部分依从7例,不依从4例,总依从率为90.0%(36/40);对照组完全依从17例,部分依从7例,不依从16例,总依从率60.0%(24/40)。观察组的依从性高于对照组(χ2=9.600,P<0.05)。2011年1月—2012年12月观察组再次住院率12.5%(5/40),对照组60.0%(24/40),两组比较,观察组再次住院率低于对照组(χ2=19.527,P<0.05)。结论在传统健康教育的基础上,建立数据库、定期讲座、模拟训练、电话随访的健康教育方式能提高门诊哮喘患儿家长配合治疗的依从性,能有效的控制病情的复发,降低再次住院率。     

新疆地区经典型苯丙酮尿症患儿治疗依从性影响因素分析

目的 探讨新疆地区经典型苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria,PKU)患儿的治疗现状,分析影响新疆地区经典型PKU患儿治疗依从性的因素。方法 选取2011年1月-2015年1月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院新生儿疾病筛查中心筛查确诊及临床延迟发现的PKU患儿33例为研究对象,依据确诊时间分为新筛患儿组(14例)和延迟发现患儿组(19例),采用查阅病历和电话随访的方式对PKU患儿治疗状况进行调查,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归法及χ²检验分析影响新疆地区PKU患儿治疗依从性的因素。结果 家庭年收入在平均水平以下是PKU患儿治疗依从性低的危险因素(OR=2.815,P<0.05),少数民族(维、回、哈)是PKU患儿治疗依从性低的危险因素(OR为1.332~2.240,P<0.05),新筛患儿的治疗依从性高于延迟发现患儿(P<0.05)。不同性别间PKU患儿治疗依从性比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 家庭年收入(平均水平以下)、民族(少数民族)和确诊时间(延迟发现患儿)是影响新疆地区经典型PKU患儿治疗依从性的重要因素;扩大新生儿疾病筛查覆盖范围,为少数民族患儿配备少数民族医生,是提高患儿治疗依从性的一种方法。     

新生儿苯丙酮尿症综合干预效果的初步评价

评价新生儿苯丙酮尿症(PKU)综合干预的效果,减少PKU患儿生后智力残疾的发生率,提高人口素质。方法:应用Guthrie细菌抑制法进行大样本初筛,对血苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度高于2mg/dl者复采血片应用该法确诊病例;对确诊病例给以低苯丙氨酸饮食长期治疗,进行定期化验血液Phe浓度及体格检查和智力测试,对家长进行饮食治疗指导,根据化验结果随时调整饮食谱。同时给予免费保偿诊治6年。结果:1999年6月～2004年4月筛查284373例新生儿,确诊PKU41例,其中经典PKU32例,中度高Phe血症5例,四氢生物喋呤缺乏症(BH4D)4例。除了4例BH4D应用药物治疗外,对其他37例患儿采取了综合干预措施,治疗效果良好,体格及智力发育正常率97.30%。社会效益良好,家庭负担明显减轻。结论:对新生儿疾病筛查出的PKU患儿采取综合干预的方法使PKU患儿诊治率明显提高,治疗效果显著,有良好的社会、经济效益,并提高了出生人口素质。而新生儿疾病筛查实行保偿制度是保证综合干预效果良好的关键。     

江阴市新生儿苯丙酮尿症筛查结果分析

目的回顾性分析江阴市新生儿苯丙酮尿症(PKU)筛查与召回结果,掌握该地区PKU的发病情况。方法选取2002-2014年江阴市接受PKU筛查的新生儿782 562例为研究对象,于出生后72 h且充分母乳后采集足跟血进行苯丙氨酸(Phe)含量的检测。对于筛查结果呈现阳性者及时进行召回,并进行血清标本复查并追踪评价治疗效果。结果 782 562例新生儿中,初筛阳性800例,召回766例,召回率为95.8%。确诊73例,其中轻度高苯丙氨酸血症(HPA)2例,中度PKU 22例,经典型PKU 45例,四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症(BH4D)4例。所有PKU阳性患者经早期诊断及治疗,新生儿智力、体格等均发育正常。结论新生儿疾病筛查是早期诊断PKU十分有效的措施之一,对预防患儿智力与体格发育低下有着较高的临床价值。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.