上海市2015-2017年严重急性呼吸道感染住院病例病原学特征分析

目的 初步了解上海地区≥ 15岁住院严重急性呼吸道感染病例（SARI）的流行病学特征和病原学特征。方法 在2015-2017年期间选取2家监测点医院（二级、三级医院各1家）,对每名≥ 15岁的SARI呼吸道病例采集2份标本,其中1份进行22种呼吸道病原体PCR检测,另1份进行6种常见呼吸道细菌培养鉴定。结果 共对287例SARI病例开展了标本采集与实验室检测,其中≥ 60岁老年人占70.73%。287例病例中119例病例检出≥ 1种呼吸道病原体,阳性率41.46%。流感病毒检出率最高,为17.77%（51/287）,其次为人鼻病毒/肠道病毒和冠状病毒,均为7.32%（21/287）,肺炎支原体检出率为5.57%（16/287）,副流感病毒、博卡病毒、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、人偏肺病毒检出率均<5%。细菌培养阳性7株,分别为肺炎克雷伯菌3株,金黄色葡萄球菌2株,肺炎链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌各1株。119例阳性病例中,40例检出≥ 2种病原体,占33.61%,以流感病毒合并肺炎支原体感染为主（10例）。流感病毒存在冬、春季流行高峰和夏季流行高峰,肺炎支原体存在冬、春季流行高峰,与流感病毒有重叠。15~与≥ 60岁组的SARI病例病原体检出情况差异无统计学意义。结论 ≥ 15岁SARI病例呼吸道样本病原检出种类较多,流感病毒是主要病原体,流感病毒与肺炎支原体混合感染比例较高。     

中国哨点监测住院严重急性呼吸道感染病例生命质量分析

目的 了解中国哨点监测住院严重急性呼吸道感染（severe acute respiratory infection, SARI）病例的健康相关生命质量（health-related quality of life, HRQoL）。方法 2013年12月-2014年1月,以2013年我国SARI监测系统报告的SARI病例为研究对象,采用EQ-5D量表通过电话调查的方式收集患者因SARI住院期间HRQoL。结果 本研究成功调查122例SARI病例,年龄中位数为4岁（四分位数间距,interquartile range,IQR1-16岁）,病程中位数为11天（IQR 7-15天）。SARI住院病例主要在疼痛/不适（72.95%）和焦虑/沮丧（69.67%）两个维度报告有困难,EQ-5D VAS(visual analogue scale)均值为64.04分（标准差,standard deviation,SD19.48分）,健康效用值均值为0.68±0.24,平均损失的QALD为5.14±7.23天。多元线性回归分析显示,与5岁以下SARI病例相比,60岁以上SARI病例损失的QALD升高10.08天（95% confidence interval,95%CI 3.31-22.83天）。患有基础疾病者因SARI住院期间损失的QALD较未患基础疾病者升高3.70天（95%CI 2.00-6.23天）。结论 本研究初步分析了中国哨点监测SARI病例的HRQoL,并首次使用中国人群特异性效用值换算表估计了SARI病例健康效用值和损失的QALD,发现60岁及以上年龄组和患有基础疾病的SARI病例HRQoL受影响较大。     

湖北省荆州市2010－2012年实验室确诊流感住院率估计

目的 估算2010－2012年湖北省荆州市流感所致严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)病例的住院率。方法 2010－2012年在湖北省荆州市4家医院的住院病例中开展SARI监测,在患者知情同意后纳入收集人口学、临床表现、治疗情况及转归等信息,并采集呼吸道标本进行流感病毒PCR核酸检测。结果 2010年4月至2012年9月共纳入19 679例SARI病例,为荆州市城区常住居民,其中18 412例(93.6%)采集了鼻咽拭子开展PCR检测,阳性率为13.3%。实验室确诊流感导致的SARI住院率在2010－2012年连续3年的流感季分别为102/10万、132/10万和244/10万。不同的型别/亚型的流感病毒所致的住院率在2010－2011流感季 A(H3N2)为48/10万,A(H1N1)pdm2009为30/10万,B型为24/10万;2011－2012流感季A(H3N2)为42/10万,B型为90/10万;2012年4－9月A(H3N2)为 90/10万,B型为1/10万。A型和B型流感病毒所致住院均主要发生在<5岁年龄组,以0.5～岁组最高。结论 湖北省荆州市流感造成一定住院负担,不同型别/亚型流感在不同流感季会导致不同的住院率,应将<5岁儿童作为流感疫苗接种的重点推荐人群。     

Perinatal Outcomes of Asynchronous Influenza Vaccination,Ceará, Brazil, 2013–2018

In Ceará, Brazil, seasonal influenza transmission begins before national annual vaccination campaigns commence. To assess the perinatal consequences of this misalignment, we tracked severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), influenza, and influenza immunizations during 2013–2018. Among 3,297 SARI cases, 145 (4.4%) occurred in pregnant women. Statewide vaccination coverage was >80%; however, national vaccination campaigns began during or after peak influenza season. Thirty to forty weeks after peak influenza season, birthweights decreased by 40 g, and rates of prematurity increased from 10.7% to 15.5%. We identified 61 children born to mothers with SARI during pregnancy; they weighed 10% less at birth and were more likely to be premature than 122 newborn controls. Mistiming of influenza vaccination campaigns adversely effects perinatal outcomes in Ceará. Because Ceará is the presumptive starting point for north-to-south seasonal influenza transmission in Brazil, earlier national immunization campaigns would provide greater protection for pregnant women and their fetuses in Ceará and beyond.     

Burden of Influenza-Associated Respiratory Hospitalizations,Vietnam, 2014–2016

Influenza burden estimates are essential to informing prevention and control policies. To complement recent influenza vaccine production capacity in Vietnam, we used acute respiratory infection (ARI) hospitalization data, severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance data, and provincial population data from 4 provinces representing Vietnam’s major regions during 2014–2016 to calculate provincial and national influenza-associated ARI and SARI hospitalization rates. We determined the proportion of ARI admissions meeting the World Health Organization SARI case definition through medical record review. The mean influenza-associated hospitalization rates per 100,000 population were 218 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 197–238) for ARI and 134 (95% UI 119–149) for SARI. Influenza-associated SARI hospitalization rates per 100,000 population were highest among children <5 years of age (1,123; 95% UI 946–1,301) and adults >65 years of age (207; 95% UI 186–227), underscoring the need for prevention and control measures, such as vaccination, in these at-risk populations.     

Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended influenza illness among children aged 6–59 months,October 2011–September 2012: A matched test-negative case–control study in Suzhou,China

BackgroundSeasonal influenza infections among young children in China lead to substantial numbers of hospitalizations and financial burden. This study assessed the seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory confirmed medically attended influenza illness among children in Suzhou, China, from October 2011–September 2012.MethodsWe conducted a test-negative case–control study among children aged 6–59 months who sought care at Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital (SCH) from October 2011–September 2012. A case was defined as a child with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) with an influenza-positive nasopharyngeal swab by rRT-PCR. Controls were selected from children presenting with ILI or SARI without laboratory confirmed influenza. We conducted 1:1 matching by age and admission date. Vaccination status was verified from the citywide immunization system database. VE was calculated with conditional logistic regression: (1 − OR) × 100%.ResultDuring the study period, 2634 children aged 6–59 months presented to SCH with ILI (1975) or SARI (659) and were tested for influenza. The vaccination records were available for 69% (1829; ILI: 1354, SARI: 475). Among those, 23% (427) tested positive for influenza, and were included as cases. Among influenza positive cases, the vaccination rates were 3.2% for SARI and 4.5% for ILI. Among controls, the vaccination rates were 13% for SARI, and 11% for ILI. The overall VE against lab-confirmed medically attended influenza virus infection was 67% (95% CI: 41–82). The VE for SARI was 75% (95% CI: 11–93) and for ILI was 64% (95% CI: 31–82).ConclusionsThe seasonal influenza vaccine was effective against medically attended lab-confirmed influenza infection in children aged 6–59 months in Suzhou, China in the 2011–12 influenza season. Increasing seasonal influenza vaccination among young children in Suzhou may decrease medically attended influenza-associated ILI and SARI cases in this population.     

广州市2017—2020年严重急性呼吸道感染病例流感病毒感染监测结果分析

目的 分析广州市严重急性呼吸道感染（Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, SARI）病例感染的流感病毒的流行病学特征。方法 由中国疾病预防控制信息系统导出广州市2017年6月至2020年12月SARI监测信息,结合实验室检测结果分析SARI病例流感病毒感染情况。结果 广州市2017年6月至2020年12月累计采集并检测SARI标本5100份,检出流感病毒阳性标本133份,总体阳性率2.61%;2019年流感病毒检出阳性率较2017、2018、2020年高（4.43%vs.2.79%,3.25%,1.47%）,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=27.943,P<0.001）;2017年7月、2018年1月及2月、2019年1月及5月、2020年1月流感病毒检出阳性率超过10%;不同性别SARI标本流感病毒检出阳性率差异不具有统计学意义;不同年龄段SARI标本流感病毒检出阳性率差异具有统计学意义（χ2=32.293,P<0.001）,2020年各年龄组检出率差异具有统计学意义（χ2=27.547,P=0.001）。2017—2020年检出A(H3N2)型分别为14、1、5、28份;检出A(H1N1)型分别为1、13、27、6份;检出B（Victoria）型分别为0、1、15、1份;检出B(Yamagata)型分别为2、19、0、0份。结论 广州市SARI标本流感病毒检出阳性率低于国内其他省市,主要检出流感病毒为A型流感病毒。     

上海市松江区成人严重急性呼吸道感染住院病例流行病学特征分析

目的 了解上海市松江区成人严重急性呼吸道感染(severe acute respiratory infection,SARI)住院病例的流行病学特征及病原谱,探索新发传染病症状监测工作模式。方法 收集松江区某监测哨点医院2017年1月—2018年3月372例成人SARI住院病例监测资料,按照是否感染流感病毒,将病例分为流感组与非流感组,对流行病学及病原学特征等情况进行分析性描述。结果 共纳入372例SARI住院病例,SARI病例住院率4.15%,有夏季峰和冬季峰。发热、咳嗽、咳痰等是SARI住院病例最常见的临床症状,肺炎是最常见的并发症(48.66%),所有病例均未接种肺炎疫苗;流感组SARI病例数80例,流感病毒检测阳性率21.5%,其中甲型流感病毒占优势(56.25%);非流感组中其他病原体检出率为16.13%,以人肠病毒/鼻病毒的检出率最高(28.3%)。老年人在流感组中占比较高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=15.68,P<0.05);流感组的抗生素使用率较非流感组高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=27.73,P<0.05),非流感组呼吸衰竭的发生率较流感组高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.829,P<0.05)。结论 成人SARI病例监测的开展不仅是对新发传染病症状监测模式的探索实践,也对了解成人严重急性呼吸道感染的流行病学及病原学特征具有重要意义,建议提高老年人肺炎疫苗接种率以及流感病人临床抗病毒药物的使用。     

Performance of the Severe Acute Respiratory Illness Sentinel Surveillance System in Yemen: Mixed Methods Evaluation Study

BackgroundThe national severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) surveillance system in Yemen was established in 2010 to monitor SARI occurrence in humans and provide a foundation for detecting SARI outbreaks.ObjectiveTo ensure that the objectives of national surveillance are being met, this study aimed to examine the level of usefulness and the performance of the SARI surveillance system in Yemen.MethodsThe updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were used for the purposes of our evaluation. Related documents and reports were reviewed. Data were collected from 4 central-level managers and stakeholders and from 10 focal points at 4 sentinel sites by using a semistructured questionnaire. For each attribute, percent scores were calculated and ranked as follows: very poor (≤20%), poor (20%-40%), average (40%-60%), good (60%-80%), and excellent (>80%).ResultsAs rated by the evaluators, the SARI surveillance system achieved its objectives. The system’s flexibility (percent score: 86%) and acceptability (percent score: 82%) were rated as “excellent,” and simplicity (percent score: 74%) and stability (percent score: 75%) were rated as “good.” The percent score for timeliness was 23% in 2018, which indicated poor timeliness. The overall data quality percent score of the SARI system was 98.5%. Despite its many strengths, the SARI system has some weaknesses. For example, it depends on irregular external financial support.ConclusionsThe SARI surveillance system was useful in estimating morbidity and mortality, monitoring the trends of the disease, and promoting research for informing prevention and control measures. The overall performance of the SARI surveillance system was good. We recommend expanding the system by promoting private health facilities’ (eg, private hospitals and private health centers) engagement in SARI surveillance, establishing an electronic database at central and peripheral sites, and providing the National Central Public Health Laboratory with the reagents needed for disease confirmation.     

采用EQ-5D量表进行严重急性呼吸道感染住院病例生命质量的探索性研究

目的了解严重急性呼吸道感染住院病例的生命质量变化及其影响因素。方法对住院的严重急性呼吸道感染病例,在入院前后,利用自行设计的问卷和EQ-5D量表进行调查,并采用多因素的多元线性回归方法分析EQ-5D评分的影响因素。结果共纳入81例住院病人,其中流感病例12例,非流感病例69例。入院时的评分低于出院前评分。入院时回答有困难的维度中,疼痛/不舒服最高(73%),其次为日常活动(62%)。出院前所有五个维度回答有困难的比例均下降,其中,疼痛/不舒服降至25%,日常活动降至35%。多因素分析结果提示年龄、入院时的自我评分和地区是可能的影响因素。结论严重急性呼吸道感染住院病例的生命质量受到入院时健康状况的影响。EQ5D量表可作为评价传染病生命质量、评估疾病无形负担的方法之一。     

Incidence of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection during three influenza seasons in Bangladesh, 2008-2010

Objective

To determine how much influenza contributes to severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), a leading cause of death in children, among people of all ages in Bangladesh.

Methods

Physicians obtained nasal and throat swabs to test for influenza virus from patients who were hospitalized within 7 days of the onset of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) or who consulted as outpatients for influenza-like illness (ILI). A community health care utilization survey was conducted to determine the proportion of hospital catchment area residents who sought care at study hospitals and calculate the incidence of influenza using this denominator.

Findings

The estimated incidence of SARI associated with influenza in children ConclusionInfluenza-like illness is a frequent cause of consultation in the outpatient setting in Bangladesh. Children aged less than?5 years are hospitalized for influenza in greater proportions than children in other age groups.     

2012―2019年泰州市呼吸道感染性疾病综合监测结果分析

  目的  了解泰州市流感样病例(influenza-like illness, ILI)和严重急性呼吸道感染(severe acute respiratory infection, SARI)病例的流行病学特征,为科学制定防控策略提供依据。  方法  收集哨点医院ILI病例和SARI病例基本信息并采集咽拭子标本,用PCR法开展13种呼吸道病原体检测,用χ2检验进行统计学分析。  结果  2012年4月―2019年12月ILI就诊百分比(ILI%)和SARI就诊百分比(SARI%)分别为7.27%和2.44%,具有秋冬季流行高峰。共检测956例ILI病例和557例SARI病例的标本,二者的病原阳性检出率分别为50.84%(486/956)、39.14%(218/557)。肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae, SP)、流感病毒(influenza virus, Flu)、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae, HI)、人鼻病毒(Human rhinovirus, HRV)为优势病原体,其检出率分别为14.81%、9.25%、9.39%、7.73%。总混合感染率为30.11%(212/704),主要为SP合并其他病原体感染。低年龄组病原体检出阳性率高于高年龄组,0~ < 5岁儿童的检出率达34.83%(χ2=54.47, P < 0.001)。冠状病毒(human coronavirus, HCoV)的检出率为2.12%,以HCoV-OC43亚型为主(46.88%),各亚型季节分布不明显。  结论  泰州市哨点医院呼吸道综合监测发病呈秋冬季的流行高峰,主要病原体为SP、Flu、HI、HRV,15岁以下年龄组检出率较高,应针对重点人群采取综合性呼吸道疾病防控措施。     

Epidemiology of Influenza Virus Types and Subtypes in South Africa, 2009–2012

To determine clinical and epidemiologic differences between influenza caused by different virus types and subtypes, we identified patients and tested specimens. Patients were children and adults hospitalized with confirmed influenza and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) identified through active, prospective, hospital-based surveillance from 2009–2012 in South Africa. Respiratory specimens were tested, typed, and subtyped for influenza virus by PCR. Of 16,005 SARI patients tested, 1,239 (8%) were positive for influenza virus. Patient age and co-infections varied according to virus type and subtype, but disease severity did not. Case-patients with influenza B were more likely than patients with influenza A to be HIV infected. A higher proportion of case-patients infected during the first wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic were 5–24 years of age (19%) than were patients infected during the second wave (9%). Although clinical differences exist, treatment recommendations do not differ according to subtype; prevention through vaccination is recommended.     

舟山市某医院严重急性呼吸道感染患儿住院时间影响因素分析

目的 了解舟山市某医院5岁以下严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)住院患儿的流行特点及住院时间影响因素.方法 采集2013年2月至2014年2月期间在舟山某医院儿内科病房住院治疗的352例5岁以下SARI病例的鼻咽部分泌物进行实验室检测,同时收集患儿的既往病史及临床特征等相关信息.采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响患儿住院时间的因素.结果 患儿临床主要表现为发热100.00％ (352/352)、咳嗽67.05％ (236/352)、咽红44.03％ (155/352)和气促22.73％ (80/352);流感病毒阳性检出率为8.20％(29例),且以甲型为主;纳入研究的SARI患儿中位住院天数为7(5,8)d.多因素Logistic回归分析表明SARI患儿住院时间＞7 d与咳嗽(OR=2.443,95％CI:1.323～4.513)、胸片异常(0R=1.395,95％CI:1.125～1.730)和有并发症(OR=3.806,95％CI:1.249～11.595)相关.结论 舟山地区5岁以下SARI住院患儿流感病毒检出率较高,且以甲型为主,患者的住院时间长与咳嗽症状、胸片异常和有并发症有关.     

湖州市某院严重急性呼吸道感染者流行病学及危险因素分析

[目的]分析湖州市某医院住院严重急性呼吸感染病例流行病学特征和危险因素,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。[方法]对2009年12月—2010年12月湖州第一人民医院开展的住院严重急性呼吸道感染病例研究资料进行分析,分析流行病学特征和危险因素。[结果]湖州第一人民医院共报告住院严重急性呼吸道感染病例232例,占所有同期入院病例数的2.46%。发病时间以冬春季为主,发病年龄以0～5岁儿童为主。临床特征以发热、咳嗽、咽痛、呼吸急促为主,84.91%病例并发肺炎。运用二分类logistic回归分析建立重症病例危险因素回归模型,结果发现体质指数(BMI)、是否有心血管疾病病史、气短和呼吸急促为发生住院严重急性呼吸道感染的危险因素,且均有统计学意义。[结论]湖州第一人民医院住院严重急性呼吸道感染主要发生在儿童,冬春季高发,多数发生下呼吸道感染。危险因素为高BMI、心血管疾病病史等。     

Molecular epidemiology of influenza B virus and implications in immunization strategy,Southern Brazil

Epidemiological indicators have shown the substantial impact of influenza B (Flu B) on the development of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and on mortality rates. In Brazil, the trivalent vaccine, composed of only one Flu B lineage is available. We investigated Flu B infections in clinical samples collected by the epidemiological surveillance service of Paraná State, Brazil, from 2013 to 2016. The Flu B lineages Yamagata- (B/Yam) and Victoria-like (B/Vic) were identified using the qRT-PCR assay, and notification forms were reviewed. Among 379 Flu B positive samples evaluated, 370 (98%) were characterized as B/Yam or B/Vic lineages. Both co-circulated with a frequency of 47% and 53%, respectively. B/Yam infected equally both genders, while B/Vic was more frequent in females (71%). The median age of patients infected by B/Vic (23y; 11–35) was lower than that of patients infected by B/Yam (32y; 12–50). Mismatch between the vaccine and the circulating strain was observed in the 2013 season, with a high number of SARI cases. B/Vic lineage was associated with a larger number of SARI cases (62%), while B/Yam with influenza-like illness (ILI) (61%). Differences were observed in the strains circulating in separate regions of Paraná State. B/Vic was prevalent in the northwestern (67%) and B/Yam in the southeastern region (60%). The unpredictability of Flu B lineage circulation causes a substantial increase in severe disease during epidemics in a vaccine mismatch season. In addition, the differences in the epidemiological profile of the target population of Flu B infections in relation to other respiratory viruses, as well as among the B/Vic and B/Yam lineages may also be associated to an increase in disease burden. These findings have direct consequences on vaccination strategies. Therefore, further molecular epidemiology studies of Flu B in Brazil are required to corroborate these primary results.     

Rare positive laboratory tests for the presence of influenza virus A/H1N1--2009 in May, June, July, 2011, in the districts of Kosice I-IV and surroundings of Kosice in the Slovak Republic

Influenza illnesses and positive laboratory tests for the presence of influenza virus in recent years in the districts of Kosice I-IV and surroundings have only occurred during the winter season. In May to July 2010 only one positive laboratory test for the presence of influenza virus A/H1N1-2009 was reported. In 2011, during the same period, a total of 29 positive laboratory tests recorded the presence of influenza virus A/ H1N1-2009 in individuals with typical clinical symptoms of influenza. Of 29 clinical cases, 27 were diagnosed as influenza and 2 as SARI; 4 cases involved children.     

Risk factors associated with hospitalisation for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa: A case-population study

BackgroundInfluenza is a common cause of severe respiratory illness, but risk factors for hospitalisation in low income settings with a high HIV prevalence are not well described. We aimed to assess risk factors associated with influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalisation in South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a case-population study using data on risk conditions in patients hospitalised with SARI and the national prevalence of these conditions. Data on hospitalised cases were from the national SARI surveillance program while data on the referent population were from the latest national census or health and demographic surveillance surveys.FindingsFrom 2009 to 2012, we identified 3646 (7.9%) of 46,031 enrolled cases of SARI that were associated with influenza infection. Risk factors associated with hospitalisation included previous history of smoking [case-population ratio (CPR) 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–4.16], HIV infection (CPR 3.61, 95% CI 3.5–3.71), asthma (CPR 2.45, 95% CI 2.19–2.73), previous history of hospital admission in the past 12 months (CPR 2.07, 95% CI 1.92–2.23), and tuberculosis (CPR 1.85, 95% CI 1.68–2.02). When stratified by age, there is increased risk of hospitalisation in those ⩽5 years of age (CPR 3.07, 95% CI 2.93–3.21) and among those 35 years of age and above (CPR 1.23, 95% CI 1.28–1.18). Male sex (CPR 0.85, 95% CI 0.82–0.88) and completion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedule in children <5 years of age (CPR 0.74, 95% CI 0.71–0.77) were associated with decreased risk of hospitalisation.ConclusionThese results identify groups at high-risk for severe influenza who should be considered potential targets for influenza vaccination in South Africa and similar settings.     

上海市实施急性呼吸道感染综合监测应对新发呼吸道传染病的实践与思考

上海市CDC试点实施了成年人急性呼吸道感染综合监测,对流感样病例（ILI）和严重急性呼吸道感染（SARI）开展主动监测和多种呼吸道病原体的检测鉴定。在2019年172例ILI中以流感病毒感染为主,其中新甲型H1N1型、H3N2亚型和B/V亚型流感病毒的检出阳性率分别为30.81%、14.53%和30.55%,新甲型H1N1型的流行高峰为第一季度。肠道病毒/人鼻病毒总检出阳性率为6.40%,高峰在第三季度。腺病毒总检出阳性率为4.65%,高峰在第二季度。人类冠状病毒OC43型2份、HKU1型和NL63型各1份、229E型未检出;金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为17.44%,肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为9.88%;1 447例SARI病例也以流感病毒感染为主,其中新甲型H1N1型、H3N2和B/V亚型流感病毒的检出率分别为5.46%、1.73%和0.30%,新甲型H1N1型流感流行高峰也为第一季度,检出阳性率为17.50%。肠道病毒/人鼻病毒总检出阳性率为2.97%,高峰在第一季度。肺炎支原体检出阳性率为3.25%,军团菌检出阳性率为1.04%。检出人类冠状病毒229E型5份、OC43型10份、HKU1型7份、NL63型6份;细菌培养检出金黄色葡萄球菌8株,铜绿假单胞菌4株,肺炎克雷伯菌3株。通过开展主动监测,不仅发现了个别少见的新发传染病如人感染H7N9禽流感病例,同时也初步掌握了上海市急性呼吸道感染病例的流行病学特征、病原谱特征及其季节性变化趋势。近年来,通过逐步增加监测哨点医院,不断改进监测方法,尤其是在应对新型冠状病毒肺炎过程中在全市推广了基于医院HIS系统的监测信息上报系统,初步建立了覆盖全市的急性呼吸道感染综合监测网络,为开展新发呼吸道传染病主动监测预警打下了基础。