城市社区卫生服务机构基本药物制度实施实证分析

[目的]探讨基本药物制度实施下,城市社区卫生服务机构的相关行为,为促进制度可持续发展提供政策依据。[方法]运用现场调研、问卷调查法分析社区卫生服务机构的经济运行情况和合理用药情况。[结果]社区卫生服务机构2009-2011年的次均门诊费用、次均住院费用、药品占门诊费用和住院费用比例呈逐年下降趋势,2012年有所上升;机构的收支结余在2009-2011年出现下降后在2012年有了上升。平均每张处方用药2.11种,口服药使用率为70.04%,抗菌药使用率为24.19%,中成药20.22%,注射剂使用率26.59%,处方合理用药行为有所改善。[结论]社区卫生服务机构的经济运行情况受到基本药物制度影响,为促进基本药物制度长效、稳定发展,应以政府为主导,加强激励和监管;弥补社区卫生服务机构收支差额。     

上海市某区基本药物配备和使用情况调查分析

目的了解基本药物制度实施前后基本药物配备和使用情况。方法以问卷调查的方式收集实施基本药物制度前后上海市某区各级医疗机构基本药物的配备情况,并对社区卫生服务中心基本药物供应、医生的处方行为和合理用药情况进行分析。结果全面实施基本药物制度后,各医疗机构基本药物配备率有所增加;基本药物供应存在短缺断货现象;基本药物处方率、基本药物使用百分率及完全基本药物的处方率均大幅上升,平均每张处方用药品种数、抗生素使用百分率、二联抗生素使用百分率和注射剂使用百分率及平均处方费用均有所下降。结论基本药物制度实施有利于合理用药和减轻患者就医负担。     

浙江省基本药物制度对社区卫生服务中心合理用药的影响

目的：探讨浙江省基本药物制度的实施对社区卫生服务中心合理用药产生的影响。方法：随机抽取3个试点县区共9所社区卫生服务中心的1 080张处方进行分析,用统计学方法比较基本药物制度实施前后每张处方药品品种数量均数、均次处方金额,以及使用抗生素、激素、注射剂处方的比例等指标的差异。结果：基本药物制度实施前后每张处方药品品种数量均数和均次处方金额差异具有统计学意义;而使用抗生素、激素、注射剂处方比例基本药物制度实施前后差异无统计学意义。结论：基本药物制度对合理用药有促进作用,但作用有限,需要转变医患双方的用药观念和加强医务人员规范用药的培训。     

基本药物制度背景下山东省社区卫生服务中心门诊处方合理用药情况研究

目的:对基本药物制度实施前后山东省社区卫生服务中心门诊处方合理用药情况进行分析.方法:比较基本药物制度实施前后社区卫生服务中心门诊处方合理用药变化情况,运用RSR法以及聚类分析法,以WHO推荐值为标准值综合评价山东省不同地区10所社区卫生服务中心处方合理用药情况.结果:基本药物制度实施后,处方药品种数均值由2.95降为2.51,书写清晰率由67.2％升至89.0％,但抗菌药物处方率由28.9％上升为41.0％,注射剂处方率由30.0％上升为43.0％,聚类分析中,“较好”及以上的社区卫生服务中心所占比例为60％.结论:基本药物制度实施后,山东省社区卫生服务中心处方用药总体较好,但仍存在抗菌药物及注射剂滥用等现象,应加强用药监管力度,进一步规范处方行为.     

门诊儿科处方用药分析

目的了解我院门诊儿科用药基本情况和处方存在的问题,促进临床合理用药。方法随机抽取我院2013年6月~2014年5月儿科门诊处方共计6 582张,对门诊儿科用药基本情况、抗菌药物使用情况、处方书写规范和用药合理性方面进行统计和分析。结果每张处方平均用药品种数为2.55种,每张处方平均费用53.39元,注射剂应用百分率为23.17%,抗菌药物使用率为23.99%,不合格处方率为13.10%。结论我院儿科用药情况基本合理,抗菌药物使用率略有超标,有待加强监控。在处方书写质量及用药合理性方面有待规范管理。     

门诊处方合理用药国际指标调研与分析

目的 根据合理用药国际指标和补充指标调研,分析门诊合理用药情况.方法 采用合理用药国际指标和补充指标,对白银市第一人民医院2010年1-12月门诊处方进行调研,并统计、分析.结果 平均每张处方用药品种数为3.04种,抗菌药物使用率为25.82％,注射剂使用率为22.11％,通用名使用率为98.47％,抗菌药物的金额占处方总金额的百分率为28.81％,处方平均金额为47.65元.结论 采用合理用药国际指标评价医院门诊用药基本合理.     

我院2007年5月～2008年2月门诊处方点评分析

目的了解我院门诊处方的合理用药情况。方法对我院2007年5月～2008年2月门诊处方评价表进行统计、分析。结果我院门诊平均每张处方用药品种数2．3种；抗菌药使用率44．0％；注射剂使用率67．7％：平均每张处方金额112．23元；患者取药时药师平均发药交待时间22．7秒：按处方实际调配药品的百分率98．6％。结论实施《处方管理办法》后，我院门诊药物使用基本合理，但注射剂使用率过高，需增大监管力度，进一步采取干预措施。     

北京市东城区基层医疗机构合理用药情况分析

目的了解北京市某区基层医疗机构合理用药水平,为促进基层合理用药提供参考。方法提取北京市某区7家社区卫生服务中心和58家社区卫生服务站2016年的全部门诊处方数据共204.3万张,根据世界卫生组织与国际合理用药网络(WHO/INRUD)合理用药指标进行统计分析,采用秩和检验对中心和站间差异进行比较。结果 2016年某区社区卫生服务中心和卫生服务站的每处方药品数分别为2.1种和1.9种,每处方费用分别为247.8元和187.3元,抗菌药处方率分别为8.4%和7.3%,抗菌药联用处方率分别为0.4%和0.3%,注射剂处方率分别为5.0%和3.6%,中药注射剂处方率分别为0.2%和0.0%,激素处方率分别为0.5%和0.1%。除抗菌药物处方率外,社区卫生服务中心的其他指标均显著高于社区卫生服务站(p<0.05),机构间合理用药指标值存在巨大差异。结论某区社区卫生服务机构合理用药指标整体情况较好,但每处方药品费用却远高于其他地区,且机构间合理用药情况差异巨大。相关部门应做好每个基层医疗机构的合理用药监测、评价,缩小机构间的差异,控制药物不合理使用和费用过度增长,保证患者获得的基本医疗卫生服务质量不断提升。     

我国基本药物制度政策效果评价——基于山东、湖北、四川三省的监测数据

目的：从政策目标层面评价我国基本药物制度的实施效果。方法：文献法与问卷调查法相结合,内容包括基层医疗卫生机构的药品费用、合理用药情况及基本药物质量等。结果：2011年1—9月次均门诊药品费用和次均住院药品费用较2010年同期分别下降25.93%和25.22%,基本药物价格显著下降,基本药物可及性得到保障与提高;注射剂使用率、抗生素使用率、抗生素联用率、激素使用率及单张处方金额均有所降低,合理用药水平提高;通过基本药物电子码监管与国家药监局飞行检查两大途径,基本药物质量得到保障。结论：我国基本药物制度政策实施效果显著,但仍存在一些问题,需从药物目录调整、合理用药培训、药物质量监管、长效补偿机制以及药品采购机制等方面进行完善。     

湖北省农村医疗机构门诊合理用药指标调研

目的：了解湖北省农村地区医疗机构门诊合理用药处方指标现状。方法：结合世界卫生组织推荐的合理用药指标,对湖北省农村地区医疗机构门诊患者用药情况进行回顾性调查和研究。结果：单张处方平均用药数为2．52种,抗生素使用率为33．38％,含激素处方比例为6．09％,含针剂处方比例为50％,处方通用名使用率为56．61％,基本药物使用率为71．75％o,处方平均药品费用为42元。结论：湖北省农村地区医疗机构合理用药指标现状不够理想,有待进一步干预。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.