Meta分析方法及其医学科研价值与评价

目的：评价Meta分析（Meta－analysis)在医学科研中的作用和价值。方法：论述Meta分析的基本步骤，统计分析方法及其应用于医学科研的优点和缺点并对Meta分析与临床试验等其他研究方法进行了比较，结果：Meta分析是多个同类研究和大量文献综合分析的重要方法，是循证医学（evidence-based medicine)获取，评价和应用最佳证据的重要手段，也可作为医学科研项目管理评介的方法之一。但是，Meta分析属于描述性二次分析，存在混杂偏倚，文献报道偏倚以及分析方法本身的一些缺点，结论：应该正确认识和合理应用Meta分析方法。     

血常规检验全程质量控制方法探讨

目的探讨做好血常规检验全程质量控制的方法和意义。方法根据文献报道及工作经验，从分析前、分析中和分析后三个阶段提出做好血常规质量控制的方法及注意事项。结果血常规检验分析前、分析中和分析后三个阶段的质量控制具有各自不同的特点。结论血常规检验全程质量控制是确保检测结果准确的重要前提与基础。     

做好血常规检验全程质量控制的粗浅体会

目的：探讨做好血常规检验全程质量控制的方法和意义。方法：根据文献报道及工作经验，从分析前、分析中和分析后3个阶段提出做好血常规质量控制的方法及注意事项。结果：血常规检验分析前、分析中和分析后3个阶段的质量控制具有各自不同的特点。结论：血常规检验全程质量控制是确保检测结果准确的重要前提与基础。     

中草药中微量元素铁锰锌铜锶的形态分析

介绍中草药微量元素形态分析的基本内容,包括初级形态分析、次级形态分析和高级形态分析。对中草药中铁、锰、锌、铜、锶元素形态分析的方法进行了概括,其中包括传统方法和联用技术。     

可食用动物组织中喹诺酮类药物的多残留分析——前处理方法

本文综述了2001年1月～2006年9月国内外部分可食用动物组织中喹诺酮类药物分析前处理方法,对选用的各提取方法和净化方法进行了必要的分析和讨论,并简要的例举了喹诺酮类药物多残留分析中的各种前处理方法的步骤,以期为喹诺酮类药物的多残留研究提供参考。     

Meta分析中的异质性检验方法

目的比较和探讨meta分析中异质性定量化的检验方法。方法通过比较Q检验以及H和I^2统计量等方法，结合一个实例进行分析，来研究meta分析中异质性的定量化检验方法。结果Q检验容易受到样本量变化的影响，而H和I^2统计量经过对自由度的校正，不会受到文献数目变化的影响，异质性结果检验较为稳健。结论H和I^2统计量计算简单，检验结果也稳定可靠，是meta分析中异质性检验和异质性来源研究中值得推广应用的方法。     

生存分析的方法及应用

生存分析是肿瘤及其他慢性疾病疗效评价和预后分析的主要方法.它是将观察结局和出现这一结局所经历的时间结合起来分析的一种统计分析方法.在当代,生存分析的应用再也不仅仅停留在对"生存"的分析,而是作为处理随机删失型数据的一种思想方法,且逐渐形成了一套较为完善的新的理论体系.常用的生存分析方法有参数回归、半参数回归和非参数方法.本文主要就以上3种方法及其应用予以综述.     

环境样品中塑料颗粒检测技术研究进展

本文对已有的环境和生物样品中微塑料颗粒的检测方法的原理、技术特征和应用进行综述.主要技术和方法包括基于显微和成像的形貌分析、基于光谱的分子结构和元素组成分析、基于热裂解的塑料反应特征和产物分析;不同样品基质中的不同塑料的检测方法多样化,且结果差异很大;对于复杂基质样品,缺乏能同时满足分析微米到纳米尺寸颗粒的形态、复合塑...     

比较三种免疫分析法检测微囊藻毒素-LR

目的评估微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的时间分辨荧光免疫分析(TRFIA)、纳米均相时间分辨荧光免疫分析(NH-TRFIA)和酶联免疫分析(ELISA)三种免疫检测方法。方法通过比较包被板、反应步骤、信号系统和试剂用量,分析反应条件的差异;通过分析灵敏度、精密度和准确性,比较上述方法的性能指标;通过检测实际样品,评估方法的可靠性。结果 NH-TRFIA反应时间最短,试剂消耗量最少,灵敏度最高,量程宽;TRFIA信号最强,稳定性佳;三种方法精密度高,相对标准差均小于15%。三种方法检测实际样品与高效液相色谱法的分析结果差异无统计学意义,认为可靠。结论 TRFIA和NH-TRFIA,技术优势明显,应用前景广阔。     

EpiData和SPSS软件在多选题资料录入和统计分析中的应用

[目的]针对多选题资料录入和汇总分析问题,给予统计软件技术上的支持。[方法]采用EpiData和SPSS软件实现多选题资料录入和简单汇总分析。[结果]对《医疗质量公报》调查的多选题,给出了EpiData软件录入界面编制方法,多选题编码和汇总分析的SPSS程序,并进行实例分析。[结论]文中给出的方法适用于多选题资料录入和统计分析。     

协助腹部手术后患者有效咳痰方法的改进及效果观察

目的探讨腹部手术后患者咳痰方法的改进。方法选择行腹部手术患者63例,采用自身对照的方法,护士分别使用常规方法与改进后方法协助患者进行咳痰,比较两种方法的成功率及对患者舒适度的影响。结果使用改进后的方法协助患者咳痰的有效率为87.3%,明显高于常规方法(33.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),改进后的方法舒适度显著优于常规方法(P<0.05)。结论对腹部手术患者采用改进后方法协助咳痰,能够明显提高咳痰的成功率、减轻患者的不适。     

六种常见的条件系统聚类法比较

目的探讨六种常见的条件系统聚类法的性质,并选择一到两个适于二维有序样品聚类的样品个数比较均匀的条件系统聚类法.方法用六种条件系统聚类法对一二维有序样品的资料进行聚类,根据拟定的判断准则及构造的判断函数对结果进行选择.结果按照准则选择了最长距离法和离差平方和法为较好的二维有序样品的条件系统聚类法.结论在二维有序的条件约束下,六种系统聚类法的聚类性质并未发生改变.     

两种快速检测西尼罗病毒方法的研究

目的 建立可用于中国的蚊虫携带西尼罗病毒（WNV）监测的快速检测方法。方法 选择两种快速检测方法VecTest试剂盒和Ramp系统，对其检测WNV的敏感性、精确性以及与流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）病毒的交叉反应进行研究，同时对采自北京市野外的蚊虫进行WNV检测。结果 Ramp试剂盒检测方法比VecTest试剂盒方法敏感性高，但后者检测时间短、操作简便，更适合现场筛查使用；经RT-PCR方法确认此2种快速检测方法无假阳性及假阴性结果；VecTest试剂盒和Ramp系统与乙脑病毒也无交叉反应。使用这2种检测方法对北京市6种野外蚊虫进行了WNV检测，结果 均为阴性。结论 VecTest试剂盒和Ramp系统均可用于WNV快速检测。     

肠炎沙门菌不同检测方法比较

目的 探讨几种常用的肠炎沙门菌检测方法的优缺点,为以后工作提供借鉴。方法 查阅文献分析比较肠炎沙门菌检测常用的传统培养方法、免疫学方法以及分子生物学检测方法在特异性、灵敏度、准确率、操作实用性等方面的特点。结果 传统培养方法耗时长、特异性差、灵敏度低,免疫学和分子生物学方法的特异性和灵敏性较高,但是单一方法使用时存在一定的弊端,现有技术联合使用可以相互弥补不足。结论 多种检测方法的联用,可以快速、高效、准确检测肠炎沙门菌。     

Calculating the nutrient composition of recipes with computers

The objective of this research project was to compare the nutrient values computed by four commonly used computerized recipe calculation methods. The four methods compared were the yield factor, retention factor, summing, and simplified retention factor methods. Two versions of the summing method were modeled. Four pork entrée recipes were selected for analysis: roast pork, pork and noodle casserole, pan-broiled pork chops, and pork chops with vegetables. Assumptions were made about changes expected to occur in the ingredients during preparation and cooking. Models were designed to simulate the algorithms of the calculation methods using a microcomputer spreadsheet software package. Identical results were generated in the yield factor, retention factor, and summing-cooked models for roast pork. The retention factor and summing-cooked models also produced identical results for the recipe for pan-broiled pork chops. The summing-raw model gave the highest value for water in all four recipes and the lowest values for most of the other nutrients. A superior method or methods was not identified. However, on the basis of the capabilities provided with the yield factor and retention factor methods, more serious consideration of these two methods is recommended.     

Attrition in longitudinal studies. How to deal with missing data

The purpose of this paper was to illustrate the influence of missing data on the results of longitudinal statistical analyses [i.e., MANOVA for repeated measurements and Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE)] and to illustrate the influence of using different imputation methods to replace missing data. Besides a complete dataset, four incomplete datasets were considered: two datasets with 10% missing data and two datasets with 25% missing data. In both situations missingness was considered independent and dependent on observed data. Imputation methods were divided into cross-sectional methods (i.e., mean of series, hot deck, and cross-sectional regression) and longitudinal methods (i.e., last value carried forward, longitudinal interpolation, and longitudinal regression). Besides these, also the multiple imputation method was applied and discussed. The analyses were performed on a particular (observational) longitudinal dataset, with particular missing data patterns and imputation methods. The results of this illustration shows that when MANOVA for repeated measurements is used, imputation methods are highly recommendable (because MANOVA as implemented in the software used, uses listwise deletion of cases with a missing value). Applying GEE analysis, imputation methods were not necessary. When imputation methods were used, longitudinal imputation methods were often preferable above cross-sectional imputation methods, in a way that the point estimates and standard errors were closer to the estimates derived from the complete dataset. Furthermore, this study showed that the theoretically more valid multiple imputation method did not lead to different point estimates than the more simple (longitudinal) imputation methods. However, the estimated standard errors appeared to be theoretically more adequate, because they reflect the uncertainty in estimation caused by missing values.     

Elecsys与HPLC-MS/MS检测骨髓移植患者环孢素A血药浓度的相关性及其应用意义

目的探讨电化学发光(Elecsys)与液质联用(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric,HPLC-MS/MS)检测骨髓移植患者环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CSA)血药浓度的相关性,以建立两种方法更为准确合理的测定结果转换方法。 方法用Elecsys和HPLC-MS/MS分别测定83例骨髓移植患者CSA谷浓度,采用线性回归分析、结果平均值,以及正态分布法对两种方法测定结果进行比较分析,以考察两种方法的相关性;然后,用3种数据处理方法进行加权残差分析,验证3种统计学方法的准确性。 结果Elecsys与HPLC-MS/MS检测结果符合正态分布,测定CSA的平均值分别为139.2 ng/ml和149.7 ng/ml,且两种方法检测骨髓移植患者CSA血药浓度结果的差异均无统计学意义(t<0.01,P>0.05)。经线性回归分析(方程为Y=0.888X＋7.2696),两种方法的相关性较好(r=0.999);经3种数据分析方法所得换算系数分别为0.89、0.96和0.95。 结论Elecsys与HPLC-MS/MS检测骨髓移植患者CSA血药浓度的结果相近,无需用系数换算,医生和临床药师可根据检测结果直接进行骨髓移植患者CSA个体化给药方案调整。     

ULV droplet spectra: comparative analysis of six droplet collection methods

Three distances (1.2, 3.0 and 7.6 m) and 4 methods (complete diagonal swing, impinger, top diagonal swing and vertical swing) were compared in analyzing the droplet spectra of electrically generated ULV aerosol clouds. There were no significant differences among the 4 methods and no interaction between method and distance. However, when compared over distance, the percent variability indicated the complete diagonal swing provided the most consistent results. Two additional methods (pendulum and settling chamber) were compared with the original 4 methods at 1.2 m only. At this distance, there was no significant difference among the 6 methods.     

超导磁共振成像系统场地设计浅析

适合超导磁共振成像系统要求的场地建设是确保其正常运行及获取高质量图像的重要环节之一。从超导磁共振系统机房要求入手，论述了该设备场地的规划、设计及施工等方面的具体要点。     

Use of unconventional methods of therapy by cancer patients in Pakistan

Most of the studies related to the use of unconventional methods of therapy by cancer patients have been carried out in the developed countries. This study was conducted to ascertain the frequency, type, and duration of use of unconventional methods of therapy by cancer patients in Pakistan. We also wanted to identify individuals who are most likely to use these methods and to compare the findings with those reported from the developed countries. Between 1 April and 30 May 1994, all patients with histologically proven cancer who visited the oncology unit were interviewed. A printed questionnaire with questions and options was used as an interview guide. Informed consent was obtained. One hundred and ninety-one patients were interviewed, on average, for 25 minutes each. Use of unconventional methods of therapy by cancer patients was widespread (54.5% of all patients). The majority (83.7%) were influenced by family members to use these methods. Traditional herbal medicines (70.2%) and homeopathy (64.4%) were the most commonly employed methods. Thirty-six percent of the users employed these methods before receiving any conventional therapy. Only 15% used these methods after conventional therapeutic options had been exhausted. Patients generally perceived these methods as useful, non-toxic and inexpensive. Age, marital status, socio-economic background, education level and status of underlying neoplasm did not influence the frequency of use of unconventional methods. The use, however, was influenced by gender, family size, and type of underlying malignancy. Patients aware of their diagnosis were less likely to use these methods. This study suggests that use of unconventional methods by cancer patients in Pakistan is widespread. Unlike western countries, these methods are often employed before receiving any conventional therapy. This probably results in a significant delay which can be expected to adversely influence the subsequent disease management and survival. Public education, reduction of cost and easy availability of conventional therapy may be helpful in reducing the use of methods which otherwise may have no proven value.