新型农村合作医疗筹资与农民参与意愿研究——以安徽省的调查资料为例

新型农村合作医疗制度是顺应广大农民对医疗的迫切需要，以解决农民基本医疗保障问题而开展的工作，近期将覆盖全国80％以上的县。在新型农村合作医疗制度试点和实施过程中，筹资问题是新型农村合作医疗能否持续开展的决定因素，而农民对新型农村合作医疗试点工作的态度和参与意愿则对筹资起到决定作用。本文以安徽省首批几个试点县的调查资料为依据，分析影响农民参与新型农村合作医疗的意愿，进而分析影响合作医疗筹资的主要因素，并提出相应的建议。     

新型农村合作医疗筹资问题研究

农村合作医疗的发展历史表明，合作医疗经费是影响和制约其发展的决定性因素。新型农村合作医疗试点地区的经验也同样表明其首要的难题是筹资问题。文章从新型农村合作医疗筹资政策、筹资主体、筹资标准等方面分析影响筹资的原因，进而提出相应的政策建议。     

新型农村合作医疗制度面临的挑战及应对措施

新型农村合作医疗制度自试点工作开展以来,在维护农民群众的健康权益、缓解看病难看病贵方面发挥了重要作用,但面临的挑战也不容忽视。该文从筹资、资金配置、支付和管理四个方面分析了新型农村合作医疗制度试点中面临的挑战,并针对这些挑战提出了努力做好筹资的各项工作、探索有效的统筹模式、制定合理的支付制度、加强管理及经办机构建设等措施。     

转移支付与安徽新型农村合作医疗

转移支付是世界各国普遍采用的平衡地方财政与重点扶持一些地区的重要手段，也是我国实行分税制之后地方财政收入和公共服务领域存在明显差距现状的必然选择。随着新型农村合作医疗试点工作全面展开，新型合作医疗筹资的资金来源和资金来源的可持续性问题成为新型农村合作医疗主要制约因素。文章通过对安徽省存在的筹资问题和影响因素分析，指出中央转移支付对于落后地区新型合作医疗筹资的必要性。     

灵台县新型农村合作医疗实施现状及初步评价

从组织、筹资、支付和规制四个方面对灵台县新型农村合作医疗制度的实施情况进行了分析，并对其实施状况做一初步评价。在评价过程中发现其存在的主要问题是：专业人才缺乏、起付线过高、补偿比例较低、缺乏对供方的控制措施以至次均住院费用增长过快．最后针对这些问题提出相应的政策建议。     

新型农村合作医疗管理中的常见问题与处理

新型农村合作医疗的筹资机制和核算单元与以往不同,筹资是个人、集体和政府多方筹资,核算是以县(市)为单元进行统筹核算,因此新型农村合作医疗制度的实施对管理工作提出了较高的要求。现将新型农村合作医疗(简称:“新农合”)管理中常见问题与处理对策简述如下1 参加对象的管理1.1 非农业人口参加的问题 有的地方由于城镇建设速度较快,有一定数量的非农业人口居住在农村,有的一家人中多种户口属性同时存在。考虑到这一具体情况,有的地方支持非农业户口的群众参加“新农合”,并根据实际情况采取多种方式解决县以上的政府资助费用,如乡镇贫困居民由县财政支付、乡镇企业职工由企业支付、一般居民由个人支付等。所有参加人员均享有相同的补助权利。     

新型农村合作医疗筹资与农民参与意愿研究——以安徽省的调查结果为例

新型农村合作医疗制度是顺应广大农民对医疗的迫切需要,以解决农民基本医疗保障问题而开展的工作,近期将覆盖全国80%以上的县。在新型农村合作医疗制度试点和实施过程中,筹资问题是新型农村合作医疗能否持续开展的决定因素,而农民对新型农村合作医疗试点工作的态度和参与意愿则对筹资起到决定作用。本文以安徽省首批几个试点县的调查资料为依据,分析影响农民参与新型农村合作医疗的意愿,进而分析影响合作医疗筹资的主要因素,并提出相应的建议。     

阜宁县新型农村合作医疗制度管理办法调整及评价

新型农村合作医疗涉及面广、政策性强、程序复杂。我县在实施过程中遇到了各种各样的矛盾和问题，特别是筹资难、成本高、运作难以规范等问题尤显突出。为此，我们在认真总结经验教训的基础上，进行了有益的探索和研究，于2005年年初，对我县新型农村合作医疗制度管理办法进行了调整。     

河北省新型农村合作医疗基金管理中存在的问题及建议

本文在调查河北省试点县主要做法的基础上，剖析新型农村合作医疗基金管理中存在的筹集难度大、监管弱化、财政负担重、抗风险能力较小、补偿水平偏低等问题，提出了健全筹资机制，稳定财政负担；设立财政专户，强化监管；加快乡镇卫生院建设步伐，提高基金使用效率；完善支付方式，健全基金运行机制等对策建议，探索建立科学有效的新型农村合作医疗基金管理制度。     

江苏省新农合可持续发展影响因素分析和对策

我国自2003年开展新型农村合作医疗制度试点工作以来，由于各级政府的重视和各有关部门的通力协作，新型农村医疗制度建设取得了明显进展，但也有一些地方在筹资、管理以及医疗机构服务能力等方面均存在一些亟待研究解决的问题，制约了新型农村合作医疗制度健康发展。文章提出了建立稳定增长的筹资机制、制定合理的补偿机制、建立有效的费用控制机制、加强定点医疗机构的服务能力建设、建立有效的管理机制、加快合作医疗法制化进程等措施和对策，从而促进新型农村合作医疗制度的可持续发展。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.