昭通氟中毒区烘烤辣椒和玉米的砷、硒污染及其在人发中的蓄积

目的 了解昭通氟中毒区燃煤烘烤后的辣椒、玉米中的砷、硒污染状况以及居民头发样本中砷、硒的含量.方法 2005年9月,选择昭通地区A和B两县为氟中毒区,B县中无氟中毒情况发生的C镇为对照区.采集氟中毒区55户农户未经烘烤的鲜玉米、辣椒和燃煤烘烤后的玉米、辣椒,采集氟中毒区41位和对照区24位居民的头发,对这些样本中氟、砷、硒含量进行检测.结果 昭通氟中毒区鲜辣椒的平均砷、硒含量分别为0.034、0.079 mg/kg,烘烤后分别为0.463、1.088 mg/kg;鲜玉米的平均砷、硒含量分别为0.019、0.051 mg/kg,烘烤后分别为0.058、0.085 mg/kg;烘烤前后砷、硒含量比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).除烘烤后辣椒的硒含量外,其他食物样本砷和硒的含量均在GB 4810-1994<食品中砷限量卫生标准>和GB 13105-1991<食品中硒限量卫生标准>的限量值内.昭通氟中毒区居民头发样本中的砷(1.5 mg/kS)、硒(2.87 mg/kg)含量均高于对照区(砷:0.29 mg/kg,硒:1.28 mg/kg),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 昭通氟中毒区烘烤后的辣椒、玉米存在一定程度的砷、硒污染.硒污染程度要高于砷污染,烘烤辣椒的砷、硒污染程度高于烘烤玉米.烘烤食品引起的砷污染使砷在食用者体内出现了蓄积,但远低于砷中毒的水平;烘烤食品的硒污染为食用者带来了硒元素的有益补充.     

镇雄县部分地区燃煤拌煤黏土对食物中氟含量的影响

目的探讨云南省镇雄县氟中毒区食物中氟含量、分布情况以及燃煤、拌煤黏土烘烤玉米、辣椒对其氟含量的影响,为制定相应防护措施提供科学依据。方法取镇雄县乌峰镇、塘房镇、以勒镇新鲜玉米、辣椒,改造火炉烘烤后的玉米、辣椒各15份,共240份。采用酸浸/电极法测定氟含量、用SPSS 18.0统计软件经配对t检验处理数据。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果同新鲜玉米、辣椒比较,烘烤1周及烘烤4个月的玉米、辣椒氟含量明显增高(P均0.01),烘烤4个月的玉米氟含量显著高于烘烤1周的玉米氟含量[塘房:(14.13±3.54)mg/kgvs(5.38±0.75)mg/kg,P0.01;以勒:(26.46±21.62)mg/kgvs(12.85±1.81)mg/kg,P0.05]。结论玉米、辣椒用燃煤、拌煤黏土烘烤后氟含量显著增高,烘烤时间越长,氟含量越高。     

江西省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区氟化物来源调查分析

目的调查分析江西省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区氟化物的来源,为制定防治措施提供理论依据。方法对调查地区8~12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙普查,并采集调查地区饮用水、地表水、室内外空气、食物(大米)、煤、粘土进行氟含量的测定。结果 8~12岁儿童病区村氟斑牙检出率为34.12%(58/170),非病区村氟斑牙检出率为10.05%(37/368),病区村与非病区村氟斑牙检出率差异有统计学意义(Ⅹ2=44.67,P<0.001)。8~12岁儿童病区村尿氟含量几何均数为1.07 mg/L,非病区村为0.74 mg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=3.71,P<0.001)。病区村室内空气平均氟含量为0.056 mg/m3,而非病区村为0.015 mg/m3,且病区村室内空气氟含量高于非病区村(t=2.33,P=0.031)。病区村的原煤、蜂窝煤、拌煤粘土平均氟含量分别为296.08 mg/kg、327.11 mg/kg、935.56 mg/kg,拌煤粘土氟含量最高达1 350.00 mg/kg,病区村原煤、蜂窝煤、拌煤粘土的氟含量高于非病区村,差异均有统计学意义(均有P<0.05)。结...     

湖南中部燃煤型氟中毒病区的氟化物来源研究

目的 探讨湖南中部燃煤型氟中毒病区氟的来源,为制定地方性氟中毒的预防措施提供理论依据.方法 2006年11月,调查了湖南中部地区新化县氟中毒病区村和对照村小学五年级(10-12岁)学生氟斑牙患病率,按患病率的高低分为病区一组、病区二组和对照组.用氟离子选择电极法测定各组饮用水、原煤、蜂窝煤、煤灰、拌煤粘土和空气氟含量,计算蜂窝煤在燃烧时的氟释放量.结果 3组居民的饮水氟含量差异无统计学意义(F=3.359,P>0.05),且病区与非病区均低于1.0mg/L.3组居民的原煤、煤灰的氟含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).病区组空气氟含量虽高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).3组居民的蜂窝煤、拌煤粘土氟含量和氟释放量差异有统计学意义(F蜂窝=6.773,P<0.01;F粘土=5.323,P<0.05;F释放=4.938,P<0.05),病区组明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).蜂窝煤氟含量与拌煤粘土氟含量成正相关(r=0.561,P<0.05).结论 湖南中部地方性氟中毒病区由燃煤引起氟中毒的氟源主要是拌煤粘土,选用低氟粘土拌煤是该地区预防氟中毒的重要措施.     

凉皮类制品中有害金属元素快速检测及分析

了解徐州市区范围内凉皮类制品中金属成分和含量测定,为食用凉皮类食品提供指导以及食品安全风险评估提供科学依据。样品经微波消解后,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定,使用外标法定量。食品中常见金属污染物铝、铬、镍、砷、硒、铅、镉的元素检测结果中,铝含量在0.197～276.144 mg/kg,铬含量在0.002～0.505 mg/kg,镍含量0.0435～0.460 mg/kg,砷元素含量为0.0055～0.043 kg/kg,硒含量为0.0065～0.016 mg/kg,镉元素含量为0.0005～0.009 mg/kg,铅含量为0.008～0.377 mg/kg。铝、铬、镍、砷、硒、铅、镉7种金属元素中,含量相对较高的为铝元素,依据食品安全评价标准中淀粉类制品金属污染物限量,铬、砷、铅、镉含量均未超标。     

重金属污染重点地区土壤及食物砷含量调查

目的了解广西环境重金属污染重点地区土壤及食物砷含量水平。方法于2014—2016年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区,采集279件土壤样品和1 374件当地产食物样品,测定土壤砷含量、大米无机砷含量及食物总砷含量,并进行评价。结果污染区和对照区土壤砷合格率分别为19.7%和91.7%。污染区农田、菜地土壤砷含量的中位数分别为29.2 mg/kg(范围为2.2~847.0 mg/kg)和46.8 mg/kg(范围为2.5~379.7 mg/kg),对照区农田、菜地土壤砷含量的中位数分别为11.5 mg/kg(范围为3.2~91.5 mg/kg)和13.8 mg/kg(范围为2.5~160.0 mg/kg)。污染区土壤砷含量高于对照区,合格率低于对照区,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。污染区食物砷合格率97.4%,对照区食物砷均合格。以污染区大米的砷含量最高,合格率为94.6%。结论污染区土壤砷污染较严重,由此造成的食物砷污染对人体健康存在潜在影响。     

绍兴市水产品中6种重金属调查

为了解绍兴市常见水产品中铅、镉、镍、铬、总汞和总砷的污染水平,于2015年在绍兴市的农贸市场、超市等随机采集6类343份水产品,采用国家标准方法检测铅、镉、镍、铬、总汞和总砷的含量,按GB 2762—2012《食品中污染物限量》评价检测结果,采用单因子污染指数法和金属污染指数法评价污染程度。结果显示,6类343份水产品中,铅、镉、镍、铬、总汞和总砷的中位数分别为0.036、0.012、0.041、0.062、0.012和0.220 mg/kg,镉的超标率为3.79%(13/343),其余重金属均未超标。海水甲壳类中镉含量中位数为0.027 mg/kg,超标率为15.79%(12/76),单因子污染指数中位数为0.054;其中梭子蟹中镉含量中位数为0.30 mg/kg,超标率为44.44%(12/27),单因子污染指数中位数为0.60。金属污染指数最高的为海水双壳类(0.110)最低的为淡水鱼类(0.021)。提示2015年绍兴市水产品中重金属总体污染水平不高,但梭子蟹中镉污染较严重,建议继续加强监测并分析污染来源。     

安康燃煤污染型砷中毒调查

目的:了解安康燃煤污染型氟中毒病区是否存在燃煤污染型砷中毒。方法:根据燃煤污染型氟中毒病区分布,采集石煤、空气、土壤、饮水、粮食、蔬菜、学龄儿童发、尿,用无色散氢化物发生—原子荧光光度计测定砷含量。结果:安康燃煤污染型氟中毒病区土壤砷含量7.87 mg/kg,饮水<0.005 mg/L;石煤砷含量107.8mg/kg,经燃烧排入居室内空气砷达0.44 mg/m3,超过国家标准0.003 mg/m3147倍,导致室内存放粮食、蔬菜砷污染,均超过国家0.5 mg/kg标准;学龄儿童发砷1.88 mg/kg,一定程度反映出居住人群体内砷的蓄积水平;检出皮肤损害病变率10.7%。结论:安康燃煤污染型氟中毒病区存在燃煤污染型砷中毒,改灶是有效控制氟、砷中毒的关键措施。     

陕西省燃煤污染型地方性砷中毒分布调查

目的 调查陕西省高砷污染环境的分布范围及特点，发现地砷病患者，为防治研究提供线索和依据。方法 在产煤量大，燃煤污染较重的区县内，调查以石煤为主燃料的当地常住居民家中室内空气、石煤、辣椒、玉米及饮用水的砷含量。结果 5县调查结果显示，煤砷超标约50%以上，最高值达488．1mg／kg；室内空气砷约有31．03%超标，最高值达63．83%pg／m^3，超标21倍；辣椒及玉米砷含量也有不同程度的超标现象；水砷未出现超标。结论 调查区域内环境砷污染严重，已具备地方性砷中毒发病的条件，且有各型地砷病患者检出，秦巴山区已经成为我国又一个新发燃煤污染型地方性砷中毒病区。     

甘孜州6个监测点松茸中总砷及无机砷含量的监测分析

目的对松茸中总砷及无机砷含量的监测结果进行分析,为松茸及其制品食品安全地方标准提供依据。方法在四川省甘孜州6个监测点采集210份干制及冷冻松茸样品,采用原子荧光法测定总砷和液相色谱-原子荧光联用测定无机砷的含量。结果 210份样品中,均检出了总砷及无机砷,检出率为100%,其中206份样品总砷的含量超过《食品国家标准食品中污染物限量》GB 2762-2017食用菌及其制品0.5 mg/kg的限量,超标率为98.09%,210份样品中无机砷含量有5份样品超过0.5 mg/kg的限量,超标率为2.38%。结论通过对甘孜州6个监测点松茸中的数据检测,松茸中总砷含量基本超过国家限量标准,无机砷基本未超过国家限量标准,应当结合有机砷及无机砷毒理学实验评价研究考虑建立松茸及其制品的以无机砷为卫生学指标的食品安全地方标准,为松茸相关产业的健康发展及人民群众的身体健康提供科学支撑依据。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.