胸腺瘤的CT影像学特征与临床病理相关性分析

目的:分析胸腺瘤的CT影像学特征,探讨其在胸腺瘤的临床病理学的价值。方法:回顾性分析58例胸腺瘤的临床资料与CT影像学表现,并进行临床分期、病理学对照分析。结果:胸腺瘤的CT影像学主要表现为不规则形,密度不均匀,胸膜、心包、肺受侵犯。A型和AB型胸腺瘤的CT影像学在肿块形态、边缘、密度、增强、局部侵犯和转移方面与B型胸腺瘤和胸腺癌差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与标本的手术病理比较,CT对肿块胸膜侵犯、心包侵犯和大血管侵犯的阳性预测率均为100.0%,对包膜不整和肺侵犯的阳性预测率分别为97.4%和90.9%;而在包膜不整、肺侵犯、心包侵犯和大血管侵犯的阴性预测率分别为90.0%、93.8%、92.5%和92.6%,在胸膜侵犯方面的阴性预测率为28.9%。CT影像表现的临床分期与术后病理分期相似,χ2=0.23,P=0.97。结论:A型和AB型胸腺瘤与B型胸腺瘤和胸腺癌之间的CT影像特征存在着一定的差异性;CT影像学对肿瘤包膜不整、肺侵犯、心包侵犯和大血管侵犯阳性预测率高,但对胸膜侵犯的阴性预测率低;采用CT可以准确进行临床分期,有利于决定治疗方案及预后的判断。     

甲状腺癌的MRI诊断

背景与目的：MRI现已成为诊断甲状腺病变的重要手段,国外有关甲状腺癌的MRI研究已有较多报道,而国内报道甚少。本研究旨在通过分析甲状腺癌的MRI表现及组织病理学特点,探讨MRI在甲状腺癌诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性分析31例甲状腺癌患者的术前MRI表现,并与术后病理检查结果对比。结果：3l例甲状腺癌患者中20例MRI信号不均匀,病理学显示肿瘤出现不同程度坏死、出血或囊变;22例肿瘤形态不规则、呈分叶状;22例肿瘤边缘模糊,其中10例可见瘤周不完整包膜样低信号影,病理检查发现肿瘤已侵犯并突破假包膜;19例肿瘤侵犯周围组织器官,19例出现颈部淋巴结转移。结论：瘤周不完整包膜样低信号影是甲状腺癌的MRI特征性表现;肿瘤边缘模糊、形状不规则及信号不均匀是诊断甲状腺癌的重要指征;MRI能够较好的显示小病灶、病灶形态改变及肿瘤侵犯的范围。     

胸腺瘤:临床病理特征、治疗与预后

1928～1972年,纪念医院见到纵隔肿瘤侵犯胸腺者共81例,按Lattes氏分类,可作本文分析的真正胸腺瘤为54例。其中18例为良性胸腺瘤,36例为恶性胸腺瘤。良性胸腺瘤有完整包膜,恶性者无包膜、包膜不完整或包膜受侵犯。肿瘤直径     

肉瘤样恶性间皮瘤的CT与MRI表现

目的 探讨肉瘤样恶性间皮瘤的CT与MRI表现特征.方法 回顾性分析6例经病理证实的肉瘤样恶性间皮瘤的CT与MRI资料.5例发生在胸膜,1例发生在腹膜.所有病例均行CT平扫加增强扫描,1例行MRI平扫加增强扫描.结果 5例胸膜肉瘤样恶性间皮瘤全部发生在左胸,广泛不规则胸膜增厚、胸腔积液.其中,3例形成巨大软组织肿块,平扫密度不均,增强明显不均匀强化;1例伴纵隔多发淋巴结肿大.1例腹膜肉瘤样恶性间皮瘤表现为大量腹腔积液,腹膜不规则增厚,形成巨大软组织肿块,平扫密度不均,增强不均匀强化,腹腔、腹膜后多发淋巴结肿大.MRI表现为不规则软组织肿块,T1加权像(T1 weighted imaging,T1 WI)等低信号、T2抑脂高信号,扩散加权成像(diffusion wighted imaging,DWI)高信号,增强后呈明显不均匀强化.结论 CT与MRI表现能较准确显示肉瘤样恶性间皮瘤的病变特征,对定性诊断有一定的提示作用.     

滑膜肉瘤MRI影像特征与组织病理学的相关性研究

背景与目的：磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)是检查软组织肿瘤最好的影像学方法。滑膜肉瘤是常见的恶性软组织肿瘤之一,本研究探讨滑膜肉瘤的MRI影像特征与病理组织学的相关性．以期提高MRI对该肿瘤的诊断水平。材料和方法：12例滑膜肉瘤均经手术病理证实,位于上肢2例,位于下肢lO例;患者年龄35～50岁,中位年龄45岁;男女比例为3：1。MRI扫描采用PHILIPS GYROSCAN 0．5T超导型磁共振成像系统．扫描序列采用SE、FSE、FFE和Stir等序列,所有病例均作T,WI、T2WI和T1W Gd-DTPA静脉内注射增强扫描检查。取手术标本进行病理学检查,比较滑膜肉瘤MRI影像学表现与病理组织学的关系。结果：MRI可见12例肿块均位于关节旁,其中2例向关节内侵犯,3例侵犯邻近的骨质。在T1W12例肿块均呈以等信号为主的肿块．但其中3例肿块可见部分斑片状和囊状高信号区。在T2W6例肿块信号表现为三重信号;6例肿块表现为多结节状,3例呈不规则状,3例为圆形或椭圆形肿块。5例肿瘤内可见分隔征象,液-液平面征l例,肿块最大直径3～13cm。T1WGd-DTPA增强肿块均呈明显不均匀性强化。12例滑膜肉瘤病理分型：低分化单相梭形细胞为主型7例,高分化3例;双相分化2例。肿块内有大范围出血和囊性变6例,大量瘤组织坏死5例,钙化2例。结论：滑膜肉瘤的MRI具有一些特征性,并和肿瘤的组织学类型具有一定相关性。     

恶性胸腺瘤的CT诊断

目的 探讨CT表现对恶性胸腺瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析20例恶性胸腺瘤的病理资料及CT表现.结果 20例恶性胸腺瘤中,B1型5例,B2型2例,B3型3例,C型10例.心脏大血管受侵17例,主要表现为肿块的心脏大血管接触面(MCI)呈灌铸型生长;纵隔胸膜与肺受侵18例,主要表现为肿块的肺接触面(MPI)增厚呈尖角或锯齿征.C型比B型更具侵袭性,且转移多见.结论 恶性胸腺瘤的CT表现具有特征性,有助于其确诊.     

CT、MRI检查在外周原始神经外胚层肿瘤诊治中的作用

目的：通过对影像学和病理学的分析，旨在提高对外周神经外胚层肿瘤(pPNET)的认识。方法：回顾性分析有完整影像和病理资料的6例pPNET。结果：软组织pPNET的CT表现为大的、边界不清的软组织肿块，密度不均匀伴坏死囊变，不伴钙化，增强后呈不均匀强化。骨pPNET主要表现为较大的溶骨性骨质破坏伴软组织肿块，无新生骨、瘤骨，增强后不均匀强化。MRI在SE序列T1W表现为等肌肉信号，T2W表现为不均匀高信号，增强后强化不均匀，可见类似包膜和分隔样改变。结论：pPNET的影像学表现没有明显特征性。CT和MRI的作用主要用于描述肿瘤内部结构、侵犯范围以及与周围组织、血管神经的关系，同时可以提供肿瘤远处转移的信息，对临床手术可切除性与评价疗效有着非常重要的意义。     

纵隔肿块性病变的X线诊断(续一)

(三) 胸腺瘤正常胸腺为一对器官,起自颈区第三咽囊上皮层,于胚胎期迁移到前纵隔。从出生至约10岁,胸腺增大,在婴儿期可造成一侧或双侧性前纵隔增宽,犹如“拿破仑帽状”,到青春期开始退化。胸腺肿瘤可起自胸腺的上皮细胞或淋巴细胞,或为两者的混合型。约10～25％胸腺瘤为恶性、它可具有高度侵犯性,主要沿纵隔扩展,侵犯邻近结构,如心包、胸膜及血管,而罕见远处转移,若有,则多转移至肝。     

恶性胸腺瘤的外科治疗(附28例分析)

恶性胸腺瘤多无特殊临床表现。传统的病理诊断对胸腺瘤良、恶性鉴别帮助不大，而术中检查肿瘤包膜是否完整，是否向周围组织、器官侵犯可为良恶性判断提供重要依据。恶性胸腺瘤均予术后放疗以提高生存率。本组28例恶性胸腺瘤外科治疗经验，其中7例合并重症肌无力，占25％。术后5年，10年生存率分别为63．2％和40％，生存率和分期相关（P＜0．05）。我们认为Masaoka分期法是一种较实用的分期法，其分期情况对指导术后治疗和判断予后有重要参考价值。手术切除虽是胸腺瘤首选治疗，但对于术中发现肿块和大血管关系密切，手术危险性极大时，要行姑息性切除，术后放疗仍可有较好疗效。对于合并重症肌无力者，强调经胸骨正中切口，以达到彻底切除胸腺及全部脂肪组织的目的。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤良、恶性的二维及彩色超声表现

目的研究乳腺叶状肿瘤良、恶性的二维声像图及彩色多普勒血流（CDFI）特点。方法回顾分析19例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤的二维及彩色多普勒超声所见。结果①叶状肿瘤良性8例、恶性4例、交界性7例。②良性肿瘤二维超声表现为：乳腺肿物较大，呈类圆形或分叶状。形态规则，边界清晰，见包膜回声及侧方声影，内部多为欠均匀的中低回声；恶性肿瘤二维超声表现为：乳腺肿块形态欠规则，边界不清，无包膜或包膜不完整，内部回声不均匀，后方伴声衰减。③多普勒超声表现，良、恶性肿物内及周边彩色多普勒血流信号较丰富，恶性组动脉血流速度和RI高于良性组。结论乳腺叶状肿瘤具有一些特征性的超声声像图表现。肿块局部边界不清、后方声衰减、血流丰富、流速及阻力指数增高提示恶性程度可能性较高。二维超声及CDFI结合病史有利于乳腺叶状肿瘤的良、恶性诊断和鉴别诊断。     

增强CT在低危和高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌鉴别诊断中的应用

目的 分析鉴别低危和高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌的增强CT检测特征.方法 回顾性分析72例胸腺瘤及胸腺癌患者,分为胸腺癌组(n=30)、低危胸腺瘤组(n=22)和高危胸腺瘤组(n=20).所有患者均行增强CT检测,分析肿瘤最大径、最小径、形态、位置、密度、边缘、是否存在坏死及钙化、是否存在淋巴结转移或远处转移、是否存在心包及大血管侵袭以及是否出现胸腔积液等资料.结果 胸腺癌组患者肿瘤最大径、最小径、肿瘤纵径和增强CT均值均大于高危胸腺瘤组和低危胸腺瘤组(均P＜0.05).胸腺癌组患者淋巴结肿大、大血管侵袭、心包侵袭、边缘分叶及远处转移比例均高于高危胸腺瘤组和低危胸腺瘤组(均P＜0.05).高危胸腺瘤组与低危胸腺瘤组比较,在是否存在坏死、大血管侵袭和心包侵袭方面差异均具有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05).结论 增强CT对低危、高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌具有良好的鉴别诊断价值.     

多层螺旋CT在低危和高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:探讨低危和高危组胸腺瘤及胸腺癌的增强CT特征。方法:回顾性分析61例胸腺瘤及胸腺癌患者,分为低危组胸腺瘤组（n=20）、高危组胸腺瘤组（n=18）和胸腺癌组（n=23）。所有患者均行CT增强检查,分析肿瘤最大径、最小径、形态、密度、边缘、是否存在坏死及钙化、是否存在淋巴结转移或远处转移、是否存在周围组织结构侵袭以及是否出现胸腔积液等。结果:胸腺癌组肿瘤包膜完整性、周围侵犯、是否合并胸腔积液、淋巴结转移,与低危组胸腺瘤组和高危组胸腺瘤组比较,均有显著差异（P＜0.05）;低危组胸腺瘤组与高危组胸腺瘤组比较,在肿瘤的形态、包膜完整性及周围侵犯方面差异均具有统计学意义;低危组胸腺瘤组增强CT值高于高危组胸腺瘤组、高危组胸腺瘤组增强CT值高于胸腺癌组（P＜0.05）。结论:增强CT对低危、高危胸腺瘤及胸腺癌具有良好的鉴别诊断价值。     

Relationship Between Computed Tomography Manifestations of Thymic Epithelial Tumors and the WHO Pathological Classification

Objective: To explore the relationship between computed tomography (CT) manifestations of thymoma andits WHO pathological classification. Methods: One hundred and five histopathologically confirmed cases werecollected for their pathological and CT characteristics and results were statistically compared between differentpathological types of thymoma. Results: Tumor size, shape, necrosis or cystic change, capsule integrity, invasionto the adjacent tissue, lymphadenopathy, and the presence of pleural effusion were significantly different betweendifferent pathological types of thymomas (P <0.05). Type B2, B3 tumors and thymic carcinomas were greater insize than other types. More than 50% of type B3 tumors and thymic carcinomas had a tumor size greater than10 cm. The shape of types A, AB, and B1 tumors were mostly round or oval, whereas 75% of type B3 tumorsand 85% of thymic carcinomas were irregular in shape. Necrosis or cystic change occurred in 67% of type B3thymomas and 57% of thymic carcinomas, respectively. The respective figures for capsule destruction were 83%and 100% . Increases in the degree of malignancy were associated with increases in the incidence of surroundingtissue invasion: 33%, 75%, and 81% in type B2, type B3, and thymic carcinomas, respectively. Pleural effusionoccurred in 48% of thymic carcinomas, while calcification was observed mostly in type B thymomas. Conclusions:Different pathological types of thymic epithelial tumors have different CT manifestations. Distinctive CT featuresof thymomas may reflect their pathological types.     

An atypical presentation of thymoma with diffuse pleural dissemination mimicking mesothelioma

Although rare, thymoma is the most frequent type of malignancy in the anterior mediastinum. On most occasions, radiological diagnosis is easy, owing to current imaging studies like computerized tomography. Additionally, the radiological diagnosis of thymoma can be differentiated easily from malignant pleural mesothelioma in most cases. However, thymoma's differentiation from lymphoma, thymic hyperplasia, or thymic remnants sometimes may pose diagnostic challenges. Here, we report a case of advanced thymoma mimicking malignant pleural mesothelioma, with circumferential encasement of the lung. A brief review of the literature with special reference to radiological imaging on thymoma also is presented.     

Pericardial involvement by thymomas

Thymomas are usually found in the anterior mediastinum, the normal location of the thymus. Involvement of the pericardium by thymic tumors is seen in invasive or metastasized thymoma. Very rarely, thymomas arise primarily in the pericardium. These tumors are believed to derive from thymic tissue which was misplaced in the pericardium during embryologic development. In contrast to patients with orthotopic thymoma who commonly suffer from paraneoplastic diseases, especially myasthenia gravis, patients with intrapericardial thymoma manifestations mainly have symptoms of congestive heart failure which are caused by local complications of tumor growth. In this study, we present two cases of thymoma involving the pericardium. Both tumors were polygonal-oval cell thymomas. In one of the cases diagnosis of an entirely intrapericardial thymoma was established by autopsy. In the other case, explorative thoracotomy revealed massive pericardial and pleural tumor manifestations. The latter tumor showed a peculiar histological pattern with multiple glomeruloid bodies, a finding reported only once for thymomas.     

The distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in thymic epithelial neoplasms.

Thymic carcinomas arising within a thymoma have been reported, but the relationship between thymoma and thymic carcinoma is poorly understood. Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) is known to be an effective marker for establishing the epithelial nature of neoplastic cells, and it is reported that staining of tumors is clearly related to the degree of tumor differentiation. Eighty-one thymomas (59 noninvasive, 22 invasive) and 14 thymic carcinomas were studied immunohistologically using antiepithelial membrane antigen (anti-EMA) monoclonal antibody. Thymic carcinomas tended to express much larger quantities of EMA than thymomas, and instances of EMA-positive thymoma were seen significantly more often in invasive thymomas than in noninvasive ones (P < 0.05). However, EMA positivity was also associated with gland-like structures, which were not necessarily associated with malignant disease. Nevertheless, in view of the concept that thymoma and thymic carcinoma show a similar cellular differentiation, EMA-positive epithelial cells in thymoma with no relation to gland-like configurations might represent a pool of cells having a latent potential for malignant disease and might be transformed into thymic carcinoma cells under certain conditions. Immunolabeling for EMA appears to be a useful tool for determining the degree of malignant disease among thymic epithelial neoplasms.     

胸腺上皮源性肿瘤的WHO组织学分型和CT征象的相关性

背景与目的:胸腺上皮肿瘤的生物学和大体形态学的特征多样化,本文旨在探讨根据1999年WHO组织学分型的各亚型胸腺上皮源性肿瘤的CT征象。方法:对经病理检查证实的94例胸腺上皮源性肿瘤患者螺旋CT征象进行回顾性分析,其中包括A型7例,AB型24例,B1型16例,B2型13例,B3型16例,C型18例。结果:在本组94例患者病灶中,A、AB型的长短径明显小于C型(P<0.05);所有A型肿瘤均表现为轮廓光滑,A→C型出现率逐渐下降,A、AB、B1型更常呈轮廓光滑(P<0.05),B3、C型更常呈轮廓不规则(P<0.05);A型瘤内的坏死灶较其他亚型少见(P<0.001);B2、B3、C型肿瘤较A、AB、B1型的瘤灶内更常见多发钙化灶(P<0.05);瘤灶均匀强化更常见于A、AB、B1、B2型(P<0.001);B3、C型瘤灶浸润纵隔脂肪的发生率明显高于其他亚型(P<0.05)。结论:尽管各亚型肿瘤的CT征象存在一定的重叠,小肿瘤、轮廓光滑、类圆形、密度均匀(无钙化、坏死灶)、均匀强化高度提示A型肿瘤,大肿瘤、轮廓不规则、瘤内出现坏死灶、多发钙化、不均匀强化、浸润纵隔脂肪、浸润大血管等高度提示B3、C型肿瘤。     

恶性胸腺瘤的临床病理特点

目的 探讨恶性胸腺瘤的形态特点、临床分期、治疗等与预后的关系。方法 回顾分析诊治的６４例恶性胸腺上皮肿瘤,按照Ｌｅｖｉｎｅ等提出的恶性胸腺瘤的标准分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,参照Ｍｕｌｌｅｒ－Ｈｅｒｍｅｌｉｎｋ等提出的组织学分型标准对ＭＴ进行分类,依Ｍａｓａｏｋａ提示的标准进行临床分期。 ＭＴ４１例,ＴＣ２３例。ＭＴ中无一例髓质型及混合型。皮质为主型、皮质型、分化好前胸腺癌、鳞癌及淋巴产癌５年生存率分别为７５     

Enhanced expression of telomerase activity in thymoma and thymic carcinoma tissues: a clinicopathologic study

BACKGROUND: Telomerase is a nucleoprotein complex that caps the physical termini of all eukaryotic chromosomes. Because most malignant cells and reproductive cells have telomerase activity, which elongates telomeric DNA, telomerase may play important roles in unlimited cell division acquisition of the malignant phenotype. The current study examined the relation of telomerase activity in thymoma and thymic carcinoma with the clinicopathologic features of these lesions. METHODS: Tissue specimens were surgically resected from patients with thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Telomerase activity was evaluated according to a modified telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Paraffin sections of tumor were immunostained by MIC2 antibody, a marker of immature T cells. RESULTS: Telomerase activity was detected in all thymic epithelial tumors. The activity (mean +/- SD; unit per microg protein) in thymoma (n = 17) was significantly higher than that in thymic carcinoma (n = 7) (431.8 +/- 400.1 vs. 68.8 +/- 39.8; P < 0.01). Telomerase activities in thymoma and thymic carcinoma were significantly higher than that in primary lung adenocarcinoma (33.5 +/- 39.2, n = 47), studied as a control (P < 0.01). In patients with thymoma, telomerase activity did not correlate with tumor stage according to Masaoka classification (P = 0.776). In patients with thymic carcinoma, however, telomerase activity positively correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.02). In thymoma, telomerase activity positively correlated with the ratio of induced lymphocytes according to Rosai's classification (P = 0.045). MIC2-positive lymphocytes were identified in all cases of thymoma (n = 12). In contrast, lymphocytes infiltrating thymic carcinoma did not react with MIC2. CONCLUSIONS: In thymoma, telomerase activity reflects the presence of immature T-cell lymphocytes in tumor tissue rather than tumor stage or malignant phenotype. In thymic carcinoma, telomerase activity derived directly from cancer cells may relate to tumor stage.     

胸腺瘤临床病理的预后因素研究

目的 探讨胸腺瘤临床病理特点与预后的关系。方法 对130例胸腺瘤的重症肌无力、肿瘤大小、坏死、核分裂及包膜情况、组织学分型（按照L－B分类及M－H分类）、Massaoka临床分期等诸多因素进行分析,观察其5,10年生存率的差别,所得数据进行统计学U检验及χ^2检验。结果 重症肌无力的有无、肿瘤大小、坏死、核分裂及L－B分类均与预后无关（P＞0．05）;而肿瘤有无包膜、M－H分类及临床分期与生存率有明显相关性。有包膜者5,10年生存率分别为100％和93．1％,无包膜者分别为54．4%和40．0％（P＜0．05）。按M－H分类,髓质型5,10年生存生存率分别为100％和79．8％,混合型分别为97．5％和88．4％,皮质为主型分别为83．3％和50．1％,皮质型分别为60．2％和29．9％,分化好的胸腺癌（WDTC）分别为43．4％和0％（P＜0．05）。临床分期中Ⅰ期5,10年生存率分别为100％和93．2％,Ⅱ期分别为84．6％和78．4％,Ⅲ期分别为45．3％和19．8％,Ⅳ期分别为38．0％和0（P＜0．01）。其中以细胞的异型性及有无侵犯胸腺周围器官对预后尤为重要。结论 L－B分类与预后无关;M－H分类、临床分期与预后有关,尤其是瘤细胞呈多角形和大圆形、临床侵犯胸腺外器官者对预后影响较明显。