功能性腮腺外科

涎腺肿瘤是常见口腔颌面部肿瘤之一,腮腺是涎腺肿瘤最常见的部位。腮腺肿瘤的功能性外科是指在根治肿瘤的基础上,尽量保存腮腺及其相关组织的功能。部分腮腺切除术可以缩短手术时间、减轻面神经损伤、减轻面部凹陷畸形、降低味觉出汗综合征发生率及保留腮腺功能。保留腮腺咬肌筋膜可以降低味觉出汗综合征的发生率,保留腮腺导管可保留面神经深部腮腺的功能,保留耳大神经可避免或减轻耳垂麻木症状。对于低度恶性肿瘤与面神经紧贴者,保留面神经后采用术中冷冻加术后放疗,或采用125I 放射性粒子植入,可有效预防肿瘤复发。利用天然隐蔽区,采用耳后或耳前发际内切口,可提高术后的美容效果。功能性腮腺外科的实施,可明显减少手术并发症,提高患者的生存质量。      

Radiotherapy in epithelial tumors of the parotid gland: case presentation and literature review

A group of 113 patients irradiated for parotid tumor was studied retrospectively. Sixty-two patients were irradiated after superficial parotidectomy or enucleation of a pleomorphic adenoma. None of them had a recurrence after 5-15 years. Sixteen patients were irradiated postoperatively after surgery for a recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma. Only one of them had developed a recurrent tumor. Thirty-five patients with a malignant parotid tumor were treated by irradiation, 22 after surgery and 13 after biopsy only. Patients with a low malignancy tumor (10/11) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (6/12) responded better than patients with a high malignancy carcinoma (2/12). A tumor larger than 4 cm, facial nerve palsy, lymph node metastasis, and inoperability indicate a poor prognosis. With high dose radiotherapy it is possible to treat inoperable tumors successfully. Adenoid cystic carcinomas can respond well to irradiation alone.     

Salivary gland tumours—Analysis of 162 cases

The clinical records of 162 cases of salivary gland tumours were studied. Parotid gland was the commonest site for origin of tumour (110 cases.) Commonest benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma (42 cases) and the commonest malignant tumour was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (26 out of 162 cases). The next common tumours were adenoidcystic and undifferentiated carcinoma which constituted 23 and 20 cases respectively. Surgery or surgery with radiotherapy were the main modalities of treatment for the primary tumours. Twenty patients had recurrence within three years after the treatment. These patients were treated with either revision surgery or external radiations. Chemotherapy was given to one patient of soft tissue sarcoma. Twenty nine patients had post-operative complications like facial paralysis, parotid fistula, skin necrosis and Frey’s syndrome.     

An analysis of facial nerve function in irradiated and unirradiated facial nerve grafts

PURPOSE: The effect of high-dose radiation therapy on facial nerve grafts is controversial. Some authors believe radiotherapy is so detrimental to the outcome of facial nerve graft function that dynamic or static slings should be performed instead of facial nerve grafts in all patients who are to receive postoperative radiation therapy. Unfortunately, the facial function achieved with dynamic and static slings is almost always inferior to that after facial nerve grafts. In this retrospective study, we compared facial nerve function in irradiated and unirradiated nerve grafts. METHODS AND MATERIALS The medical records of 818 patients with neoplasms involving the parotid gland who received treatment between 1974 and 1997 were reviewed, of whom 66 underwent facial nerve grafting. Fourteen patients who died or had a recurrence less than a year after their facial nerve graft were excluded. The median follow-up for the remaining 52 patients was 10.6 years. Cable nerve grafts were performed in 50 patients and direct anastomoses of the facial nerve in two. Facial nerve function was scored by means of the House-Brackmann (H-B) facial grading system. Twenty-eight of the 52 patients received postoperative radiotherapy. The median time from nerve grafting to start of radiotherapy was 5.1 weeks. The median and mean doses of radiation were 6000 and 6033 cGy, respectively, for the irradiated grafts. One patient received preoperative radiotherapy to a total dose of 5000 cGy in 25 fractions and underwent surgery 1 month after the completion of radiotherapy. This patient was placed, by convention, in the irradiated facial nerve graft cohort. RESULTS: Potential prognostic factors for facial nerve function such as age, gender, extent of surgery at the time of nerve grafting, preoperative facial nerve palsy, duration of preoperative palsy if present, or number of previous operations in the parotid bed were relatively well balanced between irradiated and unirradiated patients. However, the irradiated graft group had a greater proportion of patients with pathologic evidence of nerve invasion (p = 0.007) and unfavorable type of nerve graft (p = 0.04). Although the irradiated graft cohort had more potentially negative prognostic factors, there was no difference in functional outcome (H-B Grade III or IV) between irradiated and unirradiated graft patients. H-B Grades III, IV, V, and VI were the best postoperative facial nerve functions achieved in 35%, 39%, 13%, and 13% of patients, respectively. The patient with preoperative radiotherapy never recovered any facial nerve function (H-B Grade VI). Median time to best facial nerve function after surgery was longer in the irradiated patients (13.1 vs. 10.8 months), but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.10). Presence of preoperative facial nerve palsy (p = 0.005), duration of preoperative palsy (p = 0.003), and age greater than 60 years at the time of grafting (p = 0. 04) were all negative prognostic factors for achieving a functional facial nerve on univariate analysis. Analysis of age as a continuous variable (p = 0.12) and pathologic evidence of nerve invasion (p = 0. 1) revealed a trend toward negative prognostic factors. Gender, number of previous operations in the parotid bed, extent of surgery at the time of nerve grafting, and type of grafting procedure were not significant prognostic factors. Whether radiotherapy was delivered less than 6 weeks after nerve grafting or more than 6 weeks had no impact on achievement of a functional facial nerve. CONCLUSION: Negative prognostic factors for achieving a functional facial nerve in our series include the presence of preoperative facial nerve palsy, duration of preoperative palsy, and age greater than 60 years. Radiotherapy was not a negative prognostic factor. Comparing irradiated and unirradiated grafts revealed no difference in best facial nerve function achieved, despite the presence of a greater proportion of negative prognostic factors in     

腮腺肿瘤手术20例临床分析

目的探讨腮腺肿瘤的手术方式、手术范围及预后。方法对1998--2004年间行解剖面神经的腮腺肿瘤切除术20例临床随访资料进行分析。结果腮腺浅叶切除术13例中，并发腮瘘1例；全腺叶切除术7例中，并发暂时性面瘫1例，无Frey综合征。随访10个月至6年无复发。结论腮腺良性肿瘤需行解剖面神经的浅叶及肿瘤切除术或全腮腺切除术；恶性肿瘤在面神经未受累时行保留面神经的腮腺全切术，术后辅以放疗，可以减少肿瘤复发和面瘫等并发症。     

腮腺恶性肿瘤外科治疗130例分析

[目的]探讨腮腺恶性肿瘤的手术方法、面神经处理及预后.[方法]回顾分析130例住院手术病例,其中初治85例、复治45例、术前面瘫18例.行腮腺及肿块切除保留面神经87例,腮腺、肿块及面神经切除33例,扩大切除10例.[结果] 5年生存率为76.2%.其中术前有无面瘫分别33.3%、81.3%(P＜0.01),有无颈淋巴结转移为54.2%、80.4%(P＜0.01).[结论]腮腺恶性肿瘤的预后因素主要是术前有无颈淋巴结转移、面瘫、肿瘤的临床分期及恶性程度,首次术式选择合理是减少局部复发的关键.     

游离保留SMAS术与非游离保留SMAS术对腮腺肿瘤患者术后Frey综合征及术后复发的影响

目的对比游离保留表浅肌肉健膜系统(SMAS)术与非游离保留SMAS术对腮腺肿瘤患者术后Frey综合征及术后复发的影响。方法选择腮腺肿瘤患者99例,根据随机数字表法分为研究组50例与对照组49例,对照组给予非游离保留SMAS术,研究组给予游离保留SMAS术,记录与随访术后Frey综合征及术后复发情况。结果两组的切口长度、手术时间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组的术中出血量与术后住院时间显著少于(短于)对照组(P<0.05)。术后7 d研究组的面神经分级显著好于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后6个月的主观与客观判定Frey综合征的比例为2.0%和6.0%,显著低于对照组的14.3%和22.4%(P<0.05)。研究组术后1年的复发率为2.0%,显著低于对照组的12.2%(P<0.05)。结论相对于非游离保留SMAS术,游离保留SMAS术在腮腺肿瘤患者中的应用能减少创伤,改善面神经功能,减少术后Frey综合征及术后复发的发生。     

Conservative parotidectomy for the treatment of parotid cancers

A conservative parotidectomy is defined as any procedure that is less than a classic superficial parotidectomy, and where less than a full facial nerve is dissected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncologic effects of a conservative parotidectomy in a series of patients with malignant tumors of the parotid gland.

The medical records of 43 patients treated at Severance Hospital from 1992 to 2002 who had been diagnosed with parotid cancers confined to the superficial lobe, and had also undergone conservative parotidectomies were reviewed. There were 16 males and 27 females, ranging in age from 8 to 84 years. Sixteen tumors (37%) were high-grade and 27 tumors (63%) were low-grade cancers. Twenty-four patients underwent neck dissection simultaneously with the primary lesion. Surgical treatment was followed by radiotherapy in 10 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 130 months, with a mean duration of time at 57.7 months.

The overall survival rate and the disease-free rate at five years were 88% and 79%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed histologic tumor grade (p = 0.003) and pathologic neck node metastasis (p < 0.001) to be significant variables. Based on multivariate analysis, only the presence of pathologically positive lymph nodes proved to be significant (p = 0.001). Occult metastases rates was 25% (3 of 12 cases) for high-grade tumors and none of the low-grade tumors had microscopic metastases. Recurrences developed in eight cases (19%). Four cases (9%) had a local or locoregional failure. Of these cases, two cases were high-grade tumors (13%, 2 of 16) and the other two cases were low-grade tumors (7%, 2 of 27). The six cases (14%) of which four cases were high-grade (25%) and two cases were low-grade (7%) had positive surgical margin but showed no evidence of local recurrence after additional postoperative radiotherapy. The incidence of postoperative facial nerve paralysis (HB > 1) was 12% (5 outof 43) for a temporary deficit, but there was no permanent paralysis.

Conservative parotidectomy with appropriate postoperative radiotherapy may be an acceptable procedure without potential morbidity, such as postoperative facial palsy, in the treatment of low-grade parotid cancers confined to the superficial lobe if the facial nerve is sufficiently distant from the tumor.     

Les carcinomes canalaires de la parotide

PurposeTo describe the clinical, therapeutic and prognostic features of ductal carcinomas of the parotid gland.Material and methodsFive patients with ductal carcinoma of the parotid gland (primary and secondary carcinoma) treated, between 2007 and 2019, in our ENT department, were reviewed.ResultsFour men and one woman were included. The mean age was 61,4 years. One patient had a history of an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Four patients consulted for swelling in the parotid region. One patient referred to our department for dysfunction of facial nerve. Skin invasion was found in one case. Four patients underwent total parotidectomy with sacrifice of the facial nerve (three cases). One patient underwent extended parotidectomy involving the skin. An ipsilateral selective neck dissection was performed in four cases. One patient had a parotid gland biopsy. Ductal carcinoma was primary in four cases and metastatic from breast origin in one case. Four patients were treated with postoperative radiotherapy. Remission was obtained in three cases. One patient had a local and meningeal recurrence. The patient with metastatic carcinoma had pulmonary, bone, hepatic and brain progression.ConclusionDuctal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive tumor of the parotid gland. It can be primary or secondary. The treatment is based on surgery and radiotherapy. The prognosis is poor.     

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the salivary glands. Report of 3 cases]

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the salivary glands is rare. Tumours develop mostly in children and young patients but can be diagnosed in older people. We report three new cases in women 7, 14 and 75 years old. Tumefaction of the parotid region and facial paralysis were the principle clinical symptoms. Two patients underwent a total parotidectomy and radiotherapy. The third patient had a locally advanced tumour and received chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Loco-regional recurrence was observed in all cases and median survival was 12 months. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the salivary glands is locally aggressive. Treatments include surgery and radiotherapy. The role of chemotherapy remains to be discussed.     

鼻咽癌IMRT后腮腺区域失败分析

目的 讨论鼻咽癌IMRT后腮腺复发的潜在原因。方法 回顾我院2005—2012年间鼻咽癌IMRT患者 1096例,其中腮腺复发 13例,可分析腮腺复发 12例。以腮腺复发侧为病例组、腮腺健侧为对照组进行病例对照研究。分析腮腺失败与肿瘤侵犯范围、IMRT剂量分布、局部复发等因素之间关系。组间比较行χ²检验或Fisher′s精确概率法检验。结果 11例患者原发鼻咽癌为Ⅲ—Ⅳ期,根治性IMRT后 9例有局部区域残留。腮腺复发中位时间为16(8~43)个月。腮腺复发患者中 8例位于腮腺浅叶、1例位于深叶,另外 3例累及腮腺深、浅叶。腮腺复发见于原发肿瘤中心同侧(P=0.000)。腮腺复发侧颈部穿刺和(或)手术史较健侧多见(P=0.025)。腮腺复发多合并同侧颈淋巴结复发(67%∶8%,P=0.003),并有合并同侧原发灶复发的趋势(42%∶8%,P=0.059)。结论 鼻咽癌IMRT后腮腺复发率很低。腮腺复发可能与鼻咽癌局部晚期、治疗后残留、颈部穿刺和(或)手术史,以及局部区域复发有关。IMRT导致腮腺区放疗低剂量可能是腮腺复发的重要原因。     

腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤区域切除与传统手术的比较

目的:比较腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤区域切除术与腮腺浅叶切除术的并发症与疗效,为合理选择术式提供依据。方法:回顾性分析85例腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤患者,分别采用腮腺区域切除术与腮腺浅叶切除术,随访1-3年,比较并发症与肿瘤复发情况。结果:行腮腺区域切除术41例,术后面部凹陷畸形不明显,发生暂时性面瘫4例（9.8%）,局部积液5例（12.2%）。腮腺浅叶切除术44例,术后凹陷畸形较明显,发生暂时性面瘫13例（29.5%）,局部积液14例（31.8%）,2例涎漏。两种手术方式患者在随访期间均未复发。结论:与传统腮腺术式相比,功能性区域切除术不增加复发率,且可减少术后并发症的发生。但肿瘤直径大于3cm建议行腮腺浅叶切除术。     

腮腺肿瘤术中置入细胞外基质补片对Frey综合征的影响

目的：评价腮腺肿瘤术床覆盖同种异体细胞外基质补片（ECM）对术后出现Frey综合征的影响。方法：2006年6月～2007年6月，在我院接受腮腺浅叶或者全腮腺切除手术的32例腮腺肿瘤患者随机分为研究组和对照组，每组各16例。研究组在手术结束前于术床面神经各分支表面覆盖细胞外基质补片作为填充物，对照组常规处理创面，不填充任何材料。术后3个月以上两组病例均行面部碘-淀粉试验（Minor试验），并收集试验资料进行分析。结果：研究组Frey综合征的发生率为18．75％（3／16），而对照组其发生率为56．23％（9／16），两组之间比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：腮腺肿瘤术床覆盖细胞外基质补片对术后发生Frey综合征有较好的预防作用，是一种简单有效的方法，值得推广。     

The influence of facial-nerve sacrifice in surgery of malignant parotid tumors

Malignant parotid tumors in 224 patients were dealt with surgically at the Mayo Clinic between 1940 and 1969. The clinical histories, including follow-up of 5 years or more in every case, were reviewed with particular attention to sacrifice of the facial nerve in conjunction with the excision of tumor. This was done in 65 cases. High-grade malignancy necessitated nerve sacrifice; other frequent indications were preoperative facial-nerve paralysis, pain, and rapid growth of the tumor. Over the 30-year review period, the trend was toward more radical surgery, often including nerve sacrifice, and away from local excision and radiotherapy. Nerve grafting or anastomosis of a sacrificed nerve was seldom performed in an attempt to lessen the cosmetic defect of facial paralysis. Later reconstructive procedures are favored.     

手术、放疗和光动力治疗分别联合小剂量化疗治疗早期声门型喉癌的疗效对比

目的:比较手术、放疗和光动力治疗分别联合小剂量化疗治疗早期声门型喉癌的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析本院收治的122例早期声门型喉癌患者的临床资料,按照治疗方法分为手术组（83例）、放疗组（20例）和光动力组（19例）,均联合小剂量化疗。观察三组的3、5年总生存率、2年无瘤生存率和2年局部控制率,并进行比较。结果:8例患者失访,定为死亡或复发。 三组患者3、5年总生存率、2年无瘤生存率和2年局部控制率经比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。3组中一共有6例患者死于喉癌,1例患者死于第二原发恶性肿瘤,1例死于其他疾病。手术组13例出现并发症,放疗组7例出现并发症,光动力组2例出现并发症。入组患者中一共有27例出现复发转移,其中4例为颈部淋巴结转移,23例为原发灶复发。手术组、放疗组和光动力组分别有15例、3例和5例出现复发,三组复发率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:手术、放疗和光动力治疗联合小剂量化疗治疗早期声门型喉癌可获得相似的临床疗效。     

Electron beam therapy in treatment of parotid neoplasm

In a retrospective analysis, 42 patients with malignant primary tumor of the parotid gland were evaluated considering survival, local recurrence and tolerance of treatment. All patients referred to radiotherapy were treated by electron beam (10-15 MeV) and followed for more than 5 years. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical operation, with no macroscopic disease, was performed in 18 patients, 7 of whom were treated by radical re-operation and radiation of a recurrent parotid neoplasm. In these groups, the local recurrence rate was 4/18 (22%) and 2/7 (29%), the 5-year survival rate was 9/18 (50%) and 5/7 (71%). In 17 patients, radiotherapy started with gross tumor left behind. This group showed a local recurrence rate of 10/17 (59%) and a 5-year survival of 7/17 (41%). Treatment was well tolerated with no major sequelae. Local tumor control and its impact on survival is discussed.     

151例腮腺恶性肿瘤临床病理特征分析

  目的  探讨腮腺恶性肿瘤的临床特点及影响预后的因素。  方法  收集2011年1月至2018年10月于天津医科大学肿瘤医院治疗并经病理证实为腮腺恶性肿瘤的151例患者的临床资料,并对其临床病理特征及生存情况进行回顾性分析。  结果  151例腮腺恶性肿瘤患者中,病理类型包括黏液表皮样癌、腺泡细胞癌、涎腺导管癌、腺样囊性癌、非特异性腺癌。病理类型（P=0.001）、年龄（P=0.049）、面神经麻痹（P<0.001）、镜下神经侵犯（P<0.001）、TNM分期（P<0.001）、临床分期（P<0.001）、肿瘤复发（P<0.001）、术后辅助放疗（P<0.001）与腮腺恶性肿瘤患者的预后相关。其中肿瘤复发（P=0.001）和临床分期（P=0.004）为影响腮腺恶性肿瘤预后的主要因素。  结论  肿瘤复发和临床分期是影响腮腺恶性肿瘤患者预后的独立危险因素,为判断腮腺恶性肿瘤预后和制定个体化治疗方案提供了重要依据。      

腮腺复发性多形性腺瘤临床诊治分析（附67例）

目的:研究腮腺复发性多形性腺瘤的临床特点，总结其手术治疗经验。方法:对2010年6月至2018年6月期间我院收治的67例腮腺复发性多形性腺瘤病例进行回顾性分析，总结其临床病理特征、手术方式、术后并发症及随访情况，使用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行χ2检验、t检验、Logistic回归分析。结果:40例初次手术行腮腺区肿物切除术者，其平均复发时间短于27例行腮腺浅叶切除或浅叶部分切除者［（17.18±5.39）个月 vs （20.89±6.63）个月，P＜0.05］。复发性多形性腺瘤可出现皮肤粘连（40.3%）、面神经粘连（73.1%）、多灶性病变（56.7%）、肿瘤包膜不完整（92.5%）以及镜下卫星结节（79.3%）等特征。主要的远期并发症为永久性面神经损伤(n=9,13.4%)及Frey综合征(n=18,26.9%)。随访期间术后再次复发7例，复发率13.0%，术中出现肿瘤破裂者，术后复发率较高（31.8% vs 0%，P＜0.05）。结论:腮腺多形性腺瘤初次肿物摘除术后复发常见，复发性肿瘤局部病变广泛，术后并发症常见，外科治疗应个体化，以腮腺浅叶切除为主，根据病变情况及患者意愿决定是否切除深叶；术中肿瘤破裂将增加术后复发风险，应尽量避免，术后还需密切随访。     

Treatment of epitheliomas of the parotid. Apropos of 93 cases treated at the Curie Institute

From 1955 through 1982, a series of 93 cases of parotid gland carcinoma were treated at the Institut Curie: 55 primarily and 28 for recurrent tumors. Treatment modalities included surgery alone (n : 14), surgery followed by radiotherapy (n : 43), and radiotherapy alone (n : 36). The most advanced cases were mostly in the latter group. With a mean follow-up of 13 years, the actuarial loco-regional control is 67% (62/93) and the median survival 10 years. Ultimate loco-regional control was achieved in 86% of cases managed by surgery alone, 88% of cases managed by surgery and radiotherapy and 33% of cases managed by radiotherapy. In the latter group, control rate was 42% (8/19) in those primarily treated by radiotherapy. Prognosis was related to histology. Twenty patients (22%) presented distant metastasis. The potential advantages of neutron irradiation for parotid neoplasms is discussed.